SG APPTC 2014 10 Paper 06 Presentation

Presentation 6.
New Age of Electric Energy System brings a New Set of Challenges for
Protection and Automation
Hans-Joachim Herrmann, Siemens AG, Energy Automation Division, Germany
Development of numerical protection and automation

The available technology has a big impacted on
the development of protection and automation devices. The electromechanical technology was over
some decades the dominated technology. The development of the transistor as well as low integrated circuits lead to the analog static technology,
where the operational amplifiers, the comparators
and timer circuits were the main measuring elements. The development of the microprocessor
technology in 1971 was the basis of a very new
design of protection and automation devices as
well as automation systems. Software determines
the functionality of the equipments and can be
found in all application areas like protection, control, measurement and metering. The processing of
algorithms (e.g. modeling of the electric system) is
the basis of the functionality.
Figure 1 gives an overview of the different technology and the principal design of the devices.
higher processor performance (several 100 MHz

are available), larger memory size and higher
memory density (from Mega to Gigabytes), high
resolution and fast analog/digital converters (e.g.
24-bit resolution) as well as the utilization of customer specific circuit technologies (e.g. FPGAs)
are apparent. A further trend is the rapid developing communication technology.
Due to the current as well as the new structures,
the electrical power system will become even more
heterogeneous, so that the classic interfaces such
as binary in- and outputs as well as voltage, current and analog inputs will be still required especially for refurbishments. A flexible and a modular
hardware design meet the application requirements. Figure 2 shows such a possible system.
The basis housing is a so called base module (1/3
19) which can be extent by expansion modules
(1/6 19). The robust and special designed housing
increases the safety (excellent heat dissipation and
EMC design avoids interference). Depending on
the application different front plates for visualization are available. With such a modular design high
degree of flexibility can be reached.
Fig. 1 Development of protection technology
The series production of numerical protection as

well as bay controller devices started close to
1990. Before this time some pilot installation and
the first devices went into operation. Figure 1 show
clearly that the numerical technology is under constant improvement and development. Technology,
manufacturing aspects (cost reduction) and standardization influences the further development. A
couple of important aspects will be discussed in
the following chapters.
Intelligent and multifunctional bay units

Microprocessor evolution will be the defining technology in future. The necessities for real time processing as well as severe environmental requirements (e.g. EMC) lead furthermore to embedded
devices. Further development of technology toward
Fig. 2 Hardware kit Modular hardware meets application requirement
With the introduction of the IEC61850 substation

automation standard, the object oriented approach
for the selection of protection and control technology started. Depending on the requirements, the
desired functionality is selected and assigned to
the relevant device. This leads to a further functional integration. Figure 3 shows a possible functional scope. There are no longer classical protection and control devices. Future devices will be referred to an IED (intelligent electronic device), a
name introduced by IEC61850.
OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014
Presentation 6.2
However functional integration does not mean that

all functions shown in Figure 3 have to be always
contained in one device. Depending on the application and the requirements, functionalities can be
combined in different ways. When selecting a device, the classic design criteria apply, such as the
adherence to the n-1 principle. For protection applications in the transmission networks, a main protection 1 and a main protection 2 with different
functional principles is required. This means for
example the application of distance and line differential protection.
(process bus). These requirements influence the

hardware design of the communication hardware/Interfaces and the handling of different protocols. Figure 4 gives an example for design of the
communication interfaces in modern IEDs. Like a
Laptop there are different plug-in modules with different designs.
Fig. 4 Flexible communication via plug-in module and

protocol selection during the engineering
Fig. 3 Overview functional integration
Flexible communication is a key feature

Introduction, Basic design
Flexibility in communication is one important requirement of modern IEDs. On the application side
there is a requirement that different hardware interfaces as well as protocols are supported. In substation automation Ethernet was adapted as the
preferred communication medium several years
ago; since then there has been constant developments in network technologies yielding higher
throughputs (from Mbit to Gbit). On the protocol
side a large number of protocols must be supported. The install-base influences the decision of the
users, so migration towards new protocols (e.g.
IEC61850) is progressive.
There are two main communication streams:
Communication of the IEDs with a substation automation system or control centre and the communication between the devices (e.g. line differential
protection via protection communication interface
or Goose-Communication between different IEDs)
as well as communication with intelligent sensors
Benefits of standard IEC 61850

IEC 61850 is more than a substation control protocol. It comprehensively defines functions, data and
the communication systems for communication in
networks of the power supply industry. Edition 2
extends the influence of the standard to further
branches of the power supply industry. Where the
standard is at present still mostly being used as a
classic substation control protocol, the new processes will in future be used at the communication
and engineering level.
The dynamic reporting establishes itself in communication between Client and Server. Using a
configuration file (ICD or SCD file) or online, by
establishing a connection to the server, the client is
able to subscribe to all data points, which the server can potentially publish. The Client can read specific monitoring data, alarms or measured values of
a Server for a certain period of time. It is customary
to establish and transmit data records via fixed
communication links today; however this will be replaced by dynamic processes in the near future.
Setting values of functions can also be changed
via the protocol. With super ceding systems, setting values can be checked and adapted to the
condition in the Smart Grid.
With the GOOSE Message the IEC 61850 defines the interoperable communication between
Servers in the network. Not only binary values can
be exchanged, measured values can also be
transmitted. GOOSE Messages are also exchanged between substations. New protection
philosophies, which will require peer to peer communication across wide area networks, will be a
reality. The GOOSE Message will replace proprietary point to point connections for signal comparison or directional comparison, and facilitates the
data exchange between devices of different manufacturers, including between substations.
Developments in Network technology
Network components with a very high availability
are a prerequisite for IP based protocols both with-
Presentation 6.3
in a substation and outside the substation. Today

