A balanced chemical reaction is a recipe that allows us to get from

reactants to products.
How many moles of nitrogen are required to react with:
A) 3 moles of H2? (hydrogen)
1 mole of nitrogren, 3 moles of hydrogen
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)
How many moles of ammonia can be expected from:
1) 9.4 moles of nitrogen?
2) 13.3 moles of nitrogen?
9.4 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3= 19 moles NH3
13.3 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3 = 26.6 moles NH3

Example:

The chloride ion concentration in a solution may be determined by the precipitation of lead chloride.
Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
PbCl2(s)
A student finds that 22.34 mL of 0.6900 M lead nitrate is needed to precipitate all of the chloride ion in a 10.00-mL
sample of an unknown. What is the molarity of the chloride ion in the student's unknown?

The precipitation reaction is:

Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

PbCl2(s)

The Pb2+ comes from the 22.34 mL of 0.6900 M lead nitrate.

Step 1. Calculate the number of moles of Pb2+ in 22.34 mL of 0.6900 M Pb(NO3)2.

1L

1 mol Pb2+

1000 mL

1 mol Pb(NO3)2

0.6900 mol Pb(NO3)2

= 1.541E-2 mol Pb2+

22.34 mL
1L

Step 2. Calculate the number of moles of Cl- that must have been present in order to precipitate all of the Pb2+ as
PbCl2.
2 mol Cl= 3.083E-2 mol Cl-

1.541E-2 mol Pb2+

1 mol Pb

2+

Step 3. Calculate the molarity of the Cl- if 10.00 mL (1.000E-2 L) contains this amount of Cl-.
3.083E-2 mol Cl-

mol solute
M=

= 3.083 M

L solution

1.000E-2 L

You wish to make a 0.271 M hydrochloric acid solution from a stock solution of 3.00 M hydrochloric acid. How
much concentrated acid must you add to obtain a total volume of 100 mL of the dilute solution ?
.....

9.03

mL
1

View Hint

Feedback:
hydrochloric acid = HCl
moles solute
Molarity =
liters solution
1. Determine the total number of moles of acid needed in the dilute solution:

mol HCl =

1L

0.271 mol HCl

1000 mL

L dilute HCl

100 mL dilute HCl

= 2.71E-2 mol HCl

2. Determine the amount of concentrated acid needed to give 2.71E-2 moles of HCl:

mL conc HCl =

Bottom of Form

1L

1000 mL

3.00 mol conc HCl

2.71E-2 mol HCl

= 9.03 mL conc HCl

In the laboratory you dilute 2.87 mL of a concentrated 6.00 M hydrobromic acid solution to a total volume of 100
mL. What is the concentration of the dilute solution ?
.....

0.172

M
1

View Hint

Feedback:
hydrobromic acid = HBr
moles solute
Molarity =
liters solution

1. Determine the number of moles of acid from the concentrated solution:

mol HBr =

1L

6.00 mol HBr

1000 mL

L conc HBr

2.87 mL conc HBr

= 1.72E-2 mol HBr

2. Determine the concentration of the dilute acid solution:

1.72E-2 mol HBr

1000 mL

100 mL dilute HBr

M dil HBr =

= 0.172 M dil HBr

In the laboratory you dissolve 16.3 g of chromium(II) sulfate in a volumetric flask and add water to a total volume of
250 mL.
What is the molarity of the solution ?

0.440

M.

What is the concentration of the chromium(II) cation ?

What is the concentration of the sulfate anion ?

0.440

0.440

M.

M.
3

View Hint

Feedback:
chromium(II) sulfate = CrSO4 = 148 g/mol
moles solute
Molarity=
liters soln

1. Determine the number of moles of solute present:

1 mol
mol CrSO4 =

= 0.110 mol CrSO4

16.3 g CrSO4
148 g CrSO4

2. Divide by the volume to get the molarity of the solution:

1L
L soln =

= 0.250 L soln

250 mL soln
1000 mL

0.110 mol CrSO4

M CrSO4 soln =

= 0.440 M CrSO4
0.250 L soln

3. Determine the molarity for each ion from the number of ions formed when CrSO4 dissolves in water:
Cr2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

CrSO4(s)

1 mol Cr2+
2+

M Cr (aq) =

0.440 M

= 0.440 M Cr2+(aq)

0.440 M

= 0.440 M SO42-(aq)

mol CrSO4
1 mol SO422-

M SO4 (aq) =
mol CrSO4

How many milliliters of an aqueous solution of 0.221 M barium bromide is needed to obtain 2.02 grams of the salt ?
....

