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Tension: The stretchingStrain

of a energyYoungs Modulus
=E
Is the work done
in changing
material by a force
the length
Compression: The squashing
of of the material
F
L
volume =
=E
a material by a force Strain energy/unit
A
L
area
under stress-strain
Shearing: Caused by two
forces
graph
acting in opposite directions

E=
Strain energy = strain
Bending: under both tension

energy/;unit volume x volume


and compression
F L=workMeasure
done stiffness and flexibility
Higher E= stiffer
AL=volumeE depends on material, not
dimensions
Toughness Stiffness is the resistance of the
Strain
to being
Is a measure material
of the amount
of stretched or
L
energy that a compressed.
material can

absorb before it fails.


Elastic
region
Undergo plastic
deformation
The amount of distortion

beforeofit fails.Linear line where
Always positive value. Ratio
The greater the
strain
engery,
Will
resume
to original
two lengths
Stress
the tougher isdimensions
it
without stress =
When the material Have
is pulled
a high youngs
modulus
elastic behaviour
further apart, squeezed
Equilibriumarea under
Toughness=
together or caused stress-strain
to
slide
Translational
graph
Elastic limit/yield point
past each other under
Sum of forcesWhen
actingstress
on a exceeds limit,
stress
body/system material
is zero is permanently changed.
Compressive/tensile stress
F=0 Maximum point where
The magnitude of the
applied force per cross
Rotational
E strength
sectional area
Sum
of
all
the
torques
is
F
Strengthzero
is the maximum
=

Not turning. Can be movingstress,


at
A
Radio mast=2 tonnes;
Torque
constant speed.
E is gradient
Tension=5000N =rF=rFsin
=0
F=upward thrust that ground
Strength
r=Horizontal distance of the
exerts on radio mast
FL
Is the maximum stress.

force.
E=k=

L g=2.1 10 N
F=3
5000 cos 30 +2A10
The stress at the breaking
point
Static
under stress.
Sum of torques
and forces
arecompression,
Struts:
under
E
depends
only
on the properties
must
be
rigid.
zero
or the material itself; k depends
Ties: May
or flexible,
andbeofrigid
Composite Material At both translational
on the nature
the material as
rotational
equilibrium
Reinforce the weak properties.
Arch-Lower
surface
of arch under
well as length
and thickness.
Brittle
Not accelerating
or
moving
compression. Has property that
Only has elastic region.
F=0 &
transfers=0
forces into nearly
Increase strength elastic
vertical components at support
behaviour stress exceeds
pillars. Need buttressing at end to
elastic limit materialDynamic
breaks
balance horizontal force
e.g China, glass
All forces are balanced but
components.
Has little or no plastic region
still has velocity.
T=Tensile
C=Compressive
Cast iron: Brittle; Weak T, Strong C
Ductile
Concrete: Weak T; Strong C
Exceeds elastic limit when it
Steel: Strong T, Weak C
fractures undergoes plastic
Carbon fibre: Strong T; No C
deformation.
Marble/Granite: No T; Strong C
Undergoes of plastic
Bone: Weak T; Strong C

2R = 4 x Stress in material T=212


Bending in material=dependsNof
x
stiffness
of material
Middle
of vertical part can45
be
Small tunnels in pyramids
thinner than the bottom than
=Smaller width of tunnel = Wont
the top because it is not
break under tension
under compression or
Tension
Tension
in in
each
crane
rope
moving
is 100N, rope
tension. The bottom beam is
makes
45 with the horizontal.
upwards.
under tension, top is under
The F
pole
is W
in compression, it applies
net =T
compression.
a force of 212N to the ground
-Force
b/c there
3
AC isininpole=3x
compression,
BCare
is in
forces pulling
the
pole
down
by
the
tension
rope.
Platform=50 tonnes

5 104 10 2=2 T ( 4 sin 60 )


AB=DE

2T =2.89
10
=BD=Compression
CD=BC=AC=CE=Tensio
Tension is n
greater at P and
compression
is greater at R
Beam=4,000kg
Beam has no fixed connection with
the two pillars.
-Max load that can be placed at
point Z (concentrated at end)
Lamp=20kg
without the beam tilting
Magnitude
of force of cable AB
F =0
x

F AB L
200
L=
Pivot=
point
Y
tan30

W
2=W
Rod=10kg
F AB
=200
tan 30
=115 N
beam
Z 4
20 10 3+10 10 1.5=4 S
40,000 2=m 10 4
SR=187.5 N
m=2,000 kg

Torque
Choose a point
Draw the perpendicular
from the point to the
direction of the force
Find the torque
Add T(1) one direction,
T(2) another direction
T(1)=T(2)

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