different forms of ring or star shaped network topologies and well as various methods to achieve
redundancy are applied. These methods lack interoperability and will result in an interruption in the
range between 30 ms to several hundred milliseconds in the event of component failure. For critical
applications such as the transfer of trip commands
via GOOSE or the transfer of sampled measured
values according to IEC 61850 9-2 for process bus
applications these interruption intervals are not acceptable. In the IEC 62439 Highly Available Automation Networks standard, now being adopted by
IEC 61850 Edition 2 the High availability Seamless
Redundancy Protocol (HSR) and the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) is described. It allows for
interruption free switching (bumpless transfer) in
the network with ring or star configurations. This
technology will become established as standard for
substation networks and process bus applications.
Furthermore there is a trend towards higher bandwidths (from 100 MBit/s towards 1 GBit/s).
Cyber Security as Basis for secure operation of
Networks
Because of the application of network technology
the security within the network becomes a critical
task. Security against internal threats and security
against external attacks must be considered. Also
in private networks it is possible that as a result of
an accidental mal-operation the functioning of the
network is placed at risk. The BDEW Whitepaper
[11] and NERC CIP [12] address these topics.
With IEC 62351 a standard is made available that
describes methods for the end to end encryption
as well as authentication between participants on
the network in substation automation systems.
The intention to effect a change is shown by the

SMART GRID Initiative [1], [2], which deals with
the new challenges regarding the individual voltage
levels. The electrical power system is developing
into a network, comparable to the Internet. The
main difference to the Internet is the transmission
of electrical energy instead of information. This
constitutes an entirely different quality, as the balance between production and use has to be maintained. An imbalance necessarily leads to reduction in the reliability of supply, which may result in
local blackouts or supply shortages.
Alongside conventional power plants, renewable
energy sources play a deciding role. They can
however only be used where they are available.
Considering the resource wind, it is available with
certain constancy only close to shores and in the
ocean. In the case of Offshore Windfarms, the energy has to be transported on-shore and to the
consumer. This makes a network expansion with
combined transmission via cable and overhead line
necessary, and possibly leads to an increase in DC
current transmission, which requires intelligent energy management. The deregulation and the trade
with the commodity electricity result in a diverse
power flows, which the systems have to control.
Furthermore in the future there is a diversity of
power producers. Producers may be found at all
voltage levels, so that each network quasi assumes transmission tasks. In order for everything
to work properly, intelligent control and monitoring
solutions are essential. The protection and control
technology makes a deciding contribution to this.
Figure 5 illustrates the contribution of renewable
energy resources on consumption of electricity as
well as the goal until the year 2020. Additional figure 6 shows the distribution of the different renewable resources [3].
Development of electrical energy

system
The present changing in the primary system have
a strong influence on protection and automation
technology. Typical aspects will be discussed in
the following pages.
The expected shortage of energy resources and
the increasing environmental burden are a booster
for a global change of thought in the field of energy
politics. These changes of thought toward renewable energy resources and new modes of usage
have a deciding impact on the electrical-powersystem. Electrical energy is developing into a deciding energy resource for the user.
Therefore a change is taking place in the naturally
grown power system of the last decades, where
energy production took place in close proximity to
the user as well as according to user requirements,
thereafter fed into the transmission network, and
was then distributed. A structure of this kind is typical for Central Europe.
Fig. 5 Development of renewable energy shares in

Germany [3]
Presentation 6.4
Fig. 6 Distribution of renewable energy sources [3]
Especially the altered form of electrical energy

generation has an essential impact on the automation solutions as well as on protection. These aspects are discussed in the paper.
Four main subjects are selected and the challenges are addressed in the following chapters.
A lot experiences are available since years regarding protections concepts separately for both systems. If AC and DC are on the same tower the
challenge is the detection of intersystem faults.
That means faults between the DC and AC system. Figure 8 describes the situation. The faulty
segment of the AC line system must be switched
off selectively, because there are a lot of intersections in the AC system. Line length of the AC system is between 50 km and 100 km. The DC line
has a total length of 340 km without any interruptions. The protection challenge comes from the fast
tripping time (< 1ms) of the DC protection and the
fast disconnection of the DC line. For the following
question an answer must be found. Do we have a
change to find the faulty section in the AC system?
To answer this question new technical solutions
are required as well as practical test for present
ideas are necessary.
Large distances between generation and load centers

