LECTURE 2

VCB 3022

Design of Steel Structures

May 26, 2014
09:00 am 11:00 am

Lecturer
Dr Zubair Imam Syed
Email: imam.syed@petronas.com.my
Ph: 05 368 7313
Room: 14.03.13

CLO 1:
Distinguish the properties of steel and determine Section
classification
Design of steel structures

LEARNING OUTCOME:

Basics related to Design of Steel Structures

Classification

Cross section properties used in design

2

THE TENSION TEST

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

Highlights from Last Lecture

The important characteristics of steel for

design purposes are:
Design of steel structures

yield stress (Fy)

ultimate stress (Fu).tensile strength
modulus of elasticity (E)
percent elongation ()
coefficient of thermal expansion ()
Grade of Steel:
four commonly used grades are S235,S275, S355, S450
4

OBJECT OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Safety (the structure doesnt fall down during lifetime)

Serviceability (how well the structure performs in term of

appearance and deflection)

Fulfill requirements of client

Economy (an efficient use of materials and labor)

Alternatives

Several alternative designs should be prepared and their

costs compared

Engineering Design consists of Two stages

Feasibility Study/ Conceptual design
Involves comparison of the alternative forms of structure and
selection of most suitable type

Detailed design
involves detailed design of the chosen structure
The detailed also requires these attributes but is usually
more dependent upon a thorough understanding of the codes
of practice for structural design namely EC2 and EC3

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BUILDING

Design process by which an optimum solution is obtained. In

any design, certain criteria must be established to evaluate
whether or not an optimum has been achieved.

Design: Determination of overall proportions and dimensions of

the supporting framework and the selection of individual
members.

Aim of Structural Design To provide with due regard to

economy a structure capable of fulfilling its intended function
and sustaining the specified loads for its intended life. The
design should facilitate safe fabrication, transport, handling and
erection- account future maintenance, final demolition, recycling
and reuse of materials.

Responsibility: The structural engineer, within the constraints

imposed by the architect (number of stories, floor plan,..) is
responsible for structural design.

Philosophies/ Theories used for design: Elastic design,

Plastic design and Limit State Design

Highlights from Last Lecture

LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Also called LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) in USA.

The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect

does not exceed its design resistance

Design load effect Design resistance

(effect of specified loads x g,Q) specified resistance / M factor

Though limit state design method is presented in a deterministic

format, the partial factors are obtained using probabilistic models
based on statistical distributions of loads and structural capacity

Each load effect (DL, LL, ..) has a different load factor which its
value depends on the combination of loads under consideration.

LIMIT STATE CONCEPT IN DESIGN

Stated

in cl 2.2 EN 1993-1-1 2005 :Eurocode 3

Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings, British Standards
The standard gives recommendations for the
design of structural steel work using hot rolled
sections, flats, plates, hot finished structural hollow
sections and cold formed structural hollow sections,
in buildings and allied structures
Structures should be designed by considering the
limit states beyond which they would become unfit
for their intended use.

Highlights from Last Lecture

Limit state design

Ultimate limit states (ULS)
Strength
Stability against overturning and sway stability
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Serviceability limit states(SLS)
Deflection
Vibration
Wind induced oscillation
Durability

BS EN 1990:2002 : ACTIONS ARE A SET OF FORCES

(LOADS) applied to a structure, or/and deformations
produced by temperature, settlement or earthquakes

Values of actions are obtained by determining

characteristic or representative values of loads or forces
Ideally, loads applied to a structure during its working life,
should be analysed statistically and a characteristic load
is determined.
Characteristic Load: is the representation of the real load,
which is defined as the load with 95% probability of not
being exceeded throughout its lifetime

Characteristic Load = Average Load +1.64 x Standard

deviation

11

ACTIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS

PERMANENT ACTIONS (G)

are due to weight of the structure i.e. walls, permanent partitions,

floors, roofs, finishes and services
The actual weights of materials (Gk) should be used in design calculations;
but if not known use density in kN/m3 from EN 1991-1:2002.
Also included in this group are water and soil pressures, forces due to
settlement etc

VARIABLE ACTIONS (Q)

Imposed floor Loads (Qk) are variable actions; given for various
dwellings in EN 1991-1-1:2002.
These loads include a small allowance for impact and other
dynamic effects that may occur in normal occupancy.
Do not
include forces resulting from the acceleration and braking of
vehicles or movement of crowds. The loads are usually given as
distributed loads or an alternative concentrated load
Wind Actions (Wk) : Are variable but for convenience are expressed as

static pressures in EN 1991-1-4(2002).

