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VARIATION
CHAPTER 14 : VARIATION
2.1 Variation in Organisms
Activity 1 : Complete the table to compare continuous variation and discontinuous
variation
Continuous variation
Discontinuous variation
Differences
Intermediate
Determined by
Graph
Type of
distribution
Normal distribution
Influencing factor
Cannot be inherited
Genetic factor
Inheritance
Activity 2 : Complete the graphic organizer showing the effects of genetic factors on
variation.
1.Genetic recombination by
c... o.
during meiosis
2.Independent assortment
of
c
Random
f
between ovum and any sperm
Mutation
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Activity 3 : Match the sequence of events of crossing over during prophase 1.
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Activity 4 : Name the type of chromosomal mutation.
Type of mutation
Name
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Structured items:
1.
Height range
151-155 cm
156-160 cm
161-165 cm
166-170 cm
Number of tree
10
Group of
Hibiscus
TABLE 15.1
Colour of flower
Red
Yellow
Group of Hibiscus
A and C
B and D
TABLE 15.2
Type of variation
Height
Continuous variation
Colour of flower
Discontinuous variation
[2 marks ]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
[5 marks ]
State the factor that can cause this type of variation for each trait stated.
Traits
Height
Tongue Rolling
[2 marks ]
(e)
[3 marks ]
2.
Features :
*
Broad forehead
Mental retardation
DIAGRAM 15.3
Diagram 15.3 shows a group of children with a genetic disease due to mutation .
(a)
[1 mark ]
(b)
[1mark ]
(a)
[1 mark]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
(b)
[2marks ]
(g)
[2 marks]
Klinefelters syndrome
Turners syndrome
Disease
Jacobs syndrome
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
involved
( 44 + XO )
Sex
( 44 + XXY )
TABLE 15.4
Essay Items.
Female
chromosome
An extra X
chromosomes
[4marks ]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
1.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2..
Type of
finger
prints
Curves
Right Loops
Whorl
Left Loops
DIAGRAM 15.4
Diagram 15.4 shows different variation among human beings.
(a ) Determine the type of variation in Diagram 15.4 and 15.5. Give the reasons.
[4 marks]
(b) (i) What are the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation?
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Random fertilisation
(c) Base from the statement above, explain the three sources of genetic factors
during sexual reproduction
[10 marks]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
ANSWER :
2.1 Variation in Organisms
Activity 1 : Complete the table to compare continuous variation and discontinuous
variation
Continuous variation
Discontinuous variation
Differences
Intermediate
No intermediates
Determined by
Graph
Normal distribution
Type of
distribution
Discrete distribution
Environmental factor
Influencing factor
Genetic factor
Cannot be inherited
Inheritance
Can be inherited
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
10
Activity 2 : Complete the graphic organizer showing the effects of genetic factors on
variation.
1.Genetic recombination by
crossing over
during meiosis
2.Independent assortment
of
chromosomes
Random
fertilisation
between ovum and any sperm
Mutation
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
11
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Name
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
12
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Translocation
Structured items:
1.
Height range
151-155 cm
156-160 cm
161-165 cm
166-170 cm
Number of tree
10
Group of
Hibiscus
TABLE 15.1
Colour of flower
Red
Yellow
Group of Hibiscus
A and C
B and D
TABLE 15.2
Type of variation
Continuous distribution
13
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
14
Discontinuous distribution
Colour of flower
[2 marks ]
(d) Base from the investigation , what is meant by continuous variation ?
There is a complete range of measurements for height from 151 cm to 170 cm
[1 mark ]
(c)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
151- 156-
161-
166-
155
165
170
160
Using results from table 15.3 plot a bar graph of number of Hibiscus tree
against the height.
[5 marks ]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Tongue Rolling
15
Genetic factor
[2 marks ]
(e)
Explain how the students conducted the investigation to determine the type of
variation in the height of Hibiscus tree ?
[3 marks ]
Broad forehead
Mental retardation
DIAGRAM 15.3
Diagram 15.3 shows a group of children with a genetic disease due to mutation .
(a)
[1 mark ]
Down Syndrome
(b)
[1mark ]
Chromosomal mutation
(c)
[1 mark]
47 chromsomes
(d)
[2marks ]
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
16
[2 marks]
Klinefelters syndrome
Turners syndrome
Disease
Turners
syndrome
Klinefelters
syndrome
Female
Jacobs syndrome
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
involved
( 44 + XO )
( 44 + XXY )
chromosomes
TABLE 15.4
Sex
Female
Male
[4marks
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Essay Items.
17
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
1.
2.
Type of
finger
prints
18
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
Curves
Right Loops
Whorl
19
Left Loops
DIAGRAM 15.4
Diagram 15.4 shows different variation among human beings.
(a ) Determine the type of variation in Diagram 15.4. Give the reasons.
Discontinuous variation.
This is because different people has distinct type of finger print, either curve,
right loop, whorl or left loop.
[4 marks]
(c) (i) What are the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation?
Continuous variation
Discontinuous variation
Differences
Intermediate
No intermediates
Determined by
Graph
Normal distribution
Type of
distribution
Discrete distribution
Environmental factor
Influencing factor
Genetic factor
Cannot be inherited
Inheritance
Can be inherited
[ 6 marks ]
Random fertilisation
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
20
(c) Base from the statement above, explain the three sources of genetic factors
during sexual reproduction
No.
1(a)
[10 marks]
Answer
-Diagram 15.4 is (height ) continuous variation
-Because the differences between individuals are slight
Mark
1m
1m
1m
variation
-Because the differences between individuals are obvious
1m
Discontinuous variation
Differences between
Differences between
2m
There is no gradual
2m
of measurements from
extremes
with intermediates
for a particular
characteristics.
(b)(ii)
(c)
Genetic factors
1m
1m
1m
CHAPTER 14:
VARIATION
21
1m
1m
1m
parents.
-The new genetic combination result in variation .
1m
1m
1m
1m
1m
1m
1m
1m
combination.
-With random fertilasation , variations occur in the offspring.
1m
( Max:
10 marks )