RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING

(Lecture 2nd Copy) pp 76

by: Frank
BONE MARKINGS AND FEATURES
PROCESSES OR PROJECTIONS
Condyle rounded process at an articular extremety.
Crest ridgelike process
Coracoid or coronoid beaklike or crownlike
process
Epicondyle projection above a condyle
Facet small, smooth surface for articulation with
another structure
Hamulus hook-shaped process
Head expanded end of a long bone
Horn hornlike process on a bone
Malleolus club-shaped process
Protruberance projecting part of prominence
Spine sharp process
Styloid long, pointed process
Trochanter either of two large, rounded, and
elevated processes ( greater or major and lesser
or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of
femur
Tubercle Small, rounded, and elevated process

Tuberosity Large, rounded, and elevated process

DEPRESSIONS
Fissure cleft or deep groove
Foramen hole in a bone for transmission of blood
vessels and nerves
Fossa pit,fovea, or hallow space
Groove shallow linear channel
Meatus tubelike passageway running within a bone
Notch Indentention into the border of a bone
Sinus Recess, groove, cavity or hallow space such
as (1) a recess or grove in bone- as used to
designate a channel foe venous blood or inner
surface of cranium.
Sulcus furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
FRACTURE
> is break in the bone. Several terms pertain to
fractures:
.Closed fracture that does not break through
the skin
.Open - serious fracture in which the broken
bone or bones project through the
skin
.Nondisplaced Fracture in which the bone
retains its normal alignment

.Displaced - more serious fracture in which the

bones are not in anatomic alignment
COMMON CLASSIFICATIONS OF
FRACTURES
Compression
Open or compound
Simple
Greenstick
Transverse
Spiral or oblique
Comminuted
` `>Impacted
ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIP TERMS
PP 77
Anterior ( Ventral ) refers to forward or front part
of the body or forward part of an organ
Posterior ( Dorsal) refers to the back part of a
body or organ ( note, however that the superior
surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal
surface)
Caudad refers to parts away from the head of the
body
Cephalad refers to the part towards the head of the
body

Superior refers to nearer the feet or situated below

Central- refers to mid area or main part of an organ
Peripheral refers to part at or near the surface,
edge, or outside of another body part.
Medial refers to parts towards the median plane of
the body or toward the middle of another body
part.
Lateral refers to parts away from the median plane
of the body or away from the middle of another
body part to the right or left
Superficial refers to parts near the skin or surface
Deep refers to parts far from the surface
Distal refers to parts farthest from the point of
attachment, point or reference, origin, or
beginning, away from the center of the body.
Proximal refers to parts nearer the point of
attachment, point or reference, origin or
beginning; toward the center of the body
External refers to parts outside an organ or on the
outside of the body
Internal refers to parts within or on the inside of
an organ
Parietal refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
Visceral refers to the covering of an organ
Ipsilateral refers to a part or parts on the same side
of the body
Contralateral refers to a part or parts on the
opposite side of the body

Palmar refers to the palm of the hand

Plantar refers to the sole of the foot
Dorsum refers to the top or anterior surface of the
foot of to the back or posterior surface of the
hand

FOUR POSITIONING TERMS MOST

COMMONLY USED IN RADIOGRAPHY
1.
2.
3.
4.

Projection
Position
View
Method

PROJECTION define as the path of the CR as it

exits the x-ray tube and goes trough the patient
to the IR. Point of entry and point of exit.
AP PROJECTION perpendicular CR enters the
anterior body surface and exits the posterior
body surface. AP projection can also be achieved
with upright , seated or lateral decubitus
positions.
PA PROJECTION - CR is entering the posterior
body surface and exiting the anterior body

surface. Can also achieved with seated, prone,

*ventral recumbent) and lateral decubitus
positions.
AXIAL PROJECTION - There is longitudinal
angulation of the CR with long axis of the body
or a specific body part. This angulation is based
on the anatomic position and is most often
produced by angling the CR cephalad or caudad
The term AXIAL , as used- refers to all projections
in which the longitudinal angulation between the
CR and long axis of the body part is 10 degrees
or more.
TANGENTIAL PROJECTION- CR is directed
toward the outer margin of a curved body surface
to profile a body part just under the surface and
project it free of superimposition.
LATERAL PROJECTION-a perpendicular CR
enters one side of the body or body part, passes
transversely along the coronal plane, and exits on
the opposite side.
OBLIQUE PROJECTION The CR enters the
body or body part from side angle following an

oblique plane. It may enter from either side of

the body and from anterior or posterior surface.
POSITIONS used in two ways in radiology:
1) identifies the overall posture of the patient of
the general body position: EX: upright, seated
or supine
2) The other refers to the specific placement of
the body part in relation to the radiographic
table of IR during imaging.Itmay be: right
lateral, left anterior oblique LAO, RAO
PRIMARY
X-RAY
PROJECTIONS:
AP
PA
Lateral
AP oblique
PA Oblique
Axial
AP Axial
PA Axial
AP Oblique
PA Axial Oblique
AP Axial Oblique
Axiolateral