Transportation of power via long distances
The energy system is growth organically in the last
century. Close to the generation stations (e.g.
thermal as well nuclear power plants) the large
load centers are established. Due to strategy of
shut down of conventional power stations (e.g.
coal, nuclear) the balance between generation and
load is changed. The wind energy Onshore as well
as Offshore is mainly available in the northern region of Germany. Due to this situation there is a
new necessity of electrical energy transportation.
One technical solution is the application of the present transmission routes and the substitution of an
AC line through a DC line. Figure 7 shows a
planed transmission route concept. The transmission of DC and AC on the same tower is an unknown technical territory. The planed DC transmission will have a length of 340 km and the transmitted power is designed with 2.2 GW [4]. The voltage
level is 400 kV.
Fig. 7 AC and DC system on the same tower
Fig. 8
Possible fault scenarios
Results of practical testes showed, that the interference of the AC system because of the Corona
effect (resistive coupling from DC to AC) is uncritical. This interference can have an influence on
power transformers. At dry weather condition the
current which can be coupled into the AC system is
approximately 1mA/km. At rainy weather this current will be then times higher [4].
Voltage stability problems

A further problem ensures due to the lack of power
generation close to the load centers. The required
reactive power must be delivered by other sources,
which can be synchronous condensers, switched
capacitor banks (MSCDN, VSC, reactors) and others. A 400-kV-AC-line with a length of 100 km and
a transported load of 1400 MW requires a reactive
power of 310 Mvar to guarantee a constant voltage
of 400 kV. At a transmission limit of approximately
1800 MW the need for reactive power raises progressive to 560 Mvar.
A missing reactive power generation leads to voltage dips and can finally result in a voltage collapse. Figure 9 shows exemplary the actual voltage shape for one day in a load center region. The
rated voltage level is 400 kV.
Presentation 6.5
current transformer damps harmonics much less

than a voltage transformer.
Fig. 9 Voltage shape in the Amprion region at one day

[5]
Protection of capacitor banks

The voltage stability problem leads to an increased
number of capacitor bank installations and the protection gets more attention. In the past different
devices are used for the protection tasks. With the
modular devices design a high degree of flexibility
can be reached and one device has the capability
to protect a capacitor bank.
Typical protection functions for a capacitor bank
are:
Overcurrent (OC) protection (50, 51, 50N,
51N)
The OC protection detects phase-to-phase or
phase-to-ground short circuits and is mainly used
as a backup function.
Differential protection (87)
The differential protection protects across the
whole bank or sub-component against short circuits within the installation. The function provides
very fast and selective fault clearance.
Capacitor unbalance protection (60C)

The capacitor unbalance protection detects internal faults of single C-elements within the capacitor.
The specific function to be applied depends on the
capacitor design. An operational unbalance current
caused by tolerances, aging or environmental conditions shall be eliminated by compensation to increase the pickup sensitivity. Applying several unbalance overcurrent elements in parallel is standard. A further application is the counting of single
defective C-elements. Counter elements will also
be applied in parallel with different counter thresholds for alarming, delayed tripping and fast tripping.
Circuit-breaker (CB) failure protection
(50BF)
The CB failure protection function monitors the
tripping of the CB and generates a backup trip signal if the CB fails.
Circuit-breaker restrike protection (50RS)
A useful add-on is the restrike protection, which
monitors the phase current regarding restriking after CB pole separation. The probability of restriking
increases at capacitors since a fully loaded capacitor causes a double voltage amplitude over a CB
pole after the pole separation.
The design of a compact capacitor bank protection
shows figure 10. The used functions are described
by ANSI numbers. Main 1 and main 2 requirements are fulfilled by duplicating the devices.
Phase unbalance protection (46)

The phase unbalance protection will detect changes in the impedance of a phase. The function evaluates the negative sequence current (I2).
Overload protection (49)
The overload protection monitors the thermal state
of the capacitor, a coil or a resistor. Depending on
the application requirements harmonics need to be
considered. Typical requirements are the consideration of up to the 13th or 25th harmonic at SVC
AC transmission systems and even up to the 50th
harmonic at high-voltage direct current transmission systems (on the AC side).
Capacitor peak overvoltage protection
(59C)
The capacitor peak overvoltage function protects
the capacitor-dielectric against too fast aging and
even damage due to peak over-voltages. Voltage
peaks caused by harmonics will also stress the capacitor-dielectric. Consequently harmonics in the
power system need to be considered by this function. The peak voltage is obtained by the integration of the phase current. The main reason is that a
Fig. 10 Example: protection of a MSCDN [13]
Presentation 6.6
Supervision of the stability

The transmissible power of an overhead line has a
limit which can by described with the PU characteristic (Nose curve). Such a curve shows figure 11. A
critical situation for the voltage as well the risk of a
voltage collapse exists at transmission lines with a
heavy load. In such a case the actual operating
point is right on the nose curve. If during heavy
load a power plant is switch off due to a fault (see
figure 11) two harmful effects can occur. The
transmissible power in the resulting transmission
line increases and operating point in the nose
curve moves to right. The off power station doesnt
deliver the required active power and this leads to
a new PU curve with a limited transmission capability and finally to a risk of a voltage collapse. To
avoid this control of load and generation fluctuation
as well as the fast reactive power generation becomes more and more important.
Fig. 11 Formation of a voltage collapse
The voltage as well as the power can be monitored

with modern automation solutions and the PU
curve can be evaluated. This is a possible application for the phasor measurement technology
(PMU). On the load points the necessary data are
measured very precise (GPS time synchronized)
and transmitted to the evaluation center (e.g. SIGURD PDC, [10]) which gives alarm and visualizes
the actual load situation. Figure 12 illustrates such
an evaluation.
measurement function can be an add-on function

in a protection or bay controller device and the
measured values are transmitted via a local Ethernet infrastructure to the phasor data concentrator
SIGUARD PDC.
Increased contribution from renewable energy in generation

