PROJECT TITLE

HYDROSTATIC & HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENT RIG

DOCUMENT TITLE
OPERATING MANUAL
HYDROSTATIC & HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENT RIG

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0

Rev

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ISSUED
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CONTENT

1.
0

INTRODUCTION

2.
0

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

10

3.
0

RESULTS

11

4.
0

ANALYSIS

12

5.
0

REFERENCES

21

1.0

INTRODUCTION

1.

Introduction

Pump is a mechanical device used to add energy onto a liquid

in order to move it from one location to another.

Its often been

used in the critical processes in order to transfer fluid from low level
to high ground, from low pressure areas to higher pressure areas
and from local locations to distant locations. By adding a pump on
the pipeline, fluids can be transferred to other places or higher level
and some energy are required to overcome the losses due to friction
between the fluid and the pipe walls.

Figure 1: A typical pumping system

Because pump designs are so numerous, it can be classified in

any number of ways. Some examples of how pumps can be put
into different classes are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)

By
By
By
By

the
the
the
the

applications the pumps serve.

materials from which the pumps are constructed.
liquids the pumps can handle.
pump orientation.

All of the above classes are limited and usually overlap each
other.

Therefore, a more basic classification system is needed. If

pumps are categorized by the way in which energy is added to the

liquid, there is no overlap and the classification is related to the
pump only.

Figure 2: Pump Classifications

The applications of the pump can be classified on the basis of
the applications they serve, the materials from which they are
constructed, the liquids or fluids they handle, and even their
orientation in space. All pumps may be divided into two major
categories:
a) Kinetic pump

in which energy is continuously added to

increase the fluid velocities within the machine to values

greater than those occurring at the discharge so subsequent
velocity reduction within or beyond the pump produces a
pressure increase, and
b) Positive displacement pump, in which energy is periodically
added by application of force to one or more movable
boundaries

of

any

desired

number

of

enclosed,

fluid-

containing volumes, resulting in a direct increase in pressure

up to the value required moving the fluid through valves or
ports into the discharge line.
1.1 Kinetic Pump
Kinetic pumps may be further subdivided into several varieties
of centrifugal and other special-effect pumps. Displacement pumps
are

essentially

divided

into

reciprocating

and

rotary

types,

depending on the nature of movement of the pressure-producing

members. Each of these major classifications may be further
subdivided into several specific types of commercial importance. In
this manual, the experimental work will be focused on centrifugal
pump.
Kinetic pumps add energy continuously. This energy increases
the fluid velocity within the pump to levels above those occurring at
the discharge. When the high-speed fluid reaches the discharge it
has to slow down to equal the lower fluid velocity found there. The
resulting velocity reduction within or beyond the pump produces a
pressure increase. This increase in pressure moves the pumped fluid
if it exceeds the resistance found in the system. If the pump
pressure does not exceed the system resistance, the fluid does not
6

move. Kinetic pumps are further classified as Centrifugal,

Regenerative Turbine, and Special Effect.
2. Type of pump

2.2

Centrifugal Pump

Figure 3: Centrifugal Pump Unit

The most common form of Kinetic pump, by far, is the
Centrifugal pump. This type of pump is a machine that uses
the dynamic principle of accelerating fluid, through centrifugal
activity, and converting the kinetic energy into pressure.
Centrifugal pumps will only pump, or build pressure, to a
designed level. When this level is reached, the fluid no longer
moves and all the kinetic energy is converted to heat. This
heat can cause the fluid to vaporize or build pressure within
the pump, sometimes exceeding its design limit.

Caution

should be used when operating a Centrifugal pump at low or

zero flows.

This experimental work is focused on the centrifugal

pumps due to their widely used in the industry in order to
move liquids through the pipelines. As stated above, the
centrifugal force can add energy to a liquid in a form of
velocity and pressure. Centrifugal force is a force that causes
an object to move outward and away from the center of
rotation. This energy creates a pressure difference which
forces liquid to flow. The major parts of the centrifugal pump
are the impeller and the casing. Impeller is the rotating part of
a centrifugal pump. The rotating impeller adds energy to the
liquid by increasing its velocity. Casing is the stationary part of
a centrifugal pump. The casing surrounds the impeller, and its
shape is designed to convert the velocity energy added to the
liquid by the impeller into pressure energy.