30.8

mL
1

View Hint

Feedback:
barium bromide = BaBr2 = 297.1 g/mol

moles solute
Molarity =
liters soln

0.221 mol BaBr2

0.221 M BaBr2=
L soln

1. Determine the number of moles of solute:

1 mol
mol BaBr2 =

= 6.799E-3 mol BaBr2

2.02 g BaBr2
297.1 g BaBr2

2. Determine the volume of solution required:

mL BaBr2 soln =

1 L soln

1000 mL

0.221 mol BaBr2

6.799E-3 mol BaBr2

= 30.8 mL BaBr2 soln

How many grams of Ag2CO3 will precipitate when excess Na2CO3 solution is added to 49.0 mL of 0.788 M AgNO3
solution?
2 AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)

Ag2CO3(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

5.32

Feedback:
2 AgNO3 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq)

Ag2CO3 (s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

GIVEN: 49.0 mL 0.788 M AgNO3

WANTED: g Ag2CO3

0.788 mol AgNO3 /1000 mL 1 mol Ag2CO3/2 mol AgNO3 275.7 g Ag2CO3/mol Ag2CO3
PATH: mL AgNO3
mol AgNO3
mol Ag2CO3
g Ag2CO3

0.788 mol AgNO3

1 mol Ag2CO3

275.7 g Ag2CO3

= 5.32 g Ag2CO3
1000 mL
2 mol AgNO3
mol Ag2CO3
Calculate the number of milliliters of 0.590 M NaOH required to precipitate all of the Pb2+ ions in 128 mL of 0.525 M
Pb(NO3)2 solution as Pb(OH)2. The equation for the reaction is:
49.0 mL

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq)

Pb(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

228

mL NaOH

Feedback:
GIVEN: 128 mL 0.525 M Pb(NO3)2; 0.590 M NaOH

WANTED: mL NaOH

0.525 mol Pb(NO3)2 /1000 mL 2 mol NaOH/1 mol Pb(NO3)2 1000 mL NaOH/0.590 mol NaOH
PATH: mL Pb(NO3)2
mol Pb(NO3)2
mol NaOH
mL NaOH

0.525 mol Pb(NO3)2

2 mol NaOH

1000 mL NaOH
= 228 mL NaOH

128 mL Pb(NO3)2
1000 mL Pb(NO3)2

1 mol Pb(NO3)2

0.590 mol NaOH

What volume of a 0.172 M barium hydroxide solution is required to neutralize 20.0 mL of a 0.395 M hydrobromic
acid solution ?
22.9

mL barium hydroxide
1

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2 HBr + Ba(OH)2
BaBr2 + 2 H2O
2. Determine the number of moles of acid used in the titration:

mol HBr =

1L

0.395 mol HBr

1000 mL

L soln

20.0 mL HBr soln

= 7.90E-3 mol HBr

3. Determine the number of moles of barium hydroxide neutralized:

1 mol Ba(OH)2
mol Ba(OH)2 =

= 3.95E-3 mol Ba(OH)2

7.90E-3 mol HBr

2 mol HBr

4. Find the volume of the base:

mL Ba(OH)2 =

1L

1000 mL

0.172 mol Ba(OH)2

1L

3.95E-3 mol Ba(OH)2

= 22.9 mL Ba(OH)2

4.7
What volume of a 0.105 M potassium hydroxide solution is required to neutralize 16.2 mL of a 0.246 M nitric acid
solution ?
37.8

mL potassium hydroxide
1

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
HNO3 + KOH
KNO3 + H2O
2. Determine the number of moles of acid used in the titration:

mol HNO3 =

1L

0.246 mol HNO3

1000 mL

L soln

16.2 mL HNO3 soln

= 3.99E-3 mol HNO3

3. Determine the number of moles of potassium hydroxide neutralized:

1 mol KOH
mol KOH =

= 3.99E-3 mol KOH

3.99E-3 mol HNO3

1 mol HNO3

4. Find the volume of the base:

mL KOH =

1L

1000 mL

0.105 mol KOH

1L

3.99E-3 mol KOH

= 37.8 mL KOH

What volume of a 4.64E-2 M barium hydroxide solution is required to neutralize 27.3 mL of a 0.122 M hydrobromic
acid solution ?
35.9

