Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
g/l.
En el rea de la
ICAI
4-cloro-3-metilfenol,
2,4-diclorofenol,
2-metil-4,6-metilfenol,
ICAI
.).
ICAI
ABSTRACT
A great environmental preoccupation and of health by the problems exists that
originate the industrial remainders, mainly the dangerous denominated ones. This
preoccupation arose in the industrialized countries, that they had, and still must
confront problems of contamination of environment and its injurious effects in the
public health, by the inadequate use of the industrial remainders.
In the United
States, a federal norm exists that is applied to all the States, as it is the case of
California that often adopts environmental norms stricter than the established ones
for the nation. The North American legislation in which one talks about the
environment it began around 1955 and in 1970 the Agency of Environmental
Protection was created (Environmental Protection Agency, EPA). On the other hand,
the European Union adopts strategies of environmental legislation as much, as of
environmental policy. The Maximum permissible concentration in the countries of
the European Union for phenols in potable water is of 0,5 g/l. In the area of the
environmental legislation, it indicates the means through which the environmental
contamination takes place: water, ground and air, protecting them with different
directors. Although the countries raise different strategies in the handling from
dangerous remainders, their legislations have certain aspects in common. Between
these it is the legal definition of the dangerous remainders and the lists of the
remainders controlled under these laws. The lists govern under the criteria of origin
of the remainders and the property or content of certain specific chemical substances.
In the mentioned lists previously it is possible to emphasize the classification made
in the EPA (1993), of the polluting agents found in water, these are possible to be
classified in two important groups, one denominated toxic Pesticides and another
Polluting agents. Within the first group those are considered that are used in the
agricultural facilities for the destruction of detrimental insects, as well as to protect to
the plants against the diseases. In the second organic compound group they include
ICAI
all type of as much inorganic, that they take place and they are toxic for environment.
Within the classified ones as polluting organic toxics appear chlorinated the benzenes
chlorinated, ethans chlorinated, phenols, other chlorinated organic compounds,
haloethers, halomethans, nitroamines, phenols, aromatic hydrocarbons polynuclears
(PAHs), polichlorated DDTs, biphenils, and other organic and inorganic
compounds. Some characteristics of the organic micro-polluting agents are their
complexity and variety. Usually they are bound to phenomena of toxicity, possibility
of accumulation, modification of the organoleptics characters of waters, and
present/display difficulties for his analytical determination. The contamination by
these composed groups of derives domestic, industrial and agricultural activities.
The studies that are going away to make in this project are for the detection of
phenols high-priority (phenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2nitrophenol, 2,4-dimetilphenol, 4-chlorine-3-metilohenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2metil-4,6-metilphenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol) by means of
HPLC in contaminated waters, that is to say, to optimize a method that allows with
times of no excessive analyses, the polluting detection of the greater number. The
objective of this project is to detect different polluting agents (phenols high-priority)
and to obtain a chromatogram, where they are clearly separated for his identification
and possible quantification.
The main objectives of this project are:
1. Optimization of a chromatographic method that allows to the detection and
quantification of the pollutant agents in the days of suitable analyses.
2. To use different types from chromatographic columns during the optimization of
the method to select which of them is the one that provides more suitable results.
3. To obtain a data base of the different pollutant agents for its later identification in
the analysis from residual waters.
4. Validation of the optimized method.
5. Application to the residual water analysis.
When being a project of experimental study/, that is made in the laboratory of
Chemistry and Environment of the ICAI. The tasks that entail are:
1. Preparation of the mobile phase (to fit pH,
.).
ICAI
3. Injection of the sample in the HPLC equipment that this together with a computer
to register and to evaluate the results.
4. To modify the variables that influence in the separation to optimize the method.
5. To evaluate the chromatographic parameters and to choose the optimal separation.
6. To evaluate the analytical characteristics once optimized the method.
7. To optimize the method of sample preparation (EFS: Extraction in Solid Phase).
8. Validation of the method.
9. Application to real samples.
The conclusions obtained in the present project were:
1. The optimal separation with binary movable phases composed by 50mM
phosphate (pH 5,25): AcN (64: 36, v/v).
2. In the effectiveness of the extraction, independent recoveries of the concentration
were obtained and superior to 90%.
3. The method was validated for water samples verifying itself that the method is
adapted for its application in routine water controls.
4. The method validated to faucet water samples added and to samples coming from
a petrochemical industry was applied, finding in this sample solely the presence of
Phenol.
The final budget for the present project ascends to a total of ten and nine thousands
with fifty 19,050 euros .
ICAI