Figure 4: The Major Parts of Centrifugal Pump

Most impellers have vanes, or blades which are designed to

guide the liquid as the impeller rotates. During operation, the liquid
is whirled outward along the vanes, away from the center. This
8

creates a low pressure area at the suction eye of the impeller. More
liquid will be drawn into the pump through the suction nozzle
because the pressure at the center of the impeller is lower. For any
rotating object, a point near the edge is moving faster than a point
near the center. A point on the outer tip of the impeller vane would
be traveling faster than a point near the center. In a centrifugal
pump, the liquid will be traveling at its fastest speed or velocity
when it leaves the tip, or end of the impeller vane. There are various
types of impellers used in centrifugal pumps such as open, partial
open and closed. The open impeller consists of nothing but vanes.
The partially open impeller has a wall or shroud on one side of the
impeller. This gives the vanes greater structural support than the
open impeller. The enclosed impeller has a shroud on both sides of
the vanes.

Completely open

Semi-open impeller

Closed impeller

impeller
Figure 5: Different Types of Impellers Used in
Centrifugal Pump
The impeller and the casing are considered part of the liquid
end assembly because they are on direct contact with the pumped
substance. The impeller shaft extends through the casing wall and is
coupled to the driver. The structure that supports the shaft, casing,
and driver is the frame assembly. Both sides of the impeller
maintain close clearance with the casing. Wear rings at the eye
9

minimize leakage from the discharge back to suction. A collar at the

back of the impeller has the same inside dimension as the suction
eye. Wear rings between the collar and the casing minimize leakage
into the collar. Any leakage into the collar flows back into suction
through a hole in the impeller. This hole equalizes pressure between
the left and right sides of the impeller.
The packing box is designed to prevent or control leakage at
the point where the impeller shaft extends through the casing wall.
The packing box is basically a cavity stuffing which is filled with a
material called packing, which forms a seal around the shaft to
control leakage. The material used for packing must be substantial
enough so that it will not be damaged by the pumped liquid. The
packing should also be a non-abrasive, low-friction material that will
not damaged the shaft. Most pumps have shaft sleeve to protect the
section of the shaft which extends through the packing box, so that
the sleeve will take most of the wear and abuse from the packing.
Most packing is formed into rings which fit over the shaft. The rings
are usually split on one side so they can be placed over the shaft
and then pushed into the packing box.

Figure 6: Packing Box

Since the packing wears against the shaft or shaft sleeve, it
must be lubricated to reduce friction. For many liquids, a small
amount of leakage to the outside can be tolerated. In some cases,
the pumped liquid is allowed to leak into the packing box to
10

lubricate the packing. If leakage of the pumped liquid to the outside

cannot be tolerated, or if the pumped liquid is not suitable for
lubrication of the packing, an outside source of lubrication may be
required.

In pumps where it is very critical that there be absolutely no

leakage, mechanical seals may be used instead of packing.
Mechanical seals are more widely used then shaft packing because
they required less maintenance and hold leakage to a minimum. The
stationary seal ring is usually made of carbon. The rotating seal ring
is faced with special metal where it comes in contact with the
stationary seal ring. The spring holder is held in place on the shaft
by a set screw. The compression ring and the rotating seal ring are
free to move along the shaft. The springs push against the
compression ring and compress the flexible O-ring against the shaft
and the rotating seal members to prevent leakage at this point. The
O-ring is made of rubber or some other flexible material, depending
on the liquid being pumped. It makes a tight seal between the
rotating elements and the shaft.

Heat generated between the stationary and rotating faces. Oil

is circulated in the packing box to cool and lubricate the seal. The
lubricant also helps to keep corrosive or erosive material out the
seal. A single seal has one set sealing faces. This seal has two sets
of sealing faces. Some mechanical seals are lubricated by an
independent seal oil lubricating system. During operation, it is very
important to check to be sure the lubrication system is working
properly.