Due to the renewable energy generation the structure of power generation is changed. Figure 13a
shows the well known structure over one century.
Synchronous generators supplies into the grid. The
transient behavior during a fault is known (sub
transient, transient and steady state fault current)
and the protection devices consider this. For the
fault clearing a sufficient fault current is available.
The first step of changing came with windfarm and
photovoltaic power stations. There is now a supply
with converter stations. The power flow as well as
the current during a fault depends on the design of
the control function. The controller software considers grid requirements (e.g. fault ride through,
contribution on voltage stability). Figure 13b illustrates this changed situation. Due to the design of
the converter station the short circuit current is limited. The fault current is close to the rated current
of the power station or can be smaller depending
on the preload situation (less windfarms in service). In the case of a fault in the network the fault
current contribution is much smaller compared with
the conventional supply.
Due to the installation of Offshore windfarm there
can be a very new situation which is shown in figure 13c. There are AC sea cable connections between the windfarms and the Offshore HVDC station. On both sides converter station are installed.
In the case of a short circuit on the AC side the
fault current is limited and can only reach values
close to the rated current. This must be considered
during design of the protection concept and the
setting of the protection functions.
Fig. 12 Nose curve evaluation with SIGUARD PDC [10]
The left side of the picture shows the location of

phasor measurement units and the right side an
example of a graphical analysis. The phasor
Fig. 13 Different network topologies
Presentation 6.7
With the installation of the converter station an additional question arises up.
Which fault current will be delivered in the case of
an unsymmetrical fault?
In the grid code is the fault ride through behavior
specified. So the interpretation of the injected fault
current is not really clear. Let us assume the supply situation according figure 13c. HVDC converter
station delivers a positive as well as negative sequence fault current in the case of an unsymmetrical fault. In the specification for the design of the
controller for windfarms only a supply of a positive
sequence current is required and this is realized in
practice [6]. The technical consequence is no fault
current in the case of unsymmetrical faults. Without
negative sequence impedance the current path
according figure 14 is not closed. Figure 14 describes a simplified replica in the symmetrical
components for a phase to earth fault on the cable
side. The zero sequence impedance comes from
earthed Wye side of the power transformer. The
positive sequence source of a converter station is
a current source. In contrast at synchronous generators this is a voltage source.
Without any fault current there is a limited or no reaction of the protection. The controller for windfarm
must be adapted and negative sequence source
impedance must be provided. This subject is discussed in the technical paper [7].
Fig. 14 Symmetrical components for a phase to earth

short circuit
Figure 15 shows a record from a real fault in a

transmission network. The network configuration
was according figure 14b. On the left side was a
supply from a windfarm and a phase to earth fault
occurs in the HV network. The fault was cleared by
a distance protection (see figure 15). In the record
a pure zero sequence current on the Wye side of
the transformer is visible. This effect is well known
as the Bauch paradox. The same record will be
possible, if there is an open circuit (no supply) on
the delta side of the transformer. As conclusion
there was no relevant fault contribution from the

windfarm side, because no negative sequence impedance was available (compare with figure 14).
Only a positive sequence current close to the rated
current was supplied from the windfarm.
Fig. 15 Fault record of a single phase fault on a high

voltage line
Changed network topology

Additional challenges come with the changed network topologies. One point was addressed in figure
13c. The connection of windfarm via sea cable to
HVDC station is now a typical application. Due to
the large cable capacitances shunt reactors for
compensation are necessary. During switching of
LC circuits transients occurs. To understand all the
effects a lot of simulation were performed. An excerpt of test results shows the following pictures in
figure 16. Figure 16a gives an overview of the simplified replica. The first interesting effect visualizes
figure 16b. The cable is energized from one side.
Due to the shunt reactors an inrush occurs. But the
large time constant as well the switching conditions
lead to an inrush current with no zero crossing. In
that case a delayed trip is necessary to avoid
stress with the circuit breakers. This must be considered during the engineering or special functionality must be developed. The next interesting topic
illustrates figure 16c. There was a phase to earth
fault simulated in the cable. The fault curve with
the short circuit current shows a typical trend. But
the faultless phases are influenced too and a large
DC offset is visible. The current in both faultless
phases have for some cycles no zero crossing.
That means a delayed trip of faultless phases is
necessary. In the protection devices an extension
is required.
A further discussed example shows a three phase
fault current. During this test the controller was not
optimal adapted. The consequence was a supply
of a fault current with harmonics.
These harmonics must be tolerated by the protection. Finally the reaction of the protection must be
evaluated.
Presentation 6.8
dant voltage transformer on which the rectifier

equipment is connected. Another path is the supply from a local 400-V-AC source.
a)
Simplified replica
b)
Inrush current curve
Fig. 17 Protection concept for a hybrid transmission system [8]
Unpredictable load flow due to

fluctuating generation
c)
Phase to earth fault in the cable
d)
Three
phase
fault
without
optimized
control
Fig. 16 Simulation of different transient conditions
A total new situation occurs with the requirement

