Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Cells

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PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

No nucleus
No membrane-bound
organelles
Cell wall contains
peptidoglycan
Size: less than several
micrometers

Nucleus
Membrane-bound
organelles
No peptidoglycan if cell
wall even present
Size: may be 10 times
larger

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PROKARYOTES--CELL STRUCTURE
Appendages on outside
Capsule and envelope

outer membrane (some)

periplasmic space

between two membranes

cell wall (most)

cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm

nucleoid
ribosomes
storage granules

Figure 4.3

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PROKARYOTES: OUTER MEMBRANE

Lipid bilayer

phospholipid

lipopolysaccharide

endotoxin

(LPS)

lipid

A
porins
lipoprotein
anchors to cell wall

unique to bacteria
Figure 4.5

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PROKARYOTES: CELL WALL

Provide shape
Withstand turgor pressure (osmotic
pressure)
Composition

peptidoglycan:

murein
part protein (peptido-)
part polysaccharide (-glycan)
chains of alternating polysaccharide
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

cross-linked with peptides

Figure 4.6
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SPHERICAL BACTERIA

Cocci (Coccus)
single
pair

diplococcus

group

of four

tetrads

chain

streptococcus

clusters

staphylococcus

Figure 4.7
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ROD-SHAPED BACTERIA
Bacilli (Bacillus)
Arrangement

single
pair

diplobacillus

chain

streptobacillus

Figure 4.7
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SPIRAL AND OTHER SHAPED

Spiral shaped
spirilla

(spirillum)

Comma shaped
vibrio

Other

Square

Star-shaped

Figure 4.7
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CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
Contain the cytoplasm
Both Eucaryotic and Procaryotic
regulate passage into and out of cell
Components

phospholipid
proteins

bilayer

transmembrane
cytoplasmic
peripheral

Fluidity of membrane
Figure 4.8
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PROKARYOTES: APPENDAGES

Pili (Pilus) or fimbriae

attachment

Flagella (flagellum)

locomotion
propeller-like motion
structure
helical-shaped filament
hook
attached to anchor
basal body
anchors in membrane

Figure 4.10
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PROKARYOTES: MOVEMENT

Chemotaxis

Phototaxis

sense light intensity

Aerotaxis

sense chemicals

favorable oxygen
concentrations

Magnetotaxis

move along magnetic

lines

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PROKARYOTES: CHEMOTAXIS

Run: swimming motion

propelled

Tumble: senses the chemical concentration

flagella

by flagella working in unison

loosen apart

repeat actions changing direction slightly

Figure 4.12

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PROKAYROTES: OUTERMOST
LAYER

Capsule, slime layer, glycocalyx

Slimy

or gummy substance
Composition varies
Most made of polysaccharides

Function

Protection

Against drying out

Against phagocytosis

Adhere

to surface
pathogenesis

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PROKARYOTES: CYTOPLASM

Primarily water
Site of metabolism
Nucleoid

Ribosomes

region contains DNA

site of protein synthesis

Inclusion bodies

storage granules
Gas vacuoles
Chlorosomes
magnetosomes

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PROKARYOTES: ENDOSPORES
Resting structures formed inside cell
Conditions unfavorable for growth

extreme

heat
dehydration
toxic chemicals
radiation

Long-term survival
hundreds

of years

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SPORULATON
Unequal cell division
begins
Cytoplasm divides

vegetative
forespore

cell

DNA in both parts

Figure 4.15
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SPORULATION

Thick protective wall forms

peptidoglycan--different than vegetative cell

keratinlike

Spore body contains all essential cell components

Vegetative cell lyses--releases endospore
Germinates when conditions become favorable

Figure 4.15

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STRUCTURE OF ARCHAEA

Cell walls
archaea

have protein or
pseudomurein

Plasma membrane
fatty

acids attached to
glycerol differently
bacteria--ester bond
archaea-ether bond
stronger bond
withstand harsh
conditions

Figure 4.16
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EUKARYOTES: APPENDAGES

Flagella

Purpose

motility
wave-like motion (not propeller-like)

Composition

microtubules
9 pair surrounding 2 central

Cilia

shorter
more

numerous

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EUKARYOTES: CELL WALL AND

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Cell wall
great

diversity
many cells dont have (animal cells)
composition varies

Cytoplasmic membrane
similar

to prokaryotes

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EUKARYOTES: CYTOSKELETON

Function

structure
movement
cytoplasmic streaming
transport of molecules
cell division

Fibrous protein
structures

three types
Microtubules
Figure 4.17a
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

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EUKARYOTES: NUCLEUS

Function

contain

the DNA

Nuclear membrane
lipid

bilayer surrounding nucleus

nuclear pores
passage of material

Nucleoplasm
gelatinous

matrix of nucleus

Nucleoli
dense

masses of RNA and protein

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EUKARYOTES:
CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

Function
sorting

and transport of
synthesized molecules

Components

Endoplasmic

(ER)
rough ER

reticulum

ribosomes attached

smooth ER

no ribosomes

Figure 4.21

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EUKARYOTES:
CYTOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Golgi

apparatus

stacks of flattened
membrane sacs
molecules are modified

Figure 4.22

Vessicles

transport
from ER to Golgi
from Golgi to final
destination
inside the cell
outside the cell

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EUKARYOTES:
MITOCHONDRIA AND
CHLOROPLASTS
Energy production
Double membrane system

outer

membrane--separate from rest of cell

inner membrane--highly folded

Mitochondria
respiration

Chloroplasts

photosynthesis

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Cell division ending in two identical cells
Stages:

Interphase

DNA decondenses
DNA replicated

Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Figure 4.19
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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Early prophase
double

number of
chromosomes
chromosomes condense

Late prophase
spindle

forms
chromosomes condensed

Figure 4.19

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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Metaphase

chromosomes

attach to spindle

fibers
chromosomes line up

middle of cell

Anaphase

chromosomes

ends of cell

moved to opposite

Figure 4.19
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CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Telophase

chromosomes

decondense
nuclear membrane reforms
cell separation occurs

Interphase
identical

daughter cells

Figure 4.19

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