PROPERTIES OF MAGNET

PROPERTIES OF MAGNET
1. Magnets attract objects of iron, cobalt and nickel.
2. The force of attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle.
3. Like poles of two magnets repel each other.
4. Opposite poles of two magnets attracts each other.
5. If a bar magnet is suspended by a thread and if it is free to rotate, its South Pole will
move towards
the North Pole of the earth and vice versa.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MAGNETIC LINES OF
FORCE
1. Magnetic lines of force start from the North Pole and end at the South Pole.
2. They are continuos through the body of magnet
3. Magnetic lines of force can pass through iron more easily than air.
4. Two magnetic lines of force can not intersect each other.
5. They tend to contract longitudinally.
6. They tend to expand laterally.
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FERROMAGNETIC
SUBSTANCES
Substances that behave like a magnet in the presence of a magnetic field are known as
Ferromagnetic Substances.
EXAMPLES: Iron, cobalt and nickel are ferromagnetic substances.
SOLENOID
Solenoid is a coil of wire. Solenoid is a coil wound on a cylindrical frame of iron or any
material when an
electric current passes through the Solenoid, a magnetic field is
produced around it. It has suitable numbers of turns of wire.
Magnetic field of solenoids is given by

B = onI

Magnetic field inside the solenoid is very strong and uniform but it is very weak outside
the solenoid.

Types of Magnetism
All magnetic materials contain magnetic moments, which behave in a way
similar to microscopic bar magnetis. In order to define a ferromagnetism as
a class of magnetism, it is easiest to compare the various properties of
different possible types of magnetic material. These are principally:
paramagnets, ferromagnets, antiferromagnets and ferrimagnets.

Paramagnetism
In a paramagnet, the magnetic moments tend to be randomly orientated due
to thermal fluctuations when there is no magnetic field. In an applied
magnetic field these moments start to align parallel to the field such that
the magnetisation of the material is proportional to the applied field.

Ferromagnetism
The magnetic moments in a ferromagnet have the tendency to become
aligned parallel to each other under the influence of a magnetic field.
However, unlike the moments in a paramagnet, these moments will then
remain parallel when a magnetic field is not applied (this will be
discussed later).

Antiferromagnetism
Adjacent magnetic moments from the magnetic ions tend to align anti-parallel to
each other without an applied field. In the simplest case, adjacent magnetic
moments are equal in magnitude and opposite therefore there is no overall
magnetisation.

Ferrimagnetism
The aligned magnetic moments are not of the same size; that is to say there is
more than one type of magnetic ion. An overall magnetisation is produced but not
all the magnetic moments may give a positive contribution to the overall
magnetisation.

Right-Hand Rules: A Guide to finding the

Direction of the Magnetic Force
Fmagnetic - The force a magnetic field exerts on a moving charge
When a charge is placed in a
magnetic field, that charge
experiences a magnetic force;
when two conditions exist:
1) the charge is moving
relative to the magnetic field,
2) the charge's velocity has a
component perpendicular to
the direction of the magnetic
field

The Right-Hand Rules apply to positive charges or positive (conventional) current

When using the Right-Hand Rules, it is

important to remember that the rules
assume charges move in a conventional
current (the hypthetical flow of positive
charges). In order to apply either RightHand Rule to a moving negative charge,
the velocity (v) of that charge must be
reversed--to represent the analogous
conventional current.

Making illustrations of magnetic field and

charge interactions in 3D

Because the force exerted on

a moving charge by a magnetic
field is perpendicular to both
the the velocity of the charge
and the direction of the field,
making illustrations of these
interactions involves using the
two symbols on the left to
denote movement into or out
of the plane of the page.

Right-Hand Rule #1 (RHR #1)

Right-Hand Rule #1 determines the directions of magnetic force, conventional

current and the magnetic field. Given any two of theses, the third can be found.

Using your right-hand:

point your index finger in the direction of
the charge's velocity, v, (recall
conventional current).
Point your middle finger in the direction
of the magnetic field, B.
Your thumb now points in the direction of
the magnetic force, Fmagnetic.

RightHand Rule #2 (RHR #2)

Right-Hand Rule #2 determines the direction of the magnetic field around a
current-carrying wire and vice-versa

Using your righthand:

Curl your fingers
into a half-circle
around the wire,
they point in the
direction of the
magnetic field, B
Point your thumb
in the direction of
the conventional
current.

