ESF-NSF Workshop

Sensor Networks for Civil Infrastructure Systems

Underground M3

Kenichi Soga, Peter Bennett and Yusuke Kobayashi

Department of Engineering

Kenichi Soga
Roberto Cipolla
Ashwin Seshia
Robert Mair
Peter Bennett
Yusuke Kobayashi
Jize Yan
Rich Laver
Krisada Chaiyasarn
Fabio Viola
(James Ransley)
(Chikara Hirai)

Peter Wright

Tomas Jilek

Alberto Roncaglia
Matteo Ferri

Chris Chew

Marcos
Gonzalez

Juan
Rodriguez

Jean-Pierre
Hamilin

Ivan Vanicek
Jan Zalesky
Jaromr Machcek
Martin Vanicek
Daniel Jirasko

Antonio Gens
Alberto Ledesma

Prague Metro
Assess long term impact of flood
Two active monitoring locations

Aug 2002, 19 Metro Stations flooded

$200millons, areas usable for 6 months

London Underground
Monitor area of lining deterioration
Tiltmeters + crackmeters
Optical fibre strain monitoring

Barcelona Metro
wet areas
oxidation of reinforcement
cracks and fissures.

LUL

Barcelona Metro

Prague Metro

3 Micros
Micro-Detection - Real-Time Damage Detection
using Computer Vision
Tier 1

Micro-Monitoring MEMS Strain Sensors

Micro-Communication with Power Harvesting

Tier 2

Other Projects
Smart Foundations - Distributed fibre optic strain
measurement
Skanska Cementation, Arup, Geotechnical Consulting Group,
Whitby Bird, US National Science Foundation

Smart Infrastructure WSN

Imperial College
London Underground Ltd., Highways Agency, Thames Water,
Yorkshire Water, Humber Bridge, BT, Intel and Thales

Neptune Power harvesting of sensors/communications

Yorkshire water, ABB and United Utilities
Sheffield, Imperial, Exeter, Lancaster, Leicester, De Montfort

Computer vision
with Prof Cipolla, Fabio Viola and Krisada Chaiyasarn

Registration and Localisation

New photo with damage of interest

Database

Micro-Monitoring
Optical fibre distributed strain measurement
MEMS
New strain sensor
Inclinometer
Accelerometer

Miniature crack-meter

Fibre Optics Strain Measurement

Average strain over 1m every 5cm

Range ~5-10km
Resolution 30 (0.003%)
Low cost sensors - optical fibre
5 - 25 minutes per measurement
Can link or switch between fibres

Monitoring of existing ThamesLink tunnel

Tunnelling obliquely under Victorian masonry tunnel
Existing tunnel loaded by canal basin retaining wall
Directly below Midlands Main Line (MML)
MML
above

Existing
ThamesLink
tunnel
8.5m

Canal basin
3.6m
6.5m

New tunnel
Kings Cross
St Pancras

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland mapping with the

permission of the Director and Chief Executive, Crown Copyright.

ThamesLink Tunnel Monitoring

Monitor cross-sections at oblique crossing and
adjacent tunnelling

Optical fibre

Monitoring of existing Thameslink tunnel in London

Monitoring Thameslink Tunnel

Bored piles (Various sites in London)

Tunnels (Kingscross and Singapore)

Water Mains (Chingford)

Cut slopes and embankments (M25)

Soil Nails (A2)

Anemometers

Environmental
monitors

Tilt meters

Accelerometers
for tunnel
vibration
Pressure
sensors

Cameras

Crack
gauges
Laser
rangefinders

Adhesive stress sampling

Accelerometers
for crack growth

Motion
detectors

Installation Sensor
Crackmeter
Crackmeter (LPDT)
(LPDT)

Mote

LPDT
1. Crack Gap Measurement
2. Temperature Compensation

Waterproofed
Package Box

Tiltmeter
Tiltmeter

Tiltmeter
Borad

Mote

Long Life
Battery

Micro-Communication
Wireless sensor network
Prague Metro
London Underground
Barcelona Metro

Radio propagation in tunnels

Deployment issues

SMART INFRASTRUCTURE: Generic/Pervasive Sensor Networks

Major goal of this project: Generic/Pervasive sensor networks
Sharing of equipment for monitoring of multiple types of infrastructures
Exploit common characteristics of different infrastructures to advance sensor network design
Data analysis
Device, network
& service management
to Internet

Communications
Tiered structure and adaptive
network topology
Scalable protocol design
Efficient, secure and robust

