Building Construction

Estimating is a PROCESS
Information must be:

Assembled
Evaluated
Documented
&managed in an organized manner

STANDARDIZATION- key word in preparing

reliable estimates.
Must do in preparing estimates
1. Update
information
with
the
management or owner
2. Simple
intuitive
checks
for
reasonable comparison based on
similar project
3. Quality and amount of information
available
4. Time allotted to prepare estimates
5. Proficiency of the estimator and the
estimating teams
6. Tools and techniques used in
preparing estimate

Specifications
- Written stipulations stating
Construction methods to
follow
Standards
of
workmanships
Kinds and quality of
materials to be used

Note:
If
there
is
specifications govern

Two Important
Estimates

Materials

Type I

Type II

Type III
in

Preparing

Working Drawings
- Graphical presentation on paper that
enables the reader to visualize and
understand how the building would
be constructed and how it functions
- Includes:
Architectural plans
Perspective
Site Development Plans
Location Plans
Floor Plans
Transverse
Section
and
Longitudinal Plan
Structural Plan
Foundation Plans
Floor-framing Plans
Roof Framings
Detail Plans
Plumbing and Sanitary Plan
Electrical Plan
Mechanical Plan

discrepancy,

Republic Act No. 6541. The National

Building Code of the Philippines

Tips in Construction Estimating

1. Planning
2. Flexibility
3. Technology

Type IV

Type V

Shall be of wood
construction.
Structural
elements
may
be
of
the
materials permitted by
the code.
Shall be of wood
construction
with
protective fire-resistant
materials and an hour
fire-resistive
throughout;
except
that
permanent
nonbearing partitions
may use fire-retardant
treated wood within
the framing assembly.
Shall be of masonry
and
wood
construction, structural
elements may be any
material permitted by
this code. Building
shall be one-hour fire
resistive throughout.
Exterior walls shall be
incombustible
fireresistive construction
Shall be of steel, iron,
concrete or masonry
construction.
Walls
and
permanent
partitions shall be of
incombustible
fireresistive construction;
except,
that
the
permanent nonbearing
partitions of one-hour
fire-resistive
construction framing
assembly.
Shall be fire-resistive
Structural
elements
shall be of steel, iron,
concrete or masonry

construction.
Walls and permanent
partitions shall be
incombustible
fireresistive construction.

Designation of Fire zone

REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE ZONES

Fire zones
- areas within which only certain
types of building are permitted based on
their use, occupancy, type of construction
and resistance to fire.

Buildings located in more than one

fire zone
-

The center line of an adjoining

street may be considered
adjacent property line. Distance
shall be measured at right
angles to the street.

If located in more than one fire

zone and more than 1/3 its total
floor area is in a more restricted
fire zone, then the entire building
shall
conform
to
the
requirements of the more
restrictive area.
Moved Building
- Any moved building into any fire
zone shall be made to comply
with all the requirements for
building of that fire zone.
Temporary Building
- Used for protection of the public
around and in conjunction with
construction work may be
erected in any of the fire zone;

Secretary shall classify each

type of fire zone in accordance
to use, occupancy, type of
construction and resistance to
fire subject to the provisions of
this code
Based on the classification of fire
zone, city councils or municipal
boards shall divide cities and
municipalities into fire zones.
Division shall be accordance with
the local, physical and spatial
framework
plans
or
recommendations of the local
city development body.

FIRE RESISTIVE REQUIREMENTS

AND STANDARDS FOR FIRE
PROTECTION
Fire-resistive requirements

one
hour

two
hours

three
hours

four
hours

a. Solid Masonry

10 cm
(4in)

15 cm
(6in)

17.8 cm
(7in)

20 cm
(8in)

b. Hollow Unit
Masonry

15 cm
(6in)

20 cm
(8in)

25.4 cm
(10in)

30 cm
(12in)

c. Solid Concrete

10 cm
(4in)

12.5 cm
(5in)

15 cm
(6in)

17.8 cm
(7in)

d. Gypsum Board

2.5 m
(1in)

1. Walls and
Partitions

provided that such work is

allowed by special permit from
the building officials and such is
only used for a limited period of
time.
Center lines of streets

2. Floors
10 cm
(4in)

Types of
I
Construction
Fire-resistive
Exterior
b. wood joists
standards
bearing/nonhaving two
layers of
1.9 cm bearing walls
flooring above
(3/4in)
Interior
and a plaster
bearing walls
of gypsum
Permanent
board ceiling
partitions
c. thickness
Vertical
6.3 cm
tongue and
(2
openings,
grooved wood
1/2in)
floors and
floors covered
1.9 cm
with flooring
roofs
(3/4in)
theFinishes
for
laid at
right
Structural
15 cm
angles thereto
interior (6in)
frames
the supporting
and
Exterior
beams walls
doors and
ceilings of
3. Metal
windows
any building
Structur
shall be classified according to their
e
a. Masonry or
concrete

member
s with:
a. Solid
Concrete

20 cm
(8in) in
least
2.5cm
dimensio
(1in)
n 1.9 cm
(3/4 in)

b. Masonry

c. Metal lath
with Plaster

3.8 cm
(1
1/2in)

one
layer
2.5 cm
(1in)