11

Figure 7: Mechanical Seals

Some pumps do not require a seal on the shaft connecting the

pump and driver. This is because the pump and motor are housed
within the same casing. Since the shaft does not pass through the
casing, there is no opening where liquids can leak out the pump.
The pump motor consists of a rotor and a coil of motor windings.
When electric current is passed through the coil, it sets up a rotating
magnetic field which causes the rotor to move or rotate. The rotor,
in turn is attached to the pump shaft. The spinning rotor causes the
shaft to rotate the impeller.

Figure 8: Seal-Less Pumps

12

The function of bearings is to support the shaft and allow it to

rotate freely. The bearings also control radial and axial movement of
the shaft. Radial movement is movement perpendicular to the axis
of rotation of the shaft. Axial movement is movement can damage
the shaft and reduce the time to failure of the packing or
mechanical seal. To provide adequate support for the shaft, most
pumps are provided with sets of bearings. These will include radial
bearings to control radial movement of the shaft and thrust bearings
to control axial movement or thrust. One of the most common types
of bearings used in pumps are ball bearings. Ball bearings may be
used both as radial bearings and as thrust bearings. The most
important thing to remember about bearings is that they require
lubrication. Either grease or oil may be used to lubricate the
bearings. In grease, lubricated bearings, extreme care must be
taken to avoid over-lubrication. Excess grease can cause the bearing
to overheat.

13

Figure 9: Rotation and Movement of Shaft

Figure 10: Bearing Unit

3.0

Pump Terms

During pump operations, the performance of the system is monitored

based on the pump curve. From the catalogue or product brochure, students
are able to get familiarized with pump term such as:
1. Capacity / Flowrate
2. head / pressure
3. pressure drop
4. total dynamic head
5. NPSHA
6. NPSHR

3.1

Capacity / Volumetric Flowrate

Capacity is defined as the volume of liquid per unit time
delivered by the pump. It can also be described as the volumetric
flowrate of the fluid being transferred. The most common units for
capacity are usually gallons per minute (GPM)or cubic meters per hour.
Centrifugal pumps do not offer a large amount of flexibility in capacity
variations without affecting the pump efficiency. Capacity is often
designated by the letter Q in current nomenclature.
When specifying capacity requirements for a centrifugal pump a
range of capacities should be stated. Minimum and maximumcapacity
limits are very important. These limits ensure proper pump operation,
both mechanically and hydraulically.
Capacity / Volumetric Flowrate Units: cubic meters per second (m3/s),
cubic feet per second (ft3/s)

Example:
1 m3

3.28084 ft x 3.28084 ft x
3.28084 ft
1 m3

s
1 m3
s

60 s
1 min

60 m3
s

1 m3

3600
s
1 hr

3600
m3
hr

s
35.3148
ft3
s

35.3148
ft3
s

60 s
1 min
3600
s
1 hr

2118.888 ft3
min

= 127133.28 ft3
min

= 35.3148 ft3
s

3.2 Head
Head is a pump term often used to describe the mechanical energy
added to the fluid by centrifugal force. It is the quantity used to express the
energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid. Head is a good term
to use with centrifugal pumps because they are constant energy devices.
This means that for a given pump operating at a certain speed and handling
a definite fluid volume, the energy transferred to this fluid (in foot - lbs. per
foot or Newtons per meter of fluid) is the same for any fluid regardless of
density.
The head generated by a given pump at a certain speed and capacity
will remain constant for all fluids, barring any viscosity effects. Therefore,
head when applied to centrifugal pumps is commonly expressed in feet (or
meters) of liquid. Head can also be used to represent the vertical height in
feet (or meters) of a static column of liquid.
3.3 PRESSURE / HEAD CONVERSION
Pressure and head are two pump terms that are related by a constant.
This lesson will identify the conversions needed to complete head and
pressure calculations.
1 psi = 2.3 ft of water
1 bar = 10.2 m of water
1 kg/cm2 = 10 m of water

Figure 11: Equation for Pressure to Head Conversion

3.4 TEMPERATURE EFFECT

Temperature can greatly affect any or all of the physical properties of
a fluid in terms of specific gravity, viscosity and vapour pressure. A fluids
specific gravity will vary inversely with temperature. Typically, a fluids
specific gravity will decrease with increasing temperatures and vice versa.