Applying the Right-Hand Rules:

The Right-Hand Rules give only the direction of the magnetic field. In order to
determine the strength of a magnetic field , some useful mathematical equations
can be applied.

For a long, straight

wire, the magnetic
field, B is:
B = moI / 2pr;
where,
mo = 4p x 10-7 T m / A
and os called the
permeability of free
space, r is the radial
distance from the wire
in meters, and I is the
current in amperes.

For a single loop of wire,

the magnetic field, B
through the center of the
loop is:
B = moI / 2R;
where,
mo is the permeability of
free space, and R is the
radius of the the circular
loop of wire, measured in
meters. Both the fields
for a coil of wire and a
solenoid can be
constructed from this
equation.

Magnetic Field of Current

The magnetic field lines around a long wire which carries an electric current form
concentric circles around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the wire and is in the direction the fingers of your right hand
would curl if you wrapped them around the wire with your thumb in the direction of
the current.

The magnetic field of an infinitely long straight

wire can be obtained by applying Ampere's law.
The expression for the magnetic field is

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The magnetic field of an infinitely long straight

wire can be obtained by applying Ampere's law.
Ampere's law takes the form

and for a circular path centered on the wire, the

magnetic field is everywhere parallel to the path.
The summation then becomes just

The constant 0 is the permeability of free space.

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IN

SCIENCE
MAGNETS
A magnet (from Greek magntis lthos, "Magnesian stone") is a
material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible
but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on
other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and
creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator
magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be
magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are
called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some
alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such
as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only
ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic,
all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other
types of magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials
like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized,
and magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from
"hard" ferromagnetic materials such asalnico and ferrite that are subjected to
special processing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their
internalmicrocrystalline structure, making them very hard[citation needed] to

demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be

applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material.
"Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low
coercivity.
An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when
an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current
stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of "soft" ferromagnetic material
such as steel, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,
alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism
in a material is measured by its magnetization.

MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnet (from Greek magntis lthos, "Magnesian stone") is a
material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible
but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on
other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.
A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and
creates its own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator
magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be
magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are
called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some
alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such

as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only

ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered

magnetic,

all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other
types of magnetism.
Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft" materials
like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and
magnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard"
ferromagnetic materials such asalnico and ferrite that are subjected to special
processing in a powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their
internalmicrocrystalline structure, making them very hard[citation needed] to
demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be
applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective material.
"Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have low
coercivity.
An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when
an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current
stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of "soft" ferromagnetic material
such as steel, which greatly enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or,
alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism
in a material is measured by its magnetization.

MOTORS

The generalized equation for the operation of a motor is

Electricity + Magnetism Motion
When electricity is supplied to a coil and it is inserted within a permanent magnetic
field, the two magnetic fields repel and attract each other causing the loop to
rotate. Recall the demonstration of the St. Louis motor. A DC motor is drawn as a
circuit element in the following way:

The loop equation, ABCA, for this circuit would be

- motor - Ir + = 0
motor is called the back emf of the motor and r is the resistance of the coil. This
back emf reduced the effective voltage of the battery and is also why capacitors
are used to help jump start large circuits and there is a transient voltage to
motors when they are initially turned off.

GENERATORSGenerators
The generalized equation for a generator is
Motion + Magnetism Electricity
When a coil is rotated within a permanent external magnetic field, the changing flux lines generate
a voltage within the coil.
Physlet: Faraday's Law of Induction
moving coil
Physlet: Generator
rotating coil

Since the coil has resistance, this induced emf will result in an induced electric current. The
equation for the alternating voltage produced by the rotating coil is
vinstantaneous = Vosin(2f)t
where Vo is the coil's maximum emf which equals NBA(2f) and the frequency is in rev/sec
[hz]. This equation can also be expressed as
vinstantaneous = Vosin(t)
where is the coil's angular velocity, = 2f.

TRANSFORMERS

The Law of Transformers states

Ns/Np =

Np and Ns are the number of loops in the primary and secondary coils. p and s are the emfs in th
the iron core of the transformer keeps changing - therefore, the primary must be connected to a
primary is communicated to the secondary through the iron core.

The power utilized on both coils is the same since energy is conserved. Therefore, pIp = sIs
have smaller currents and less energy loss to Joule heating. Voltages are stepped down for use in
since the induced AC voltage of the secondary will be less than the voltage across the primary.

MS.LIEZEL N. OGALESCO

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