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SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

RECTIFIERS
A rectifier is a device that converts as voltage into dc
voltage. The element used for rectification is a diode. The diode
can be used as rectifier as it conducts in one direction only. When
the diode is forward biased, it allows the current to flow through it.
When it is reverse biased, no current flows through it. There are
two types of rectifiers:
(i) Half-wave rectifier
(ii) Full-wave rectifier
1) HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Figure shows a half-wave rectifier. It uses only one diode.

Fig.
1

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

Working :
During the positive half-cycle of ac supply, terminal A is
positive w.r.t. terminal B. Therefore, diode D is forward biased
and current flows through the load. During the negative halfcycle, the terminal B is positive w.r.t. A. Therefore, diode D is
reverse biased and no current flows through the load. The output
voltage appears across the load during the positive half cycle of
the ac supply only. Hence, the circuit is called half-wave rectifier.
The output of the rectifier is pulsating in nature, i.e. it contains ac
as well as dc components.
Analysis of Half-wave Rectifier
1) DC or Average value of load current (Idc)
Idc

2
0

1
i L d
2

LM I
MNz

sin d

OP
PQ

Im

cos 0
2
I
I
m cos cos 0 m
2

2)

RMS Value of Load Current (Irms)


Irms

3)

1
2
1
2
2
Im
2

z
LM
MNz
z FGH

i L2 d

2
2
Im
sin2 d

IJ
K

1 cos 2
d
2

LM
N

2
Im
sin2 sin0

4
2
2

Output voltage (Vdc)


Vdc IdcRL

0 d

Im
RL

OP
Q

OP
PQ

LM
N

2
Im
sin2

4
2
2
Im
I
m
4
2

OP
Q

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

LM I
N

1
Vm
RL
Rf Rs RL

where,

Rf Diode forward resistance


RS Secondary winding resistance
RL Load resistance

FG
H
IJ
V F
R R

1
G
H R R R K

Vdc

Vm Rf Rs RL Rf Rs

Rf Rs RL
m

At no load,

THEORY

Vm
Rf Rs RL

OP
Q

IJ
K

b
gb
I bR R g

Vm
Vm

Rf Rs
Rf Rs RL

Vm

dc

Idc = 0
V
Vdc m

4)Rectifier Efficiency : It is defined as the ratio of dc output


power to ac input power.

dc output power Pdc

ac input power Pac

2
Pdc Idc
RL

2
Im
RL
2

g FGH I IJK bR R
2

2
Pac Irms
Rf Rs RL

RL

2
Im
Rf Rs RL
4
2
Im
RL
4
RL
2
2
2.
Im
Rf Rs RL
Rf Rs RL
4
4
1
2.
R

f
s 1
RL
4
( Rf + RS << RL)
2 = 0.406

% = 40.6%

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

5) Ripple factor : The purpose of a rectifier is to convert ac


into dc. The input of the rectifier is pulsating in nature, i.e. it
contains dc as well as ac components. The ac component is
called ripple which is removed with the help of a filter circuit. The
ratio of the rms value of ac component of the waveform to the dc
component of the waveform is known as ripple factor.
Ripple factor, r = rms value of ac component of wave
dc component of wave

Iac, rms
Idc

The output current in a half-wave rectifier is given by,


iL = Idc + iac
rms value of the output current is given by
2
2
Irms Idc
Iac
, rms

2
2
Iac, rms Irms
Idc

Iac, rms

rms

Idc

dc

F I IJ
G
HI K
FG I IJ 1
HI K

rms
dc

For a half-wave rectifier,

FG I IJ
H 2K
FG I IJ
H K

1 1. 21

6) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) : It is defined as the maximum


reverse voltage that can be applied across the diode without
damaging it. For a half-wave rectifier,
PIV = Vm

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

7)Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF) :


TUF =

dc power delivered to the load


ac rating of transformer secondary
Pdc

Pac rated

The rated voltage of the secondary is


current flowing through the winding is only

FG I IJ R
H K
TUF

Im
2

Vm
,
2

, not

but actual rms


Im
.
2

Vm Im
2 2

Im

2
Im
RL
2
Rf Rs RL Im
2
2

[ Vm = Im (Rf + Rs + RL)]

2 2
RL
2 2
1

2 R R R
2 R R

f
s 1
f
s
L
RL

2 2
0. 287
2

[ Rf + Rs << RL]

8)Voltage Regulation : The variation of dc output voltage as a


function of a dc load current is called voltage regulation.
% regulation =

Vdcno load Vdcfull load


Vdcfull load

LM
N

100

Vm
V
m Idc Rf Rs

Idc RL
R Rs
f
100
RL

gOPQ

100

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

2) FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER :

I)

Centre Tap Full-wave Rectifier :

Fig.