Thermal effects need to be considered for chimneys, cooling towers, tanks
and cold storage services. Classified as indirect variable actions.

ACTIONS
Actions

to be taken for adequate performance in fire

ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS(A)

Accidental actions during execution include scaffolding, props and

bracing (EN 1991-1-6:2002). These may involve consideration of
construction loads, instability and collapse prior to completion of the
project

Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground motion are simulated by

a system of horizontal forces):EN1998-8(2004)

Actions induced by cranes and machinery : EN 1991-3(2004)

Impact and Explosions covered in EN 1991-1-7(2004).

CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN LOAD

When checking the safety of a member, the designer cannot be

certain about the load the member must carry because (a) of the
variability of the occupancy or environmental loading, and (b)
because of unforeseen circumstances which may lead to an
increase in the general level of loading, errors in analysis, errors
during construction etc
To cover this uncertainty the characteristic value is used.
The characteristic load is the value above which the load lies in
only small percentage of cases.
Statistical principles cannot be used at present to determine
characteristic loads because sufficient data is not available.
Therefore the characteristic loads are normally taken to be the
design loads from other codes of practice.
Design Load is the value used in design calculations product of
13
characteristic load and partial safety factors in order to increase
reliability.

COMBINATIONS OF DESIGN ACTIONS

FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, three alternative combinations of

actions, modified by appropriate partial safety factors (), must be
investigated
(a) Fundamental: a combination of all permanent actions including self
weight(Gk), the dominant variable action (Qk) and combination values of
all other variable actions(0Qk)
(b) A combination of the dominant variable actions (0Qk). This
combination assumes that accidents of short duration have a low
probability of occurrence
(c) Seismic: reduces the permanent action partial safety factor(G)with a
reduction factor ()between 0.85 and 1
FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE : 3 alternative combination of
actions must be investigated
The characteristic rare combination occurring in cases exceeding limit
state causes permanent local damage or deformation
15

Different types of load have different probabilities of

occurrence and different degrees of variability, and
that the probabilities associated with these loads
change in different ways as the degree of overload
considered increases. Because of this different load
factors should be used for the different load types.

Load partial factors

F , G ,Q

Partial factor for variability of strength

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN MATERIAL STRENGTH

The material strength may be less than intended

because (a) of its variable composition, and (b)
because of the variability of the manufacturing
conditions , and other effects such as corrosion.

The characteristic strength is the value below which

the strength lies in only small percentage of cases.

The characteristic value is determined from test results

using statistical principles, and is normally defined as
the value below which not more than 5% of the test
results fall.

The overall effect of items under (b) is allowed for

using a partial safety factor : m for strength.

17

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Design strength

Design Strength is obtained by dividing the characteristic

strength by the partial safety factor for strength

The value of m depends upon the properties of the actual

construction materials being used.

BS EN 1993-1-1(2005) covers the design of structures

fabricated from structural steels conforming to the grades and
product standards specified. If other steels are used, due
allowance should be made for variations in properties,
including ductility and weldability.

The design strength should be taken as 1.0Ys but not greater

than Us /1.2 where Ys and Us are respectively the minimum
yield strength and the minimum tensile strength specified in
13
the relevant product standard.

For the more commonly used grades and thicknesses of steel the
value of design strength values can be obtained from Table 3.1.

19

16

STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

20

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

21

COMPOUND SECTIONS

Compound sections are formed by:

Strengthening a rolled section (say UB) by welding a cover
plate
Combining 2 separate rolled sections like in crane girder
Connecting two members to form a combined strong
member. Example: laced and braced members
Design of steel and
prestressed concrete

22

FABRICATED SECTIONS/ BUILT-UP SECTIONS

Fabricated sections can be welded or bolted

Cold formed Rectangular Hollow sections

23

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COLD FORMED AND HOT ROLLED SECTIONS

Cold-formed steel has been widely used in building construction,

from residential houses to industrial buildings.
Cold-formed steel offers versatility in building because of its
lightweight and ease of handling and use.
Cold-formed steel represents over 45 percent of the steel
construction market in US, and this share is increasing
The hot-rolled steel shapes are formed at elevated temperatures
while the cold-formed steel shapes are formed at room
temperature.
Cold-formed steel structural members are shapes commonly
manufactured from steel plate, sheet or strip material.
The manufacturing process involves forming the material by either
press-braking or cold roll-forming to achieve the desired shape.
Examples of the cold-formed steel are corrugated steel roof and
floor decks, steel wall panels, storage racks and steel wall studs.
24