BODY POSITIONS
General Body
Position
Upright
Seated
Supine
Prone
Recumbent
Fowlers
Trendelenburg
RadiographicBody
Positions
Lateral
Right

Axiolateral oblique
Transtthoracic
Craniocaudad
Tangential
Inferosuperior
Superoinferior
Plantodorsal
Dorsoplantar
Lateromedial
Mediolateral
Submentoverical
Acanthioparietal
Parietocanthial
Orbitoparietal
Parieto-orbital

Left
Oblique
RPO
LPO
RAO
LAO
Decubitus
Right lateral
Left lateral
/Ventral
Dorsal
Lordotic

Give laboratory exercises on different positions:

Page 78 87 and practical exercises
PROJECTIONS
1. AP
2. PA
3. AXIAL
4. Tangential
5. Lateral
6. Lateromedial
POSITIONS
1. Supine position

2. Prone
3. Recumbent
4. Trendelenburg
5. Fowlers
6. Sims
7. Lithotomy
8. Left lateral
9. Right lateral
10. RAO
11. LAO LPO
12. RPO
13. Medail Rotation
14. Right lateral decubitus
15. Left lateral decubitus
16. Left ventral decubitus
17. Left Dorsal decibitus
18. LOrdotic position
BODY MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
( Assignement)
1. Abduct or adduction movement of a part away
from the central axis of the body
2. Adduct or adduction movement of a part
toward the central axis of the body or body part/
3. Extension straightening of a joint
4. Flexion act of bending a joint
5. Hyperextension
6. evert-eversion

7. invert- inversion
8. pronate/pronation
9. supinate/supination
10. rotate/rotation
11. circu,mduction
12. tilt
13. deviation
BODY MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
Abduct or Abduction- movement of a part away
from the central axis of the body or
body
part.
Adduct or Adduction movement of a part toward
the central axis of the body or body
part.
Extension- Straightening of a joint: when both
elements of the joint are in the anatomic
position; the normal position of the
joint.
Flexion Act of bending of a joint: the opposite of
extension.
Hyperextension forced or excessive extension of a
limb or a joint.
Hyperflexion forced overflexion of a limb or joint
Evert/Eversion Outward turning of the foot at the
ankle

Pronate./Pronation rotation of the forearm so that

the palm is down
Supinate/supination rotation of the forearm so that
the palm is up ( in the anatomic
position)
Rotate/rotation- Turning or rotating of the body part
around its axis. Rotation of a limb will be
either medial (toward the midline of the
body from the anatomic position.
Or lateral (
away from the midline of the body
from the
anatomic position.
Circumduction circular movement of a limb
Tilt tipping or slanting a body part slightly. The tilt
is in relation to the long axis of the
body.
Deviation a turning away from the regular standard
or course.
ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB
page 93 -100
CARPAL TERMINOLOGYCONVERSION
Preferred
Proximal row:
Scaphoid
Lunate

Synonyms
Navicular
Semilunar

Triquetrium
Pisiform

Triquetral, cuneiform or
triangular
(none)

Distal row
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Greater multangular
Lesser multangular
Os Magnum
Unciform

SUMMARY OF ANATOMY
HAND
Phalanges ( bones of digits)
Digits
Head
Body
Base
Metacarpals
Carpals
METACARPALS
First to fifth metacarpals
Head
Neck
Body
Base

ARM
humerus
HUMERUS
humeral condyle
trochlea
capitulum
medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
coronoid fossa
radial fossa
olecranon fossa
body
surgical neck
lesser tubercle

Sesamoids
WRIST
Scaphoid
Lunte
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Hook of hamate
Anatomic snuffbox
CARPAL SULCUS
Carpal tunnel
Flexor retinaculum
Median nerve
Flexor tendons
( Give Quiz) Labeling
- carpals bones
- metacarpals
- whole hand
FOREARM
Ulna
Radius

greater tubercle
Intertubercular groove
anatomic neck
head
ARTICULATIONS
interphalangel
metacarpophalangeal
carpometacarpal
intercarpal
radioulnar
humeroulnar
humeroradial
FAT PADS
anterior fat pads
posterior fat pads
supinator fat pads

ULNA
Olecranon process
Torchlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Body
Head
Ulnar styloid process

from here proceed to

positioning of the hand
2nd USB
page 102 123 hand

RADIUS
Head
Neck
Radial tuberosity
Body
Radial styloid process
( Give quiz labeling ulna and radius)
ARM - Labeling exam
- humerus
- elbow joint AP and lateral