Figure 12: Specific Gravity vs Temperature Chart for Various Liquid

A fluids viscosity will vary inversely with temperature. Typically, a fluids
viscosity will decrease with increasing temperatures and vice versa. This
explains why most fluids flow faster and easier when they are heated. A
chart showing how temperature affects viscosity of various fluids is shown
below

Figure 13: Viscosity vs Temperature Chart for Various Liquid

Every fluid has its own unique vapour pressure curve where the vapour
pressure is plotted in relation to temperature. As temperatures increase, the
vapour pressure of the fluid also increases. This means that as a fluids
temperature increases, it requires more pressure to keep it from boiling and
remain liquid. A chart showing the effects of temperature on the vapour
pressure of various liquids is shown below

Figure 14: Vapour Pressure vs Temperature chart for various liquid

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Pump Selection Factors

One of the earliest decisions in the traditional design of a system is

the selection of the Head and Capacity for which the pump should be
sized. Regardless of how the Head Capacity conditions may be selected,
much more information is required to ensure an optimal selection of pump
style. For example, let's consider the liquid itself

Is it corrosive?
Is it abrasive?
Are there solid particles and, if so, what size and percentage
are they?
Is it a viscous liquid and if so, what is the viscosity?
Does it tend to crystallize or otherwise solidify?
What is the vapour pressure?
Is it temperature sensitive?

If the liquid to be pumped is cold, clean potable water, most people

are sufficiently aware of the character of that liquid to understand that
none of the above factors will play a significant part in the pump selection
process. However, even 'water' comes in different forms, from Condensate
to Brine, which could require a wide variety of corrosion resistant
materials. Even Sea Water can vary in corrosiveness from one part of the
ocean to another. In addition, the abrasiveness of the water in a particular
mine may dictate the use of a rubber lining in the Mine Dewatering pump
purchased, while other mines have less expensive cast iron pumps
performing what, at first glance, appears to be the same service. It is also
worthwhile to remember that numerous new chemicals are now being
introduced to many industrial processes, therefore a detailed knowledge
of the liquid should never be assumed.
Consequently, the following items should be considered the
minimum data required for the selection of an appropriate centrifugal
process pump to suit the service for which it is intended.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

The liquid to be pumped.

Flow rate required.
Total Dynamic Head
Net Positive Suction Head available
Operating temperature
Specific Gravity.
Nature of the liquid. (See listing above.)

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h.

Operational experience.

For example;

Figure 15: Pump Specification

a. Type of liquid to be pumped = Water
b. Maximum Flow Rate = 70L/min
70L
min

1 gal
(US)
3.78L

18.52
gal
min

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c. Total Dynamic Head

Calculate the equivalent Length of pipe
Based on pipe lost equivalent length
Pipe ID
Pipe length

:
:

0.027 m

3200 + 1300+ 3600+600

8.7 m

Ball Valve

2 Units

Bend Elbow

2 Units

Tee-equal

1 Unit

Equivalent Length
:
(2x65D) + (2x20D)
+(1x20D)+
(2x65x0.027) + (2x20x0.027)+(1x20x0.027)
5.13 m
=16.83ft
Then, Divide the equivalent Length by 100
16.83ft/100 = 0.1683 ft
CALCULATION OF FRICTION HEAD LOSS
Then, Find the friction loss per 100 feet of 1.0 inch pipe
(based on pipe friction loss chart)

Figure 16: Pipe friction Loss Chart

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For flowrate 18.52 GPM~20GPM and steel piping of 1 in

pipe the friction loss is 42.1
Thus, it is 42.1 per 100 feet
Hence, 0.1683ft x 42.1 =7.09 ft of friction loss
ELEVATION HEAD
Based on drawing available