3.8 cm (1
1/2 in)

5 cm
(2in)

5 cm (2in)

7.6 cm
(3in)

two layer
1.9 cm
(3/4in)
with air
space
between
(6.3 cmtotal
thickness)

II

III

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

1hr

3/4
hr

3/4
hr

15 cm
(6in) in
least
dimensio
n

Classifications

Description

Group A

Residential:
Dwellings

Group B

Residential:
Hotels and
Apartments

Group C

Education
and
Recreation

Group D

Institutional

1hr

6. Steel Joists- Steel joist floors shall have from one to

four-hour fire-resistive based on internationally accepted
standards of engineering
7. Flame-proof Materials- Materials required to be flameproofed shall be treated with a flame-retardant having
flame-spread rating of 50 less as determined by the
"Tunnel test"

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ALL BUILDINGS

BY
USE
OR
OCCUPANCY
AND
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL
OCCUPANCIES

4. wood
columns
5. wood
beams

flame-spread characteristics using

the internationally accepted Tunnel
Test
The class of materials according to
flame-spread characteristics shall be
determined for each occupancy
group

The smoke
density shall
not
be
4hrs 4hrs
greater than
that obtain
from
the
1hr
3hrs
burning of
1hr
1hr
untreated
wood under
similar
1hr
2hr
conditions
when tested
in
2hrs 3hrs
accordance
with
the
3/4
3/4
Tunnel
hr
hr
Test in the
way intended for use. The products
of combustion shall be no more toxic
than the burning of untreated wood
under similar conditions.
IV

Occupancies
shall
includes
dwellings
includes
boarding or
lodging houses,
hotels,
apartment
houses,
convents and
monasteries
(Accomodating
more than 10
persons)
be any building
used for school
or day care
purposes more
than 8 hours
per week,
involving
assemblage for
instruction,
education or
recreation
not include
buildings used
only for private
purposes or for
family group

Group Ddivision 1

Group Ddivision 2

Group Ddivision 3

Group E

Group Edivision 1

Group Edivision 2

Group Edivision 3

Mental
hospitals,
mental
sanitariums,
jails, prisons
reformatories
Nurseries for
full time-care of
children under
kindergarten
age, hospitals,
sanitariums,
nursing homes
with nonambulatory
patients and
similar buildings
Nursing homes
for ambulatory
patients, homes
for children of
kindergarten
age or over
Business and
Mercantile

Gasoline filling
and service
stations

Wholesale and
retail stores,
office buildings,
drinking and
dining
establishments

Aircraft hangars

buildings where
personal
liberties of
inmates are
similarly
restrained

each
accomodating
more than five
persons

each
accomodating
more than five
persons

include storage
garage and
boat storage
structures
where no work
is done except
exchange of
parts and
maintenance
requiring no
open flame,
welding or the
use of highly
flammable
materials
be having an
occupant load
less than 100,
printing plants,
municipal police
and fire
stations,
factories and
workshops
using materials
not highly
flammable or
combustible,
storage and
sales room for
combustible
goods and paint
stores without
bulk handling
where no repair
work is done
except
exchange of
parts and
maintenance
requiring no
open flame,
welding or the
use of highly
flammable
liquids, open;
open parking
garage and
heliports

Group F

Group G

Group Gdivision 1

Group Gdivision 2

Group Gdivision 3

Group Gdivision 4
Group Gdivision 5
Groupp H

Group Hdivision 1

Industrial

Storage and
Hazardous
Storage and
handling of
hazardous and
highly
flammable or
explosive
materials other
than flammable
liquids
Storage and
handling of
flammable
liquids; dry
cleaning plants
using
flammable
liquids; paint
stores with bulk
handling; paint
shops and
spray painting
rooms and
shops
Wood working
establishments,
planning mills
and box
factories, shops
factories where
loose,
combustible
fibers or dust
are
manufactured,
processed or
generated;
warehouses
where highly
combustible
materials are
stored
Repair Garages
Aircraft repair
hangars
Assembly other
than Group I
Any assembly
building with a
stage and an
occupant load
of less than 100
in the building

shall include:
Ice plants,
power plants,
pumping
plants, cold
storage and
creameries,
factories and
workshops
using
incombustible
and nonexplosive
materials;
storage and
sales room for
incombustible
and nonexplosive
materials