from energy line extension act (from 2009) in Germany. With this act a transmission corridor with
cable sections is required. That means there is
now a series connection of overhead lines, cable
section and overhead line which is called a hybrid
system. This is a new situation for transmission
line protection. Single phase to earth faults during
thunderstorm are the most fault types. A temporary
arc fault is cleared with an auto reclosing. But if a
single fault occurs in the cable section an auto reclosing must be avoided.
Figure 17 shows the protection concept which is
preferred in the German utility Amprion [8]. The
transmitted power via the overhead line is approximately 1800 MW. The length of such cable section
is between 3 and 10 km and in sum 12 cables are
in parallel connected. That means 4 times 3phase
single-conductor cable. The necessary area for
such an implementation is 25 m.
For each three phase cable a separate differential
protection plus an overall differential protection
with an integrated distance protection is chosen. A
signal for blocking the auto reclosing function is
send to the overhead line protection (distance protection) in the case of a fault in the cable.
A second challenge was the design of the power
supply for the protection devices. Figure 17 illustrates the basic concept. One source is the redun-
Due to the volatile network the load flow is not any

more constant and can be close to the thermal limits. The maximum load influences the protection
functions. This situation has for example an impact
on the setting of overload, overcurrent as well as
distance protection. For the overload protection the
critical hot spot temperature must be considered in
the thermal model. Therefore a distributed temperature measurement is necessary on transmission
lines. For overcurrent protection applications a dynamic setting adaption is possible. A new parameter set can be activated as a simple solution. The
reset value of an overcurrent stage shall be 0.95 or
higher.
One big advantage of the distance protection is the
back-up functionality. In this context the possible
operating distance of protection is the main discussed subject. To avoid an overfunction the impedance characteristic has a load cut out (see figure 18). Figure 18 shows the calculated limits for a
typical German 400 kV transmission line [9]. From
practical experiences a typical fault resistance of
lower than 30 was found. The minimum voltage
is 0.85* 400 kV with a maximum angle of 37. With
this assumption the maximum load limit is 3730 A.
The selected relay setting value considers an additional safety margin which is also illustrated in figure 14 (small circle).
The necessity of load cut out was also discussed in
Northern America during the blackout analysis and
is known under the name Zone 3 problem (dotted
circle in figure 18).
The question is now: Is there any possibility to increase the load range?
As figure 18 shows there is the conflict between
the maximum load range and sensitivity at highresistance fault. Well known is the impedance
measuring problem if there is a fault with a fault resistance and the fault current is supplied from two
sources.
Presentation 6.9
To answer this question additional research work is

necessary. One idea is the implementation of an
adaptive characteristic. Another idea is the development of a new impedance measuring algorithm.
This algorithm shall eliminate the resistive part and
lead to a reduced setting in the R-direction.
Fig. 18 Impedance characteristic and load cut out
Summary and conclusion

The installation of renewable energy systems in
Germany has a big impact on the electrical energy
system. It influences the design as well as the operation of the primary system and has also an impact on protection and automation. In Germany
there is now also the situation of large distances
between generation and load centers. In this context a new concept for transmission of electrical
energy was presented. AC and DC lines will be on
one tower. This is a new design and the challenge
for protection is the selectivity at intersystem faults.
Another addressed topic was the voltage stability.
The necessary reactive power must be delivered
from other resources such as synchronous condensers, switched capacitor banks (MSCDN, VSC,
reactors) and others. The protection of capacitor
banks was shown. The phasor measurement technology (PMU) is a possible method for voltage stability supervision. If the limit of the nose curve is
exceeded an alarm will be given.
With installation of renewable energy in generation
the supply is realized by converter stations. This
technology has limits in fault current contribution.
In the case of a short circuit the supplied current is
close to the rated current or sometime lower depending on the preload situation. The present
technical realization follows the general requirements of Grid code. For that reason only a sym-
metrical current is supplied. In the paper the situation during unsymmetrical faults was discussed.
The analysis showed the need for extension of the
requirements. That means negative sequence impedance is required from renewable energy generation.
With the installation of offshore windfarms a new
network topology was discussed. It consists of
windfarms with converter stations and an offshore
HVDC station. The connection between both is realized via sea cable. In the paper transient phenomena are discussed during energization of the
cable and short circuits. The possibility of currents
without zero crossings must be considered in the
design concept. The best solution is an intelligent
tripping functionality in numerical devices. Another
effect can be happen if the control system for the
converter station is not correct adapted or components fail. During a fault in the cable a harmonic
fault current can occur and that must be tolerated
by the protection devices.
A further challenge for protection occurs if the
transmission system becomes a hybrid system.
Hybrid means the combination of overhead lines
and short cable sections. A protection concept with
available devices was presented.
The last addressed topic was the unpredictable
load flow. That means the system reaches the
thermal limits of primary equipments. This has an
impact on new functions, like temperature measurement on overhead lines as well as the protection concept. The distance protection is one main
protection for overhead lines. One advantage is
back-up functionality and in this regard the operating distance of protection is a discussed subject.
There is a conflict between the fault resistance
(sensitivity) and the maximum possible load. The
present technical solution is the load cut out in the
impedance characteristic. Under discussion are
new ideas like adaptive distance protection which
considers the source impedance or new algorithm
which eliminates the resistive part.
Smart grid influences the transmission grid and
has an impact on protection and control. As shown
in the introduction the numerical technology (flexible hardware, powerful communication and modular software structure) of modern intelligent electronic devices (IED) is ready to fulfill the new challenges. In some case only engineering work as
well as testing is necessary. Other applications
need additional investigation as well as research
work to understand the new phenomena and to
develop new additional functions or the modification of present functions. Summing up one can
emphasize the following: To guarantee the system
stability of Smart Grids additional investment in
protection and control is necessary.
Presentation 6.10
Literature
[1]
www.smartgrids.eu, see folder documents of

interests.
[2]
Electric
Transmission
and
Distribution
Program. Five year program plan (2008
2012) US Department of Energy, August
2006
[3]
Development of renewable energy sources in