Figure 17: Schematic Diagram of Pipe Loss System

Elevation Height= we assume the highest elevation
height is 1230mm
= 1.23m
= 4.04ft

PRESSURE HEAD
Pressure Caculation

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SG Water = 1
Maximum discharge pressure is = 30psi
= (3 0 x 2 .31)1
= 69.3ft
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Therefore,
(7.09+4.04+69.3)ft=80.42ft
d. Net Positive Suction Head available
NPSHA = {Atmospheric pressure(converted to head) + static
head + surface pressure head - vapor pressure of your product loss in the piping, valves and fittings}

Figure 19: Schematic Diagram of Pipe Loss System

Static Pressure Head

Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi

Gauge pressure = 0psi

Liquid level above pump centerline = 600mm=0.6m=1.97ft

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Piping =
o Pipe ID
:
0.027 m
o Pipe length
:
3200 + 1300+ 3600+600+8.7
m
o Ball Valve
:
2 Units
o Bend Elbow
:
2 Units
o Tee-equal
:
1 Unit
o Equivalent Length
:
(2x65D) + (2x20D)
+(1x20D)+
(2x65x0.027) +
(2x20x0.027)+(1x20x0.027)
5.13 m
=16.83ft

Pumping =18.52 gpm. 77F. fresh water with a specific gravity

of one (1).

Vapor pressure of 68F. Water = 0.4 psia from the vapor chart.

Specific gravity = 1

NPSHR (net positive suction head required, from the pump

curve) = 12 feet

Then,

Static head = 1.97 feet

Atmospheric pressure = pressure x 2.31/sg. = 14.7 x 2.31/1 =

34 feet absolute

Gauge pressure = 0 (surface pressure head)

Vapour pressure of 77F. water converted to head = pressure

x 2.31/sg = 0.4 x 2.31/1 = 0.924 feet

Looking at the friction charts:

Used the TDH calculation=

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For flowrate 18.52 GPM~20GPM and steel piping of 1 in

pipe the friction loss is 42.1
Thus, it is 42.1 per 100 feet
Hence, 0.1683ft x 42.1 =7.09 ft of friction loss
Therefore,
NPSHA, (34 + 1.97 0 -0.924-7.09) =27.96 feet >
NPSHR 7 feet + 0.5m
NPSH value of the available must be at least 0.5 m
higher than the NPSH value of the required
The pump required minimum of 12 feet of head at 18.52 gpm.
And pump that we used have 27.96 feet so no cavitation will
occur.

To calculate Total Discharge Pressure,

Total Discharge Pressure= Final Pressure Required + Losses in
Pipe + Vapour
Pressure
Final Pressure required= 12 psi

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= 12 psi x 2.31/1 = 27.72 feet

Losses in Pipe = 1.92 feet

Vapour Pressure at 77F = 0.4 x 2.31/1 = 0.924 feet
So, Total Discharge Pressure = (27.72 + 1.92 + 0.924) feet =
30.564 feet

5.0 Pump Curves

A pump head- capacity performance curve identifies
how a pump will operate in a given system. It is the pumps
fingerprint. This section will define the pump head- capacity
performance curve, how it is created and why it is used. A

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pump curve, as it is commonly called, is the basis for

identifying pump operation in a system
5.1 Single Pump Performance Curve
A pump head- capacity performance curve, or pump
curve, is determined from actual pump performance data in a
laboratory. This curve is a plot of a pumps ability to generate
fluid flow (capacity) against a certain head. Every pump,
regardless of the manufacturer, has its own unique curve. As
discussed earlier, a pump takes mechanical energy from a
motor and transforms it to velocity energy at the impeller
vanes. The pump casing then changes the velocity energy to a
pressure energy at the pump discharge. This pressure energy
dissipates as the fluid moves through a system (i.e., pressure
drop) the pumps head- capacity curve defines how much
energy is available at a given flow rate, impeller diameter and
shaft speed for each pump size. This pump curve is often
called a Single Pump Performance Curve.
There are numerous other elements for which curves are
often generated from test data in addition to the headcapacity curve. It will be further defined in the next lesson, but
are listed below:
Efficiency
Power requirements
Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)