Group Hdivision 2

Group Hdivision 3

Group Hdivision 4

Group I

Any assembly
building without
a stage and an
occupant load
of 100 or more
in the building
Any assembly
building without
a stage and an
occupant load
of less than 300
in the building
including
buildings
Stadiums,
amusement
park, reviewing
stands,
structures not
included in
Group I or
Division 1, 2
and 3, Group H
Occupancies

Assembly
occupant load
1000 or more

Group JDivision 1

Private
garages,
carports, sheds
and agricultural
buildings

Group JDivision 2

Fences over
1.80 mts (6ft)
high, tanks and
towers

include
buildings used
for school
purposes less
than 8 hours
per week

Mixed Occupancy
be any
assembly
building with a
stage and an
occupant load
of 1000 or
more in the
building

Other sub groupings or divisions

within Groups A to J may be
determined by the secretary
Any other occupancy not mention
shall be included in the group which
its use most nearly resembles based
on the existing or proposed life and
fire hazard
Building officials shall identify and
indicate in the certificate of
occupancy
the
appropriate
classification to which a building
belongs

Change in Use

group of occupancy; except, that the

character of occupancy of existing
buildings may be changed subject to
the approval of the Building official
and the building may be occupied for
purposes set forth in other groups
without conforming to all the
requirements for those groups,
provided the new or proposed use is
less hazardous, based on life and
fire risk than the existing use.

No change shall be made in the

character of occupancies or use of
any building which would place the
building in a different division of the
same group of occupancy or in a
different
group,
unless
such
buildings is made to comply with the
requirements for such division or

When a building is used for more

than one occupancy purposes
Each part of the building comprising
a distinct occupancy shall be
separated from any other occupancy
Shall be subject to the most
restrictive requirements for the
occupancies concern
Except

When one-story building houses

more than one occupancy
Each portion of the building
shall
conform
to
the
requirements
for
the
occupancy housed therein, and
the area of the building shall be
such that the sum of the actual
areas divided by the allowable
area
for
each
separate
occupancy shall not exceed
one
- Where minor accessory uses do
not occupy more than 10% of the
area of any floor of a building nor
more than 10% of the basis
permitted in the occupancy
requirements
The major use of the building
shall determine the occupancy
classification provided the uses
are separated in accordance
with the requirements for
occupancy separation.

Forms of occupancy separation

-

Shall be vertical or horizontal or

both, or when necessary, of such
other form as may be required to
afford a complete separation

between the various occupancy

divisions in the building

Hospitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet,

storage and utility room shall have a
ceiling of not less than 2.40m(8)

Types of occupancy separations

1.
2.
3.
4.

One-hour Fire-Resistive
Two-hour Fire-Resistive
Three-hour Fire-Resistive
Four-hour Fire-Resistive

Minimum area
room for
habitations
kitchen

Fire Ratings for Occupancy Separations

-

Shall be provided between

various groups, subgroupings or
divisions of occupancies
Secretary shall promulgate rules
and regulations for appropriate
occupancy separation buildings
of mixed occupancy
Provided
that
where
any
occupancy
separation
is
required, the minimum shall be a
One-hour
fire
resistive
occupancy separation
Where the occupancy separation
is horizontal, structural members
supporting the separation shall
be protected by equivalent fireresistive construction.

Bathrooms

6.00 sq.m. (65

sq.ft.)
3.00 sq.m. (32
sq. ft.)
1.20 sq.m.

Least nominal
dimension
6'9''
1.50 m (5')
0.90 sq.m. (3')

Minimum air space

School

workshops,
factories, offices

Habitable rooms

minimum air
space

Take note

3 cu.m. (106
cu.ft.)

1 sq.m. (10.7
sq.ft) of floor
area per person

Daytime:
10cu.m. (364
cu.ft.)
Night: 14 cu.m.
(494 cu.ft.)
per adult: 14
cu.m. (494
cu.ft.)
per child under
10: 7 cu.m. (257
cu.ft.)

windows should
be 10% of the
total area

Types of Ventilation
1. Mechanical or Forced Ventilation
- Through an air handling unit or
direct injection to a space by a
fan.
- A local exhaust enhances
infiltration or natural ventilation,
thus increasing ventilation air
flow rate
2. Natural Ventilation
- Process of supplying and
removing air through an indoor
space by natural means.
3. Infiltration
- The uncontrolled of outdoor air
into
a
building
through
unintended leaks in the building
envelope.
- Exfiltration is the opposite
process
Light and vent

Maximum occupancy
Minimum area: 6sq.m. (65sq.ft.) with
the least nominal dimension of 67

Mezzanine
- partial, intermediate floor in any story
having an area not more than of the area
of the room or space.
- not having a dimension less than 1.80 m
or 6ft 4in
Building permit
-