mL barium hydroxide
1

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

2 HBr + Ba(OH)2

BaBr2 + 2 H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of acid used in the titration:

mol HBr =

1L

0.122 mol HBr

1000 mL

L soln

27.3 mL HBr soln

= 3.33E-3 mol HBr

3. Determine the number of moles of barium hydroxide neutralized:

1 mol Ba(OH)2
mol Ba(OH)2 =

= 1.67E-3 mol Ba(OH)2

3.33E-3 mol HBr

2 mol HBr

4. Find the volume of the base:

mL Ba(OH)2 =

1L

1000 mL

4.64E-2 mol Ba(OH)2

1L

1.67E-3 mol Ba(OH)2

= 35.9 mL Ba(OH)2

4.7
An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is standardized by titration with a 0.288 M solution of hydroiodic acid.
If 13.3 mL of base are required to neutralize 28.9 mL of the acid, what is the molarity of the calcium hydroxide
solution?
0.313

M calcium hydroxide

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2 HI + Ca(OH)2

CaI2 + 2 H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of acid used in the titration:

mol HI =

1L

0.288 mol HI

1000 mL

L soln

28.9 mL HI soln

= 8.32E-3 mol HI

3. Determine the number of moles of calcium hydroxide neutralized:

1 mol Ca(OH)2
mol Ca(OH)2 =

= 4.16E-3 mol Ca(OH)2

8.32E-3 mol HI
2 mol HI

4. Find the molarity of the base:

4.16E-3 mol Ca(OH)2

1000 mL

13.3 mL

1L

M Ca(OH)2 =

= 0.313 M Ca(OH)2

An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is standardized by titration with a 0.105 M solution of nitric acid.
If 26.3 mL of base are required to neutralize 18.4 mL of the acid, what is the molarity of the calcium hydroxide
solution?
3.67E-2

M calcium hydroxide

2.5 E-2
1

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2

Ca(NO3)2 + 2 H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of acid used in the titration:

mol HNO3 =

1L

0.105 mol HNO3

1000 mL

L soln

18.4 mL HNO3 soln

= 1.93E-3 mol HNO3

3. Determine the number of moles of calcium hydroxide neutralized:

1 mol Ca(OH)2
mol Ca(OH)2 =

= 9.66E-4 mol Ca(OH)2

1.93E-3 mol HNO3

2 mol HNO3

4. Find the molarity of the base:

M Ca(OH)2 =

9.66E-4 mol Ca(OH)2

1000 mL

= 3.67E-2 M Ca(OH)2

26.3 mL

1L

An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is standardized by titration with a 3.50E-2 M solution of barium
hydroxide.
If 21.5 mL of base are required to neutralize 14.2 mL of the acid, what is the molarity of the hydrochloric acid
solution?
0.106

M hydrochloric acid

1.16 E-2
1

Feedback:
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2 HCl + Ba(OH)2

BaCl2 + 2 H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of base used in the titration:

1L

3.50E-2 mol Ba(OH)2

1000 mL

L soln

mol Ba(OH)2 = 21.5 mL Ba(OH)2 soln

= 7.53E-4 mol Ba(OH)2

3. Determine the number of moles of hydrochloric acid neutralized:

2 mol HCl
mol HCl =

= 1.51E-3 mol HCl

7.53E-4 mol Ba(OH)2

1 mol Ba(OH)2

4. Find the molarity of the acid:

1.51E-3 mol HCl

1000 mL

14.2 mL

1L

M HCl =

= 0.106 M HCl

A 12.3 g sample of an aqueous solution of perchloric acid contains an unknown amount of the acid.
If 25.7 mL of 0.415 M potassium hydroxide are required to neutralize the perchloric acid, what is the percent by
weight of perchloric acid in the mixture?

8.71

% by weight

Feedback:
1. Balance the equation.
KOH + HClO4

KClO4 + H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used.