Design of steel and

prestressed concrete

Press-braking is often used for production of small quantity of

simple shapes.
Cold roll-forming is the most widely used method for production
of roof, floor and wall panels. It is also used for the production
of structural components such as Cees, Zees, and hat sections.
Sections can usually be made from sheet up to 1.5m wide and
from coils more than 1,000m long.
During cold roll-forming, sheet stock is fed longitudinally
through a series of rolls, each of which works the sheet
progressively until it reaches the desired shape. A simple
section may require as few as six pairs of roll, but a complex
shape can require as many as 24 to 30. The thickness of
material that can be formed generally ranges between 0.10mm
up to 7.7mm, although heavy duty cold forming mills can handle
steel up to 19mm thick.
Design of steel and
prestressed concrete

25

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COLD FORMED AND HOT ROLLED STEEL

thickness
shapes.
Since cold-formed steel members are formed at room
temperature, the material becomes harder and stronger.
Its lightweight makes it easier and more economical to massproduce, transport and install.
One of the main differences between designing with coldformed steel shapes and with hot-rolled structural shapes is
that with the hot-rolled, one is primarily concerned about two
types of instability: column buckling and lateral buckling of
unbraced beams. The dimensions of hot-rolled shapes are
such that local buckling of individual constituent elements
generally will not occur before yielding.
This is not the case with cold-formed members. Here local
buckling must also be considered because, in most cases, the
material used is thin relative to its width. This means that the
individual flat, or plate, elements of the section often have
width to thickness ratios that will permit buckling at stresses
well below the yield point.

26

Cold rolled shapes

27

CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES

Elastic section properties
Plastic section properties

ELASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES

The exact section dimensions
The location of the centroid if the section is
asymmetric about one or both axes
Area of cross section
Moments of inertia about various axes
Radii of gyration about various axes
Moduli of section for various axes

28

PLASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES

Plastic moduli of section

OTHER IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF UNIVERSAL BEAMS, JOISTS AND

CHANNELS USED FOR DETERMINING THE BUCKLING RESISTANCE
MOMENTS

Buckling parameter, u
Torsional index, x
Warping constant, H
Torsional constant , J
These properties are given in standard tables or
can be calculated using formulae given in the code.

29

ELASTIC SECTION PROPERTIES

Area = 2BT+dt

Moment of inertia YYaxis

BD 3
d3

B t
12
12

moment of inertia ZZ axis

2TB 3 dt 3

12
12

Radius of gyrationy

Iy
A

Iz
A

Radius of gyrationz
Modulus of sec tion, Z zz

Symmetrical I section

Iz
D / 2

Modulus of sec tion, Z yy

Iy

B / 2
30

Modulus of section is the elastic modulus of section

EXAMPLE

Determine the properties of a plated UB section 610 UB 125

strengthened by welding a 300 mm x 20 mm plate to each flange.
Determine the section properties Ix and Zx
229 mm

612
11.9 mm

Design of steel structures

19.6 mm

Wel,y = 986 x 106 mm4

Wpl,y=3680 x 10 3 mm3

Solution:
The properties of the UB are available in tables and are shown above.
Because of the symmetry of the section the centroid of the plated UB
Is at the web centre.

31

The properties Ix and Zx are elastic properties i.e. the whole section is effective

I welded sec tion I UB 2 I plate Area of plate distance from CG plate to CGUB

Moment of inertia of plate about its own centroid is small compared to other values , so
omitted.

I welded 986 106 2 300 20 612 20 / 2 2184 106 mm 4

Ix
2184 106
Zx

6700 103 mm3

D / 2 612 2 20

32

PLASTIC MOMENT OF A SECTION

Neutral axis

fy

fy

M= X Zxx

Me=Py x Zxx

fy

Mp=Py x Sxx

Derivation:
Plastic Moment = Py x area in compression x d/2
= Py x area in tension x d/2
= Py ( area in compression x d/4 +area in tension x d/4)
33
= Py x algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis
= Py x Sxx where Sxx= plastic section modulus

PLASTIC MODULUS AND SHAPE FACTOR

Plastic Modulus

Plastic Moment of sec tion

D

2

Shape factor of a section is defined as

, where
Design of steel structures

plastic mod ulus S xx

elastic mod ulus Z xx

Problem: Determine the elastic moment, plastic moment,
elastic section modulus, plastic modulus and shape factor for the
rectangular section
10 mm

