Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1) Confirmation Bias
a) a type of selective thinking whereby one tends to notice and to look for what
confirms one's beliefs
2) Anthropology
a) exploration of human diversity and changes in what it means to be human
across space and time
b) study of human nature, human society, the human past and our immediate
ancestors
3) Holistic
a) all facts of shared human behavior-past, present, and future, society, biology,
language and culture
b) trying to understand without being culture-bound and for comparative
purposes
4) Comparative approach
a) compare aspects of human existence across cultures and time, economy,
culture, etc
5) Ethnocentrism
a) interpret using own cultural categories
b) viewing ones own culture as superior
6) Cultural Relativism
a) question our own assumptions, recognize all cultural categories
b) **Cultural relativism is a methological position NOT moral position**
c) states that it is not appropriate to use outside standards to judge behavior in
a given society
7) Ethnography
a) the study of the differences and similarities in different societies
b) collecting data from smaller/local settings
8) Unstructured interviews
a) open questions, open answers
9) Semi-structured interviews
a) fixed questions, open answers
10)
Questionnaire
a) quantitative stats
11)
Participant Observation
a) type of interaction with people to learn about them
12)
Free lists & pile sorts
a) type of exercise in participating with people
13)
Anthropometry
a) the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body
14)
Clinic methods
a)
15)
Informed consent
a) required ethically
16)
Enculturation
a) process by which culture is learned
b) process of socialization that helps a person to acquire social norms, values,
behaviors, language and other tools of the culture that surrounds him in a
society
17)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Acculturation
relearned culture
biased transmission
the exchange of cultural features through continuous contact
modification of a culture through interaction with a different culture
18)
Critical Period
a) Chomsky
b) early infancy, teen years
19)
Phonology
a) sounds
20)
Phoneme
a) minimal unit of sound with no meaning alone, yet distinguishable
b) p and b in pit and bit
21)
Morphology
a) how sounds combine
22)
Morpheme
a) units of sound and meaning, not a word alone but has meaning
b) s in cats
23)
Genotype
a) actual alleles in the genes (genetic makeup)
24)
Phenotype
a) the physical characteristics
25)
Syntax
a) how sentences are formed and rules governing their order
26)
Semantics
Identity
culture, language
essentialist - assume ethnicity, tribe, race is inherited, static, and biological
instrumental/constructivist identity is created based on social, political,
cultural resources; flexible and manipulative
i) instrumental master race, Aryans vs. Dravidians, Hutu and Tutsi
ii) constructivist Segmentary opposition
36)
Hypodescent
a) the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union or mating between
members of different socioeconomic groups or ethnic groups to the
subordinate group
37)
Segmentary Opposition
a) constructivist
b) Atlanta vs. Athens
38)
Invented Traditions
39)
Sex
Gender
cultural categories
learned
labor/role stratification
expected sexuality
Fa'afafine, Samoa 3rd gender
41)
Gender roles
a) tasks and activities that a certain gender does
42)
Gender Expression
a) actions, dress, demeanor, etc
43)
Gender Identity
a) sexuality, work roles, ritual roles, gender stratification, age
b) ones psychological definition of gender, may not correspond with biological
sex
44)
Sexual Preference
45)
Sexual Dimorphism
a) biological differences (beyond primary and secondary sexual characteristics)
such as height, strength, longevity
46)
Intersex
a) a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesnt seem to
fit the typical definitions of female or male
47)
a)
b)
c)
Culture
shared human behavior
a societys socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions
bounded and flexible
48)
Evolution
a) human biological change
b) genetic change over successive generations
49)
a)
b)
c)
50)
Two dimensions
a) academic anthropology grant and university research
b) applied practical application
51)
Etic perspective
a) scientific, outsiders view
52)
Emic perspective
a) native perspective, insiders view
b) popular
53)
a)
b)
c)
d)
54)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
55)
Environmentalist perspective
a) humans have a generalized intelligence
56)
Innatist perspective
a) humans have a specialized intelligence born with certain cognitive abilities
57)
Categories in Elman Services typology
a) bands- no economy, ideology, or military power; low population; no leaders;
mobile; hunters and gatherers
b) tribes- no economic or military power, moderate ideology, pastoralism and
horticulture, gender stratification
c) chiefdoms- no economic power, moderate military, high ideology, inherited
titles, royal clans, agriculture and pastoralism, social classes
d) states- agriculture, large scale specialized production
58)
Methods of social analysis
a) settlement analysis
i) regional studies
ii) site-specific studies
iii) settlement hierarchy (bottom to top): hamlets villages local
regional centers
b) burial analysis
c) monuments and public works
d) written records
59)
Bottom-up
a) perception starts at the sensory input
b) interpretation from the senses, not by your expectations
60)
Top-down
Absolute dating
specific units of measurements (days, years, etc)
gives a specific date, or a date that is specific within a given margin of error
ex. 1623 BC
62)
Relative dating
a) dated by reference to other objects or strata
63)
a)
b)
c)
Classic typology
neglects history
hinders real understanding
conflicts with self-identity
64)
Historical particularism
a) each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past
65)
Hegemong
a) imperial rule (indirect), implied power
66)
a)
b)
c)
67)
Constructivism
a) identities are defined in opposition to other identities
b) people divide themselves from others based on levels of differences and
similarities they perceive and construct
68)
Instrumentalism
a) identities are deliberately created for political purpose
69)
Race
a) socially constructed
b) not determined by biology but by shared cultural values
70)
Berlin & Kay
a) step 1: elicit the basic color categories recognized by a particular group
b) step 2: identify the focal hue of each basic color category
71)
Race
a) humans do not have biological races because human variation is usually
continuous and synchronous
b) groupings based on biological differences
72)
Race variations
a) discrete- grouping very clearly done
syntax- how sentences are formed and rules governing that order
meaning
semantics- lexical and phrasal
pragmatics- meanings in context (ex. sarcasm)
context
historical linguistics- language change over time
sociolinguistics- language and social structure
psycholinguistics- study of language and the mind
What are the main features that comprise language? Identify and describe.
productivity- ability to create a range of understandable expression from
finite rules
displacement- ability to refer to events and issues beyond the immediate
present (only human language..)
lies and humor
grammar and syntax- existence of rules that govern the ordering of words
symbolism
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? What is the modern interpretation?
says language constrains thought and culture, but modern view says words
and structures et guideposts but do not ultimately constrain peoples
thoughts
What is linguistic relativity?
the concept that people perceive objects, events, and relationships in time
and space based on grammatical forms provided by their language
Berlin and Kay article (be able to describe and have evidence from
article)
How is Berlin and Kays article a challenge to linguistic relativity?
Do all languages have the same color categories?
Do all languages have the same focal colors?
What are the different forms of identity?
ethnicity, tribe, race
nationality
religion
class, social status
subculture, interest group
kinship, family, descent
occupation
gender
What is style-shifting?
shifting style choices depending on social context
How is identity relative?
ones identity can be based off a certain aspect in terms of another group