Ensures that you plan to build,

remodel or renovate something in a
safe way

Must:

Install pool
Add or change a porch or sun room
Build deck over 30 of the ground
Install new furnace

Does not need:

One-story garden shed

Playhouse less than 200 sq. ft.
Fence not over 6 ft. high

Painting,
carpeting

wall

papering,

filing,

Requirements:

Registered owner of the lot

Certified true copy of oct/tct, on file
with the registry of deeds
Tax declaration
Current real property tax receipt
Not registered addition with
Duly notarized copy of the contract
of lease or sale
Duly notarized copy of deed of
absolute sale
5 sets of surveying plans, complete
construction
plans,
structural
designs, specifications, estimated
cost of the project, signed and
sealed by:
- Architect
- Civil Engineer
- Professional
Mechanical
Engineer
- Sanitary Engineer
- Electrical Engineer
Concrete
-

A construction material composed of

cement (commonly Portland cement
as well as other cementitious
materials such as fly ash and slag
cement, aggregate)
Solidifies and hardens after mixing
with water and placement due to the
chemical process known as hydration
Used
to
make
pavements,
architectural structures, foundations,
motorways or roads

Composition of Concrete

Cement
- Portland cement is the most
common type of cement in
general use
- Basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar and plaster
Water
- Combining
water
with
cementitious material forms a
cement post by the process of
hydration
Aggregates

Fine or sand, and coarse or

gravel, make up the bulk of a
concrete mixture
Reinforcements
- Concrete
is
strong
in
compression as the aggregate
efficiently
carries
the
compression loads. Weak in
tension as the cement holding
the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to
fail
- Great in tension
Admixtures
-Chemicals used to aid the
properties of concrete or cement
1. Accelerators
2. Retarders
3. Air entrainments
4. Plasticizers
5. Pigments
6. Corrosion inhibitors
7. Bonding agents
8. Pumping aids

Concrete Production

Concrete Mixing
Cement + water
Hydration

Properties of Concrete
1. Strength
- High compressive but low in
tensile
2. Expansion and Shrinkage
- Very low coefficient of thermal
expansion
3. Cracking
- Shrinkage (volumetric)
- Tension (tension may crack
Mix design
- Complex
- Weight of component is specified
by the requirements of the
project and local building code
and regulation
Types of concrete

Regular concrete
- Long term describing concrete
Glass concrete
High-strength concrete
- Lowering water-cement ratio to
0.35 or lower
Stamped concrete
- An architectural concrete

- Has a superior surface finish

Light-weight concrete
Asphalt
Polymer Concrete

3/4
- 20mm
- Basic size for structural concrete
mix, pre-stressed or pre-cast
- Used in cities, high rise buildings
3/8
- 10mm
- For high strength concrete mixes
used
densely
reinforced
structures, pre-stressed, precast
concrete product and asphalt
S1
- 5mm
- Crushed sand used in structural
budding, pavement seal coat,
pair ways sand cap and very vital
in all concrete and asphalt
Base coarse
- Composite crushed aggregate
material excellent for pavement
base prior to concreting or
asphalting

Testing of concrete

Usually takes 28 days to attain

compressive strength in mega
Pascal or pounds per square inch
1. Stomp test- checks consistency of
concrete

6% air
11% Portland Cement
41% Gravel
28% Sand
16% Water

C
D

5.49
4.82

0.44
0.45

otherwise specified
Coarse Aggregate- retained on No. 4
(4.76 mm) sieve
Fine Aggregate- passing the 3/8 and
pass no.4 and retained on the no.
200 sieve (74 micronsieve)

Gravel
G1
- Concrete
pavements,
foundations, granular buildings
- Filler for asphalt concrete mixes
with coarse design

Class

Cement

Sand

Sand

Cement

Aggregates
- Materials basically used as filler
with
binding
materials
in
production
of
mortar
and
concrete
- Particles of random shape e.g.
sand, gravel, stone or rocks that
can be crushed into particles
- Refers to
the
Class
mineral
particles
which
AA
10.46 0.42
have
reach as
A
7.85 0.42
their
origin
unless
B
6.49 0.44

Gravel

AA

1
1/2

4000-3500
1
PSI

0.84

2
1/2

0.84

C3000-2500
1
PSI

0.87

D2000-1500
1
3
PSI
1/2

0.89

1000-500 PSI

0.91

Less than 500

PSI

Gravel

4000-3500 PSI

3000-2500 PSI

2000-1500 PSI

1000-500 PSI

Less than 500

PSI

Factor

Procedure
1. Compute the volume of the concrete
member cubic meter based from the
plan
2. Add the computed volume to the
allowance for wastage
3. Check the class of the concrete
Note: Beam Additional 5%
Quantity(total volume)= estimated volume