Germany 2012 (version December 2013).
Working group on Renewable EnergyStatistics (AGEE Stat)
[4]
Rusek,J;Jrgens, I.; Braun, A. Kleinekorte, K.

Joswig, R.: Technik fr das Ultranet
(Technology for the Ultranet), EW Jg. 112
(2013), Heft 3, S. 52-56
[5]
Kamanenschikow,
D.;
Lsing,
M.;
Vennemann, K.: Spannungshaltung und
Blindleistungsbereitstellung
in
hochausgelasteten 380-kV-Netzen (Voltage stability
and reactive power supply in high loaded 380kV networks), 11. ETG/GMA Fachtagung,
11.06-12.06.2013, Mnchen (Germany)
[6]
BMU - Ordinance on System Services by

Wind Energy Plants (System Service
Ordinance
SDLWindV),
Germany,
27.05.2009,
http://www.bmub.bund.de/en/service/publicati
ons/downloads
[7]
Erlich,I.; Schegner P.: Wind turbine negative

sequence current control and its effect on
power system protection. IEEE PES GM
Vancouver 2013
[8]
Whrmann, B.: Anforderungen an die

Sekundrtechnik bei teilverkabelten EnLAGLeitungen und einer HG-bertragung
(Requirement on protection at hybrid systems
(OHL + cable sections) and a HVDC-Transmission). Omicron User Conference 11.06 13.06.2013, Ulm (Germany)
[9]
Oechsle,
F.;
Khn;H.;
Fhring,
H.;
Hausschild, J.: Hherauslastung der bertragungsnetze. Gibt es Grenzen fr das
Distanzschutzprinzip? (Increased load in
transmission networks. There are limits for
distance protection) 7. ETG/FNN Tutorial
Schutz und Leittechnik, 14.02.-15.02. 2012,
Mainz (Germany); www.schutz-leittechnik.de
[12] CIP0021 through CIP0091, Critical

Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Cyber Security
Standards, NERC June 2006,
[13] SIPROTEC 5 Overcurrent Protection 7SJ82/
7SJ85 V5.00 , Siemens AG, Device manual
C53000-G5040-C017-4
About the Author

Hans-Joachim Herrmann studied electrical engineering and
electronics on Technical University of Dresden. From 1977 to 1991
he was an assistant professor on
the Technical University of Zittau
in the relay protection department. During this time he wrote
two theses with the subject Algorithms of line protection (1984 Dr-Ing.) and Protection and measuring technique (1991 Dr.-Ing. habil.). In 1991 he
joined Siemens as a member of the product management protection in energy automation division.
He is a principal key expert protection and was involved in all developments of the numerical SIPROTEC devices. He did a lot of trainings in numerical protection with main topics transformer and
generator protection. In 1997 he published a book
with the title Numerical Protection (in German)
and in his carrier more than 90 contributions on
conferences and technical papers. From 2004 to
2012 he was the chairman of German national SC
B5 (protection and automation) CIGRE committee
and a member of different working groups (relay
testing, transformer and generator protection, protection requirements on transient response of voltage and current digital acquisition chain (process
bus)).
[10] Wache, M.: Monitoring-System mit Synchronzeigern (Monitoring system with synchronous
phasor). 8. ETG/FNN Tutorial Schutz und
Leittechnik, 05.02.-06.02. 2014, Dsseldorf
(Germany); www.schutz-leittechnik.de
[11] White Paper Requirements for Secure
Control and Telecommunication Systems,
BDEW, June 2008, Version 1
Answers for infrastructure and cities.

87
21
50
63
49
79
51N
21
87T
81
59
32R
40
51
67G
64
51G
27
87N
79
51N
79
50
37
63
49
63
86
2014 October 15-16
Page 4
2014 October 15-16
Dr. H-J. Herrmann / IC SG EA PRO
21
67
87L
50N
Page 3
27
40
67
49T
DIGSI
51V
64R
50
24
Engineering Tool
Unrestricted Siemens AG 2014 All rights reserved.
50
81
SIPROTEC
Device
Modular hardware
Flexible configuration (IOs)
Modularity of Functions
According to the application the necessary
functions can be assigned to the device
during the engineering process
Modularity in communication
different plug-in modules, protocols
Microprocessor based devices with powerful communication are state of the art
This technology is ready for the new requirements
Challenges and Solution for

Protection and Control
AC and DC on one tower
Voltage stability (reactive power)
Short circuits with new generation
sources; transients
Combination of overhead line &
cables
Influence of temporary overload
Summary, Conclusion
Change of Energy System
Technology of IEDs
Review of development in
Protection
Technology: State of the Art