Sensors
Low-power, low-cost
Reliable performance

Management
Management

Civil Engineering
Infrastructure & Environment

Bennett(Manager)
(Manager)
Bennett
Soga,Graham
Graham
Soga,

Communication
T4Propagation
PropagationModels
Models
T4

T1Monitoring
Monitoringstrategy
strategy
T1

T5Communication
CommunicationProtocols
Protocols
T5

T2Prototype
PrototypeWSN
WSNdevelopment
development
T2
T3Field
FieldApplication
Application(Phase
(Phase1)1)
T3
WaterThames
ThamesWater
Water
Water
Tunnel- -London
LondonUnderground
Underground
Tunnel
BridgesHumber
HumberBridge
Bridge
Bridges

T7System
SystemSecurity
Security
T7

Computer Science
T6Adaptive
AdaptiveSensor
SensorData
Data
T6
Processing
Processing
T8Back-end
Back-endApplication
Application
T8

T9 Field Application (Phase 2)

Combined infrastructure types

Installation Plan (London Underground)

Crackmeter
Tiltmeter

GPRS

Tiltmeter

Ground Level

Tiltmeter

BALLOON
BALLOON
(Linux
(Linux Computer)
Computer)
Repeater Hub

Tiltmeter

SENSOR SECTION X 4

Ventilation
Ventilation Shaft
Shaft

Ethernet
Around 360 m

GATEWAY
GATEWAY

Installation Plan (Prague Metro)

Tiltmeter

Crackmeter
X4

Tiltmeter

Tiltmeter
Tiltmeter
Tiltmeter

SENSOR SECTION X 1
BALLOON
BALLOON
(Linux
(Linux Computer)
Computer)

Repeater Hub

Hopping Trial

GPRS
Ethernet
Station
Station
30m

100m

170m

GATEWAY
GATEWAY

51,7

25,4

47,6

09,8

C 04,4
L 00,6

WSN System First Trial in Prague Tunnel

Sensor

Gateway

Sensor

Sensor
Sensor

Problems in Trial System

Stargate
Stargate (Gateway)
(Gateway)
Gateway Program Stopped
Unstable GPRS
Couldnt connect from outside
Couldnt recover gateway program

Short-circuit of AC adaptor
Lining washing after rail grinding (?)

Switch Tab was Gone

(????????)

Before

Simple Radio Range Test

Walk receiver away from transmitter
to find the range of

MOTE MPR2400
[Crossbow]

Strong signal
: signal is lost locally

Signal lost
: signal is lost completely

LED blinks as long as receiving signal

Strong Signal

Signal lost
Receiver

Transmitter

Test Condition
Location
Concrete pavement

Tunnel (Concrete lining)

Antenna
- 0db
- 2dB
- 2.14dB
- 5dB

5 dB

2.14 dB

0 dB

Tunnel (Cast iron)

Comparison of Antenna Position (Height)

112m

Radio Range [m]

High Performance
High Performance

Signal Lost
Strong Signal

Original MOTE
High Performance

Receiver
Transmitter
0.5m

Ground
Ground

To
To Improve
Improve
Radio
Radio Range
Range

Ground
0.5m

Ground
0.5m

Antenna Position

0.5m
0.5m

Concrete Pavement

Higher gain antenna

Away from ground

Maximum Radio Range = 112m

(5dB antenna for both T & R, 0.5m away from ground)

No data

No data

No data

Radio Range in Tunnel

Outside
Pavement

<

Tunnel
Concrete

Same side

<

Opposite side

<

Tunnel
Cast Iron

Propagation Models

2.45GHz Power Radiation

Pattern

Materials
2.45GHz Metal Wall

2.45GHz Concrete Wall

0cm

2cm

3cm

6cm

12cm

Distance from the wall (cm)

Electro Magnetic Modelling (numerical and analytical)

24cm

Deployment tool
Optimise WSN mote and gateway locations
Fast deployment
Need to set up WSN within the engineering
hours

Reliable network
Redundancy for close to 100% communication
Check signal strengths

Tunnel Monitoring

Deployment
planning
tool
The
position
of
the
gateway
Put a sensor at each focus point
can be far from each sensor.
Where should we put relays to satisfy requirements such as:
> Reduction of the setting cost,
> Extension the network life time,
> Wireless communication connectivity
> and other requirements.

Minimize the sum of communication distance

Communicatable distance

Sample Calculation

Minimize the number of relays

Communicatable distance

Sample Calculation

LU Sample

Summary
Monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure
Very old infrastructure (more than 100 years old)
Deployment Issues (access, health and safety)

Sensor Technologies

Fibre Optical Distributed Strain Measurement

Wireless Sensor Network
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
Computer Vision
Power Harvesting

Thank you.

Centre for Geotechnical Processes and Construction Modelling

Various types of fibre optic sensors used

(A) Single Fibre plastic coating

~3.2mm

(B) 12 Core Ribbon Fibre

(D) Universal Unitube

(E) Universal Unitube

with steel tape armour

(C) Reinforced Ribbon Fibre