Figure above shows the centre-tapped full-wave rectifier. It


uses two diodes.
Working : During the positive half-cycle, the terminal A is positive
w.r.t. C and the terminal B is negative w.r.t. C. Therefore, diode
D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. Therefore, current
flows through diode D1 and load.
During the negative half-cycle, the terminal B is positive
w.r.t. C and the terminal A is negative w.r.t. C. Therefore, diode
D2 is forward biased and D1 is reverse biased. Now, current flows
through the diode D2 and load. Therefore, current flows through
RL in both half-cycles. Thus, ac waveform is converted into dc
and the circuit is called full-wave rectifier.

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

THEORY

SEMICONDUCTOR

II)

RECTIFIERS

THEORY

Bridge Rectifier :

Fig.

Figure above shows a bridge rectifier full-wave rectifier. It


uses four diodes.
Working : During the positive half-cycle, terminal A is positive
w.r.t. B. Diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and diodes D2 and
D4 are reverse biased. Current flows through diode D1, load RL
and diode D3.
During the negative half-cycle, terminal A is negative w.r.t. B.
Diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased and diodes D1 and D3 are
reverse biased. Current flows through diode D2, load RL and
diode D4. Thus, current flows through both the half-cycles of ac
supply. Output voltage is available in both half cycles and hence,
circuit is called full-wave rectifier.
Analysis of Full-wave Rectifier :
1)

DC value of load current (Idc) :

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

Idc

2)

i L d

Im
cos

Im sin d

Im
2I
cos cos0 m

RMS value of load current (Irms) :

Ii2 d

Irms

2
Im
sin2 d

LM
N

2
Im
sin2

2
2

3)

OP
Q

2
Im

z FGH

Im
2

Output Voltage (Vdc) :


2Im
RL

2
Vm

RL
Rf Rs RL

Vdc Idc RL

where
Rf Diode forward resistance
Rs Secondary winding resistance
RL Load resistance
Vdc

FG
H

2Vm
Rf Rs
1

Rf Rs RL

At no load,

2Vm
Idc Rf Rs

Idc = 0
Vdc

4)

THEORY

2Vm

Rectifier Efficiency :
9

IJ
K

IJ
K

1 cos 2
d
2

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

dc output power Pdc

ac inpur power Pac

F 2I IJ R
G
HK
2

Pdc

2
Idc
RL

b
I
bR R

2
4Im
RL
2

g FGH I 2 IJK bR R
R g
2

2
Pac Irms
Rf Rs RL
2
m

2
Im

5)

RL

2
4 Im
RL
2

8
RL
2 R R R
f
s
L

( Rf + Rs << RL)

% = 81.2%

Ripple factor :

FG I IJ
H 2K
FG 2I IJ
HK

FG I IJ
HI K
rms

dc

= 0.48
6)

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) :


PIV = 2Vm (centre tap rectifier)
= Vm (bridge rectifier)

7)

Transformer Utilisation Factor (TUF) :


TUF =

dc power delivered to the load


ac rating of transformer secondary

FG 2I IJ R
HK

2
Idc
RL
Vrms . Irms

Rf Rs RL
2
8
2 0. 812

THEORY

Vm Im
.
2 2

10

SEMICONDUCTOR

RECTIFIERS

Im

2
4 Im
RL
2
Rf Rs RL

THEORY

g. I

2
2
8
RL
8
2
2
Rf Rs RL

= 0.81 [ Rf + Rs << RL]

The primary of the transformer is feeding two half-wave


rectifiers separately.
TUF = 2 TUF of half-wave rectifier
= 2 0.287 = 0.574
Average TUF for full-wave rectifier = 0. 574 0. 812 = 0.693
2

TUF = 0.693 (centre tap rectifier)


= 0.812 (bridge rectifier)
8)Voltage regulation : The variation of dc output voltage as a
function of dc load current is called voltage regulation.
% regulation =

Vdcno load Vdcfull load

LM
N

Vdcfull load

100

2Vm
2Vm

Idc Rf Rs

Idc RL
R Rs
f
100
RL

11

gOPQ

100

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