1 L KOH soln

0.415 mol KOH

1000 mL KOH soln

L soln

= 1.07E-2 mol KOH

25.7 mL KOH soln

3. Determine the number of moles of perchloric acid present.

1 mol HClO4
1.07E-2 mol KOH

= 1.07E-2 mol HClO4

1 mol KOH

4. Convert the moles of perchloric acid to grams of perchloric acid.

100 g HClO4
1.07E-2 mol HClO4

= 1.07 g HClO4
mol HClO4

5. Determine the percent by weight of perchloric acid in the mixture.

1.07 g HClO4
100 %

= 8.71 % HClO4 by weight in mixture

12.3 g mixture

A 7.78 g sample of an aqueous solution of hydrobromic acid contains an unknown amount of the acid.
If 29.4 mL of 1.56 M sodium hydroxide are required to neutralize the hydrobromic acid, what is the percent by
weight of hydrobromic acid in the mixture?
47.8
58.9

% by weight

Feedback:
1. Balance the equation.
NaOH + HBr

NaBr + H2O

2. Determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used.

1 L NaOH soln

1.56 mol NaOH

1000 mL NaOH soln

L soln

= 4.60E-2 mol NaOH

29.4 mL NaOH soln

3. Determine the number of moles of hydrobromic acid present.

1 mol HBr
4.60E-2 mol NaOH

= 4.60E-2 mol HBr

1 mol NaOH

4. Convert the moles of hydrobromic acid to grams of hydrobromic acid.

80.9 g HBr
4.60E-2 mol HBr

= 3.72 g HBr
mol HBr

5. Determine the percent by weight of hydrobromic acid in the mixture.

3.72 g HBr
100 %

= 47.8 % HBr by weight in mixture

7.78 g mixture

The prevailing atmospheric pressure on a plateau in Colorado is 0.784 atm. Express this pressure in pounds per
square inch, kilopascals, pascals, millimeters Hg, and inches Hg.
Hint: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1.013x105 Pa = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 29.92 in Hg

atm

psi

kPa

11.5

0.784

79.4

Pa

mm Hg

7.94E+4

in Hg

596

23.5

Feedback:
Conversion factors: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 29.92 in Hg
Convert 0.784 atm
14.69 psi
To psi:

0.784 atm

11.5 psi

atm
101.3 kPa
To kPa:

0.784 atm

79.4 kPa

atm
1.013 x 105 Pa
To Pa:

0.784 atm

7.94E+4 Pa

atm
760 mm Hg
To mm Hg:

0.784 atm

596 mm Hg

atm
29.92 in Hg
To in Hg:

0.784 atm

23.5 in Hg

atm

A student reads a barometer in the laboratory and finds the prevailing atmospheric pressure to be 706 mm Hg.
Express this pressure in atmospheres, kilopascals, torrs, pounds per square inch, and pascals.
Hint: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 1.013 x 105 Pa

mm Hg
706

atm
0.929

kPa
94.1

torr
706

psi
13.6

Pa
9.41E+4

71517.

Feedback:
Conversion factors: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 1.013 x 105 Pa

Convert 706 mm Hg
1 atm
To atm:

706 mm Hg

0.929 atm

760 mm Hg
101.3 kPa
To kPa:

706 mm Hg

94.1 kPa

760 mm Hg
760 torr
To torr:

706 mm Hg

706 torr

13.6 psi

760 mm Hg
14.69 psi
To psi:

706 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
1.013 x 105 Pa

To Pa:

706 mm Hg

9.41E+4 Pa

760 mm Hg

An automobile tire is inflated to a pressure of 30.9 psi. Express this pressure in atmospheres, kilopascals, inches Hg,
millimeters Hg and torr.
Hint: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 29.92 in Hg = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 760 torr

psi
30.9

atm

kPa

2.10

213

in Hg

mm Hg

62.9

torr

1.60E+3

1.60E+3

Feedback:
Conversion factors: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 29.92 in Hg = 760 mm Hg = 14.69 psi = 760 torr
Convert 30.9 psi
1 atm
To atm:

30.9 psi

2.10 atm

14.69 psi
101.3 kPa
To kPa:

30.9 psi

213 kPa

14.69 psi
29.92 in Hg
To in Hg:

30.9 psi

62.9 in Hg

14.69 psi
To mm Hg:

30.9 psi

760 mm Hg

1.60E+3 mm Hg

14.69 psi
760 torr
To torr:

30.9 psi
14.69 psi

1.60E+3 torr