1. Selecting the correct size

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24.5m

4m3/hr

Figure 20: Pump Curve Model Selection

Example;
Flow Rate: 4m3/hr
Total Dynamic Head: 80.42 feet = 24.5m

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Step 1: Select the pump size and model

Pump Size is fall under Small Flow Rates under flowrate range
from 1 to 10.8m3/hr
(As refer to table below)

Table 1: Pump Selection Table

Then, it has 4 models that can be selected which is K20/41MT, K30/70M-T,K30/100M-T and K36/100M-T

Thus, if refer to table the best selection for pump model after
consider the flow rate and Total Dynamic Head Pump Model K
30/70M-T is the best model to be selected.

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Step 2: NPSHR (Nett Positive Suction Head Required)

Figure 21: Performance Curve Pump Model K30/70

As refer to the figure above the maximum required NPSHR for
flowrate of 4m3/hr is only 2m= 6.56 feet or 7 feet + 0.5m

Step 3: Power Consumption of the pump

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Find the power consumption of the pump at the point in the

diagram where the power curve of the impeller used meets the
design flow rate. Select the motor with the next higher power rating

Figure 22: Pump Curve

Power Consumption according to diagram is N = 0.75kW
But for this experiment we use 1.2kW power consumption
which is following the rules where selecting the next high
power rating
Horse power of the pump is =1 HP
Efficiency according to diagram is nearly 40%

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6.1

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Pump Installation
Improper installation of pumps can lead to premature failure
and increased maintenance costs. However, when correctly
installed and given reasonable care and maintenance, they will
operate satisfactorily for a long period of time.

6.2

Pre-Installation
Prior to installation, we must consider few criteria as listed below;

6.3

When installing in a potentially explosive environment, make

sure that the motor is properly certified.
You must earth (ground) all electrical equipment. This applies
to the pump equipment, the driver, and any monitoring
equipment. Test the earth (ground) lead to verify that it is
connected correctly.
Electrical Connections must be made by certified electricians
in compliance with all international, national, state, and local
rules.

Pump Location
Table 2: Guideline on the installation of pump location
Guideline
1. Keep the pumps as close to the liquid
source as practically possible
2. Make sure that the space around the
pump is sufficient
3. If you require lifting equipment such as
hoist or tackle, make sure that there is
enough space above the pump.
4. Protect the unit from weather and water
damage due to rain, flooding and
freezing temperature
5. Do not install and operate the
equipment in close systems unless the
system is constructed with properly size
safety device and control device

6. Take into consideration the occurrence

of unwanted noise and vibration
7. If pump located is overhead, undertake
special precaution to reduce possible

Explanation
This minimize the friction loss and keeps the
suction piping as short as possible
This
facilitates
ventilation,
inspection,
maintenance and service
This makes it easier to properly use the lifting
equipment and safely remove and relocate the
component to a safe location
This is applicable is nothing else specified

Acceptable devices;
Pressure Relief Valve
Compression Tanks
Pressure Control
Temperature Control
Flow Control
The best pump location for noise and vibration
absorption is on a concrete floor with subsoil
underneath
Make a noise testing and consult a noise
specialist

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noise transmission
6.4

Foundation Requirements

A proper foundation and grouting can mean the difference

between a unit that gives many years of trouble-free service and one
that requires constant realignment. It should therefore be everyone's
concern that only the best of materials, together with proper design,
be used when performing this important function. The concrete
foundation must be sufficiently substantial to absorb any vibration and
to form a permanent rigid support for the baseplate. A rule of thumb
that is frequently used is that the foundation should be about 5 times
the weight of the pump/motor assembly, and approximately 6 inches
longer and wider than the baseplate.
Listed below are the basic lists of foundation requirements;
a. The foundation must be able to absorb any type of vibration
and form a permanent, rigid support for the unit.
b. The location and size of the foundation bolt holes must match
those shown on the assembly drawing provided with the pump
data package.
c. The foundation must weigh between two and three times the
weight of the pump
d. Provide a flat, substantial concrete foundation in order to
prevent strain and distortion when you tighten the foundation
bolts
e. Sleeve-type and J-type foundation bolts are most commonly
used. Both designs allow movement for the final bolt
adjustment
6.5

