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RECTIFIERS
THEORY
RECTIFIERS
A rectifier is a device that converts as voltage into dc
voltage. The element used for rectification is a diode. The diode
can be used as rectifier as it conducts in one direction only. When
the diode is forward biased, it allows the current to flow through it.
When it is reverse biased, no current flows through it. There are
two types of rectifiers:
(i) Half-wave rectifier
(ii) Full-wave rectifier
1) HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Figure shows a half-wave rectifier. It uses only one diode.
Fig.
1
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
THEORY
Working :
During the positive half-cycle of ac supply, terminal A is
positive w.r.t. terminal B. Therefore, diode D is forward biased
and current flows through the load. During the negative halfcycle, the terminal B is positive w.r.t. A. Therefore, diode D is
reverse biased and no current flows through the load. The output
voltage appears across the load during the positive half cycle of
the ac supply only. Hence, the circuit is called half-wave rectifier.
The output of the rectifier is pulsating in nature, i.e. it contains ac
as well as dc components.
Analysis of Half-wave Rectifier
1) DC or Average value of load current (Idc)
Idc
2
0
1
i L d
2
LM I
MNz
sin d
OP
PQ
Im
cos 0
2
I
I
m cos cos 0 m
2
2)
3)
1
2
1
2
2
Im
2
z
LM
MNz
z FGH
i L2 d
2
2
Im
sin2 d
IJ
K
1 cos 2
d
2
LM
N
2
Im
sin2 sin0
4
2
2
0 d
Im
RL
OP
Q
OP
PQ
LM
N
2
Im
sin2
4
2
2
Im
I
m
4
2
OP
Q
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
LM I
N
1
Vm
RL
Rf Rs RL
where,
FG
H
IJ
V F
R R
1
G
H R R R K
Vdc
Vm Rf Rs RL Rf Rs
Rf Rs RL
m
At no load,
THEORY
Vm
Rf Rs RL
OP
Q
IJ
K
b
gb
I bR R g
Vm
Vm
Rf Rs
Rf Rs RL
Vm
dc
Idc = 0
V
Vdc m
2
Pdc Idc
RL
2
Im
RL
2
g FGH I IJK bR R
2
2
Pac Irms
Rf Rs RL
RL
2
Im
Rf Rs RL
4
2
Im
RL
4
RL
2
2
2.
Im
Rf Rs RL
Rf Rs RL
4
4
1
2.
R
f
s 1
RL
4
( Rf + RS << RL)
2 = 0.406
% = 40.6%
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
THEORY
Iac, rms
Idc
2
2
Iac, rms Irms
Idc
Iac, rms
rms
Idc
dc
F I IJ
G
HI K
FG I IJ 1
HI K
rms
dc
FG I IJ
H 2K
FG I IJ
H K
1 1. 21
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
THEORY
Pac rated
FG I IJ R
H K
TUF
Im
2
Vm
,
2
, not
Vm Im
2 2
Im
2
Im
RL
2
Rf Rs RL Im
2
2
[ Vm = Im (Rf + Rs + RL)]
2 2
RL
2 2
1
2 R R R
2 R R
f
s 1
f
s
L
RL
2 2
0. 287
2
[ Rf + Rs << RL]
LM
N
100
Vm
V
m Idc Rf Rs
Idc RL
R Rs
f
100
RL
gOPQ
100
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
THEORY
2) FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER :
I)
Fig.
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
THEORY
SEMICONDUCTOR
II)
RECTIFIERS
THEORY
Bridge Rectifier :
Fig.
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
Idc
2)
i L d
Im
cos
Im sin d
Im
2I
cos cos0 m
Ii2 d
Irms
2
Im
sin2 d
LM
N
2
Im
sin2
2
2
3)
OP
Q
2
Im
z FGH
Im
2
2
Vm
RL
Rf Rs RL
Vdc Idc RL
where
Rf Diode forward resistance
Rs Secondary winding resistance
RL Load resistance
Vdc
FG
H
2Vm
Rf Rs
1
Rf Rs RL
At no load,
2Vm
Idc Rf Rs
Idc = 0
Vdc
4)
THEORY
2Vm
Rectifier Efficiency :
9
IJ
K
IJ
K
1 cos 2
d
2
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
F 2I IJ R
G
HK
2
Pdc
2
Idc
RL
b
I
bR R
2
4Im
RL
2
g FGH I 2 IJK bR R
R g
2
2
Pac Irms
Rf Rs RL
2
m
2
Im
5)
RL
2
4 Im
RL
2
8
RL
2 R R R
f
s
L
( Rf + Rs << RL)
% = 81.2%
Ripple factor :
FG I IJ
H 2K
FG 2I IJ
HK
FG I IJ
HI K
rms
dc
= 0.48
6)
7)
FG 2I IJ R
HK
2
Idc
RL
Vrms . Irms
Rf Rs RL
2
8
2 0. 812
THEORY
Vm Im
.
2 2
10
SEMICONDUCTOR
RECTIFIERS
Im
2
4 Im
RL
2
Rf Rs RL
THEORY
g. I
2
2
8
RL
8
2
2
Rf Rs RL
LM
N
Vdcfull load
100
2Vm
2Vm
Idc Rf Rs
Idc RL
R Rs
f
100
RL
11
gOPQ
100