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INNATE IMMUNITY
- Non-specific
- Same response after repeated exposure
- Has no memory
II.
LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION
- Both T and B cells utilize a GTP-dependent component (or G-protein)
to induce signalling reactions. These G-proteins stimulate
phosphatidylinositol metabolism, at the same time a number of
surface receptors for cytokines such as IL2 are produced.
III.
CYTOKINES
- Molecules involved in the signalling between cells
A. INTERFERONS (IFN)
- Considered the first line of resistance to many
viruses.
- Determines how effective tissue cells interact with
lymphocytes
- Induces a state of anti-viral resistance in
uninfected cells
- Important in limiting certain viral infactions
3 CATEGORIES OF INTERFERONS:
1. IFN ALPHA
2. IFN BETA
3. IFN GAMMA
*Both IFN ALPHA and BETA are produced
by virally infected cells
B. INTERLEUKINS (IL)
- Produced mainly by T lymphocytes, some by
mononuclear cells
- Most are involved in directing cells to divide and
differentiate
C. COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS (CSFs)
- Direct division and differentiation of bone marrow
stem cells
- The balance of the different CSFs partly determines
the proportion of different cell types which will be
produced
D. TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF ALPHA and TNF
BETA) and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF
BETA)
- Important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic
reactions
E. ANTIBODIES
- Serum molecules produced by plasma cells
- Soluble form of B cell antigen receptor
PARTS:
INFLAMMATION
- Manifestation of infection, wherein the body concentrates immune
products toward the site of infection.
MAJOR EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING INFLAMMATION;
1. Increased blood supply to site of infection
2. Increased capillary permeability due to the retraction of
endothelial cells. This permits larger molecules to escape
from capillaries and allows soluble mediators to reach the
site of infection
3. Leukocytes migrate out of the capillaries into surrounding
tissues (diapedesis).
DEFENSES AGAINST EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR
PATHOGENS
- In dealing with extracellular pathogens, the immune system aims to
destroy the pathogen itself, or neutralize its products.
- In intracellular pathogens, there are two options. Either the T cells can
destroy the infected cell (cytotoxicity) or they can activate the cell to
deal with the pathogen itself.
VACCINATION
- PRINCIPLE: based on the two key elements of adaptive immunity,
namely specificity and memory.
- The aim in vaccine development is to alter a pathogen or its toxins in
such a way that they become innocuous without losing their
antigenicity.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
- The immune system itself is the cause of disease or other undesirable
consequences.
3 WAYS OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
1. Mistaken recognition of self antigens/
AUTOIMMUNITY
- The body reacts to not only foreign pathogens but also to
host cells