Type of Bolt
a)

b)

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Figure 23: a) Sleeve Type Bolt b) J- Type Bolt

7.0

Pump Performance Calculation

The fluid quantities involved in all hydraulic machines are the

flow rate (Q) and the head (H), whereas the mechanical quantities
associated with the machine itself are the power (P), speed (N), size
(D) and efficiency (). Although they are of equal importance, the
emphasis placed on certain of these quantities is different for
different pumps. The output of a pump running at a given speed is
the flow rate delivered by it and the head developed. Thus, a plot of
head and flow rate at a given speed forms the fundamental
performance characteristic of a pump. In order to achieve this
performance, a power input is required which involves efficiency of
energy transfer. Thus, it is useful to plot also the power P and the
efficiency against Q.
7.1

Fluid Power Calculation

The hydraulic Power Output Po is the usable power transferred

by the pump to the pump media
Po= x g x Q x TDH
P o= 62.4 lb/ft3 x 32.174 ft/s2 x 18.52 gpm x 80.42 ft = 0.28 kW

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The absorbed power Pi (Power Input, Brake Horsepower) is the

power input at the coupling or shaft and it is higher than the
hydraulic power.
Now the mechanical power input Pi provided
rotating the drive shaft at angular speed is

Pi T
=

by

the

torque

Q X TDH x

In engineering practice, rotational speeds are most commonly expre

ssed in units of revolutions per minute (rpm) or in units of
revolutions per second (rev/s). Conversion between
=rad/s, n= rev/s, and N= rev/min
= 1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)

Is expressed by

2n
Where;

2N
60

is expressed in units of rad/s

T is expressed in units of N.m
So, Pi appears in units of N m/s or in units of W

Frequency rotation of pump = 2800 rpm

Therefore;

= 2800rpm/9.55rpm = 293.2 rad/s

If given torque value = 50 N.m

Pi = 50 N.m x 293.2 rad/s = 14,660 N.m/s
Or
Since Efficiency, = 40% =0.4

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Pi =

=
=

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Q X TDH x

18.52 gpm x 80.42 ft x 62.4 lb/ft 3

0.4

0.7kW

Where, Q= Flowrate (gpm), = Density (lb/ft3), TDH= Total Dynamic

Head (feet), N = Pump Speed (rpm), = efficiency,
speed (rad/s)

7.2

= angular

Pump Efficiency

The pump efficiency, is the ratio of pump hydraulic power

output to the absorbed power at the pump coupling or shaft at the
operating point.
The pump efficiency is given by the following equation;

Where;

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Po=Pu= Power Output

Pi = Power Input
Thus,
=

0.28 kW
0.7 kW

= 0.4 = 40%

6.0

References

i) Rishel, J.B. "Water Pumps and Pumping Systems", McGraw-Hill, New

York, 2002.
ii) Karassik, I.J. (ed). "Pump Handbook ", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York,
2001.

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iii) McGuire, J. T. "Pumps for Chemical Processing". Marcel Dekker, New

York, 2002.
iv) Lambeck, R.P. "Hydraulic Pumps and Motors: Selection and Application
for

Hydraulic Power Control Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983.

v) Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual Construction, Design,

Fabrication, and
Examination, J. Phillip Ellenberger, Elsevier Inc, 2010.
vi) Piping Handbook, Mohinder L. Nayyar, P.E., Mcgraw-Hill, 2000.
vii) Technical Note: Friction Factor Diagrams for Pipe Flow, Jim McGovern,
Dublin Institute of
Technology, 2011.
viii) Ross MacKay Practical Pumping Handbook, Elsevier Science and
Technology Books, Canada, 2004
ix) Kimberley Fernandez. Et al, Understand the Basics of Centrifugal
Pump Operation, CEP Magazine, 2002