Modern Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
2014 October 15-16

Page 2
Microprocessor technology changed the world of Protection and Automation

Multifunction devices with powerful communication are state of the art
Available technology has an impact on protection and automation devices
Development in Protection
New Age of Electric Energy System

brings a New Set of Challenges for
Protection and Automation
Presenter: Hans-Joachim Herrmann, Germany / 15-16 October 2014
Table of Content
Presentation 6.11
AC
110 kV
422 kV
2014 October 15-16

Page 8
2014 October 15-16
Reactive power support is necessary

(Generators, MSCDN, VSC,..)
e. g.: 380 kV (110 km);

n-0: 1400 MW, 300 Mvar;
n-1: 1800 MW, 550 Mvar
Overhead line: Demand of Q = f(P)
Page 7
Investigations are necessary
Intersystem faults (AC/DC)

Very fast fault clearing via DC protection
Detection on the AC-side ?
Avoid the risk of an over function
385 kV
Place of generation and load flow

influences the voltage band
BB
FG Cap.bank 1
MP I-3ph 7
MP I-3ph 6
MP I-3ph 5
MP I-3ph 4
MP I-3ph 3
I-unbal.
MP I-3ph 2
+-
++
I-3ph
FG Side
I-3ph
FG U/I 3ph
I-3ph
FG U/I 3ph
1)
87
FG Diff.prot.
BI
BO
49 50
50
CB
Ctrl
I-unbal.
60C
Restrike
I-3ph 50BF
FG CB
I-3ph 59C 49
V-3ph
FG Cap.bank 2
60C
I-3ph 50 50N
49 46
59C 37
V-3ph 59
MP I-3ph 1
MP V-3ph 1
7SJ85
Modern IED includes

all necessary functions
QA1
Protection of a Capacitor Bank
Source: Siemens paper 2013-07
Large Distance - Generation and Load Centers

Reactive Power Supply - Voltage Stability Problems
Corona effect : noncritical influence of ohmic

coupling from DC to AC for transformers
Test results: dry weather: 1mA/km, rainy 10mA/km
HVDC: 400 kV
Power: 2,2 GW; Length: 340 km
Ultranet between Amprion and Transnet BW
AC
110 kV
AC
380 kV
DC-System
400 kV
Overlay Network AC/DC on the Same Tower

Influence on the Protection
2014 October 15-16

Page 6
2014 October 15-16
Overload problems (setting of protection) Adaptive protection
Unpredictable Load Flow due to Fluctuating Generation
Tapped lines; Sea cables between stations (charging capacitances)

New transient effects
Combination of overhead lines and short cables Protection concepts
Changed Network Topology
Increased number of converter stations Small short circuit currents

Fluctuating generation Wide range of fault currents
Increased Contribution from Renewable Energy in Generation
New solutions for energy transport (overlay network, ultranet)

Protection concepts
Reactive power problems (voltage stability) Supervision via PMUs
Large distance between Generation and Load Centers
Change of Electrical Energy System

Influence on Protection and Automation
Page 5
Example: Offshore Wind Farm &

HVDC Transmission
Shortage of energy resources and the increasing environmental burden

are a booster for a global change of thought in the field of energy politics.
Change of Electric Energy System has a big Impact

on Protection and Automation
Presentation 6.12
er
tap
Active Power
No stable
operating point
after the event
PU curve
before the event

(PDP: Phasor Data Processing)
2014 October 15-16

Page 12
2014 October 15-16
No negative sequence current I2
L1-E
Critical are unsymmetrical faults:

SDLWindV: requires reactive power
(positive system) + fault ride through
support
HVDC: Fault current of 1* Irated with a
positive and negative system impedance
Fault current is limited from both sides

(app. 1*Irated or lower)
Fault current will be delivered by the

synchronous generators; limited fault
current (app.1* Irated or Ipreload) comes
e.g. from the wind farm
Sufficient fault current will be delivered for

all faults via the synchronous generators
Supervision of the
Nose (PU) Curve
Protection behavior must be

evaluated (simulation + test)
The control system of converters

must be adapted if necessary.
A negative sequence source
impedance is required.
Without negative sequence impedance

and/or converter impedance there is no
short-circuit current even if all
transformer star points are earthed
Present design of the control:

Converters supply a positive sequence
current (SDLWindV)
Converter Station - Fault Currents

Which fault current is seen by the protection?
2014 October 15-16
Page 11
Converter supply from both sides
Converter supply from one side
Conventional supply

Which fault current is seen by the protection?
Load
PMU part of modern IEDs

Monitoring with SIGUARD PDP
PNet
PPlant
pin
2014 October 15-16
Fast reaction of the

synchronous condenser
and stabilization of the
voltage
form
OLTC
G
PPlant; QPlant
Page 10
Reactive power infeed

via the synchronous
condenser
ns
PU curve
after the event
Tra
Operating point
before the event
PNet; QNet
Operating range:
- 400Mvar (under excited)
+ 900Mvar (over excited)
System disturbance in Turkey
voltage
NET
Large Distance - Generation and Load Centers

Reactive Power Supply - Voltage Stability Problems
Page 9
Synchronous Generator
(Motor operation)
System voltage
Dynamic reaction during a real event
Nuclear power plant was shut down 1500 MVA generator delivers
now the necessary reactive power (synchronous condenser)
Reactive Power Supply Synchronous Condenser

Operation of a Generator in a Nuclear Power Plant
Presentation 6.13
voltage
current
400 V AC
Page 15
2014 October 15-16
Protection Interface
Fault location (option)
87
87
21
87
Cable
87
21
Source: Whrmann Amprion
21
OHL
Protection concept is feasible.