500mm

34

Elastic properties
bd 3 10 500 3
Moment Of Inertia

104166666.7mm 4
12
12
Elastic Section Modulus

I xx
104166666.7

416666.67mm 3
D
500

2
2

Plastic properties
Plastic sec tion mod ulus algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis

Equal area axis coincides with the centroid of section

Design of steel structures

Elastic Moment of sec tion Z xx f y 416666.7 f y

Plastic sec tionModulus 2 areaAboveEqualAreaAxis

4

500 500

PlasticModulus 2 10
625000mm 3

2 4

Plastic moment Plastic mod ulus f y 625000 f y

35

Shape Factor

S xx
625000

1.5
Z xx 416666.67

DETERMINE THE SHAPE FACTOR FOR 610X229X125 UB S275

S xx
3680

1.143
Z xx
3220

Design of steel structures

From the table of properties of Universal

Beams, the properties can be obtained:
Zxx = 3220 cm3
Sxx=3680 cm3

The value of shape factor for most I-sections is about 1.15

36

Tributary Areas

TRIBUTARY AREAS/ LOADING

A.

ONE WAY SYSTEMS

L2/L1 2.0 where L2 > L1

TRIBUTARY AREAS/ LOADING

A.

ONE WAY SYSTEMS

L2/L1 2.0 where L2 > L1

TRIBUTARY AREAS/ LOADING

B.

TWO WAY SYSTEMS

L2/L1 < 2.0 where L2 L1

TRIBUTARY AREAS/ LOADING

B.

TWO WAY SYSTEMS

L2/L1 < 2.0 where L2 L1

TRIBUTARY AREAS/ LOADING

B.

TWO WAY SYSTEMS

L2/L1 < 2.0 where L2 L1

EXAMPLE 1:
THE FLOOR PLAN SHOWN IS SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD OF 5 KN/M2.

IGNORE THE SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM:

A)

HOW THE LOAD WILL BE DISTRIBUTED TO THE BEAMS ?

B)

CALCULATE THE LOAD ON EACH BEAM

L/B RATIO = 8/3 = 2.66 >2, THEN THE LOAD WILL BE

DISTRIBUTED IN ONE DIRECTIONS AS SHOWN BELOW

Total load on all beams = 60 x 2 + 120 x 3 = 480 kN

EXAMPLE 2:
THE FLOOR PLAN SHOWN IS SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD.

DRAW THE IDEALIZED BEAMS LOADING(AFFECTED BY THE SHADED AREA).

lx

B1

B2

lx

B1

B1
B2

B1

B2
B1

B1
B2
ly

46

B2

B2
ly

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

47

Self weight of the beam will act

as a uniformly distributed load

Reaction of B1 will
R1
be transferred to
supporting columns

+
R1

R1

R1
lx

lx

Load on B1

Self weight of the beam will act

as a uniformly distributed load

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

R2

R2

48

+
R2

R2
ly

ly

Load on B2

EXAMPLE 3:
THE FLOOR PLAN SHOWN IS SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD.
DRAW THE IDEALIZED BEAMS LOADING( AFFECTED BY THE SHADED AREA).

B2
49

B1
B1

lx B1
B2
lx

B2

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

R2

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

R2
ly

ly

Load on B2

50

R2 R2

2(w.lx/2) kN/m 2R2

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

51

R1

R1
lx

lx

Load on B1

EXAMPLE 4:
THE FLOOR PLAN SHOWN IS SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD.
DRAW THE IDEALIZED BEAMS LOADING( AFFECTED BY THE SHADED AREA).

52

2(w.lx/2) kN/m

2(w.lx/2) kN/m
R2 R2

R2

R2
ly

53

ly

2R2

R1

R1
lx

lx

Load on B1

Example 5:
The floor plan shown in Fig.1 is subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 5 kN/m2. Ignore the self weight of the beam:
a)
How the load will be distributed to the beams ?
b)
Calculate the load on each beam
c)
Calculate the load on each column
54

E
6m
C

6m

A
8m

Figure 1

SOLUTION
AS

RATIO IS

= 8/6= 1.3 < 2, THE LOAD WILL BE DISTRIBUTED IN

TWO DIRECTIONS AS SHOWN BELOW

55

56

57

58

Total load on all beams = 45 x 4 + 75 x 2 +150 = 480 kN

To check: Total Area = 2 x 6 m x 8 m = 96 m2
Total Load = 5 kN/m2 x 96 m2 = 480 kN