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Protection
The year of Profitable Growth
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
Generator Protection
Rotor-Ground-Fault Protection
Power Automation
Rotor
Excitation
system
RE
?
CE
in case of a ground fault, only small currents flow due to the galvanic isolation
Problem:
Double ground faults and interturn faults as a consequence of an ground fault cause:
magnetically unbalance (unbalanced forces; violent vibration)
high currents at the fault location
Power Automation
Protection Principle
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
+
Excitation
system
Coupling
Unit
Measuring
Voltage
Source
Grounding brush
Principles:
- Incoupling of an AC voltage (50 Hz or 60 Hz)
- Measuring of the ground fault current
- Measuring of the ground fault resistance
Higher
Sensitivity
Power Automation
Connection
on the grounding
brush
L1 L2 L3
>40V
105?
IG,Distr.
IG,Fault
4? F
IE
Pick-up limit:
IG,Fault > IG,Dist...
0,75H
Coordinated
resonant circuit to fN
Protection
Power Automation
Connection on the
phase to phase
voltage
AC Voltage
Source
appr. 42V or
65V
100 V - 125 V AC
105?
Err.
1A3
7XR61 1A1
2B1
4A1
3PP1336
4B1
7UM6
Also IEE2
at 7UM62
is
possible
J7
J8
IEE1
1B3
1B1
105?
External resistors
at excitation voltages
> 150 V (circulating current >0,2A)
Z( 50) ? 169.65
Filterverhalten Bandpa
2000
Impedanz in
in Ohm
Impedance
Ohm
Z( 60) ? 69.531
1500
Z( f )
1000
500
50
100
150
200
250
300
f
Frequenz in Hz
Frequency in Hz
I ?
I ?
V
ZCoupling ? R f
45 V
? 27mA
170? ? 1,5 k?
Power Automation
V
ZCoupling ? R f
ZCouplingl(50Hz) = 400?
45 V
? 23mA
400? ? 1,5 k?
ZCouplingl(60Hz) = 335?
Power Automation
L1 L2 L3
100V
RV
RE
CE
Digital
protection
(7UM62)
calculation
of RE
CK
L1)
RV
42V
CK
1) Recommended
at static excitation
with inject harmonics
(3rd harm.; 6th harm.)
Power Automation
10
Model:
X*K
R*V
Zers
(1)
XE
ZMess
RE
2
2
?
RE X E
RE
X E ??
?
Z ers ? R * V ?
? j - X *K ?
2
?
RE ? X E 2 ?
RE 2 ? X E 2
?
(3)
R ? XE
R, ? E
(4)
RE ? X E
X, ?
? I m ?Z? - X * K
2
2
RE ? X E
RE ? X E
2
(2)
Z Mess ? Re ?Z? ? j I m ?Z ?
? RE ?Z ? - R * V
X ,2
?- I m ?Z ? - X * K ? ? R ?Z? - R *
RE ? , ? R , ?
V
e
R
Re ?Z ? - R * V
2
11
Power Automation
12
13
Typical frequency:
1 - 3 Hz
7XR6004
RV
Controlling device
(7XT71)
IE
RV
+
VH
Excitation
-
CE
Vcontrol
RE
RM
RE
RV
VH
RM
CE
Fault resistance
Coupling resistor
Auxiliary supply ( ? 50V)
Measuring shunt resistor
Rotor capacitance
Vmeas.
Digital
Protection
(7UM62)
Measuring
transducer
Power Automation
14
Connection on the
phase to phase
voltage
7UM62
120 V
100 V
110 V
7
7XT71
9
11
40 k?
27
27
25
Exc. 7XR6004
Control voltage
17
-
40 k?
15
Measuring voltage
K13 +
K14
TD1
K15 +
TD2
K16
25
Power Automation
15
Equivalent circuit:
VH
RV
2
CE
t
- 50V
VH
RE
VM
RM
iE
RV
? 20k?
2
RM ? 375 ?
UH ? ? 50V
VM
1,88V
? ? RV ?CE
2
? UM ? 0
RE ? ?
t
UM ? RM ?iE
- 1,88V
RE ? 5k?
VM
0,75V
? UM ~
1
RE
t
- 0,75V
Power Automation
16
VM
Vdc
VM1
VM2
Vdc1
VM1
VM2
VM3
? V1 = |VM1 - VM2|
? V2 = |VM2 - VM3|
Solution:
Calculation of the difference voltage
? V = |VM1 - VM2|
Solution:
Block of measuring
at jumps (e.g. ? V1 = ? V2)
VM4
Vdc2
? V3 = |VM3 - VM4|
Power Automation
17
Calculation Formulas
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
CE RE
RV
2
VH
RM
VM
Voltage divider:
RV
? RE ? RM
VH
2
?
VM
RM
?V
?
R
RE ? ?? H - 1?? RM - V
2
?VM ?
Algorithm
Filtering:
VM
V1
1
V1 ?
N
V2
VM : ? ? V : ?
V 1 -V 2
2
Continuity supervision:
Validity requirement
? VI K ? ? VI K ? 1
1 8
otherwise ? V ? ? ? Vk
8 k ?1
1
?i ? 1 v1,i ; V 2 ? N
i?1
v 2,i
G(f)0.1
0.01
0.001
0
f in Hz
Power Automation
18
Power Automation
19
Power Automation
20
EM
RW
RE
4F
CE
40k?
(50/60 Hz)
(1 - 3 Hz)
a) rotating diodes
L+
EX-T
4F
UG
RW
L-
b) separate Exciter
(static excitation)
(50/60 Hz)
RE
40k?
(1 - 3 Hz)
CE
Power Automation
21
Chance of charge of
rotor ground capacitance
Disturbances by the
excitation generator
Power Automation
22
Power Automation
23
50 Hz principle
1- 3 Hz principle
RV;40k?
CK;4F RK;105?
or
7UM61
7UM62
VControl
VMeas.
RV;40k?
RE
7UM62
CK;4F RK;105?
iREF
100V
42V
nur
iREF
uREF
Power Automation
24
Measurement:
measured as a fault resistance
Equivalent circuit:
RK * CK *
RE * : ? RE ll
Case 1:
RV
2
RE ? ?
RE * ?
RE
RV
(20k? )
2
Case 2:
RV
? 20k?
2
RE ? 5k?
RE * ? 4k?
Power Automation
25
RE
2CK
(8F)
? V ~ RE-1
under no-ground-fault conditions
a fault resistance is already measured
Power Automation
26