Devices are available on the market
Blocking of AR
Protection
communication
21
Power Supply
Devices
-
VT2 VT1
OHL
New: Safe power supply

for protection devices
load
Arc-limit
Pick-up zone
Load range
3730 A
Protection
limit range
Safety margin
Page 16
2014 October 15-16
jX
Improvement of the distance protection is

necessary (Research)
Adaptive characteristic
New measuring methods for high-resistive
faults
Maximum load and minimum short-circuit

current influence the characteristic design
Discussion during ETG conference in 2012:

Measured fault resistance < 30 (400 kV)
Umin = 0,85*400kV, = 37, + safety margin
Limit: ILoad max = 3730 A
Discussion in North America
Zone 3 problem
Distance Protection: Load influence versus sensitivity at high-resistive faults
Maximum load has an influence on protection functions

Settings must be evaluated: Overload, overcurrent and distance protection
2014 October 15-16

Page 14
Requirement from the Energy Line Extension Act (2009): Pilot project with cable sections
(power: 1.800 MW, cable length: 3 and 10 km, in sum 12 cables in parallel
New situation for protection (auto reclosing must be avoided at cable failures)
Unpredictable Load Flow

Temporary Overload influences Protection Settings
2014 October 15-16
Depending on design of the control

harmonics may be possible reaction
of the protection must be evaluated
Fault current is not sinusoidal:
Faulty phase has zero crossings, but

unfaulted phases dont have zero
crossing delayed trip of unfaulted
phases ( extension in protection)
1-phase fault in the cable:
Inrush current with NO zero crossing

delayed trip necessary to avoid
stress with the CB
Closing the CB from one side:
This configuration leads to

transients

Sea Cable Application in Offshore Wind Farms

Overhead Line in Combination with Cables
Page 13
Phase to earth fault on the OHL
Zero sequence current is only delivered from the transformer

No fault current contribution from the wind farm
21
Z<

Practical fault case
Presentation 6.14
Page 17
2014 October 15-16

To guarantee the system stability of Smart Grids additional

investment in protection and control is necessary.
For selective operation the protection needs fault currents. To improve the
control of converters as well the protection simulations and tests are necessary.
Other applications need additional investigation/ research work to understand

the new phenomena, to develop additional functionality or modify present
functions.
In some applications the present technology/ devices can be used. Only

engineering work is required (e.g. overhead line cable combination).
The present technology (hardware, communication and software structure) of

IEDs is ready to fulfill the new challenges.
Smart Grid influences the transmission grid and has additional influence on
protection and control.
Summary, Conclusion
Presentation 6.15

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Presentation 6.

Development of numerical protection and automation

higher processor performance (several 100 MHz

Fig. 1 Development of protection technology

The series production of numerical protection as

Intelligent and multifunctional bay units

Fig. 2 Hardware kit Modular hardware meets application requirement

With the introduction of the IEC61850 substation

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

However functional integration does not mean that

(process bus). These requirements influence the

Fig. 4 Flexible communication via plug-in module and

Fig. 3 Overview functional integration

Flexible communication is a key feature

Benefits of standard IEC 61850

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

in a substation and outside the substation. Today

The intention to effect a change is shown by the

Development of electrical energy

Fig. 5 Development of renewable energy shares in

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

Fig. 6 Distribution of renewable energy sources [3]

Especially the altered form of electrical energy

Large distances between generation and load centers

Fig. 7 AC and DC system on the same tower

Possible fault scenarios

Voltage stability problems

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

current transformer damps harmonics much less

Fig. 9 Voltage shape in the Amprion region at one day

Protection of capacitor banks

Capacitor unbalance protection (60C)

Phase unbalance protection (46)

Fig. 10 Example: protection of a MSCDN [13]

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

Supervision of the stability

Fig. 11 Formation of a voltage collapse

The voltage as well as the power can be monitored

measurement function can be an add-on function

Increased contribution from renewable energy in generation

Fig. 12 Nose curve evaluation with SIGUARD PDC [10]

The left side of the picture shows the location of

Fig. 13 Different network topologies

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

Fig. 14 Symmetrical components for a phase to earth

Figure 15 shows a record from a real fault in a

there was no relevant fault contribution from the

Fig. 15 Fault record of a single phase fault on a high

Changed network topology

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

dant voltage transformer on which the rectifier

Inrush current curve

Fig. 17 Protection concept for a hybrid transmission system [8]

Unpredictable load flow due to

Phase to earth fault in the cable

Fig. 16 Simulation of different transient conditions

A total new situation occurs with the requirement

Due to the volatile network the load flow is not any

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

To answer this question additional research work is

Fig. 18 Impedance characteristic and load cut out

Summary and conclusion

OMICRON Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference 2014

www.smartgrids.eu, see folder documents of