ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATIC
SPROJECT
WORK
2015
Name: Muhammad Danial Hogan
Class: 5 Science 1
IC: 980508146489
Instructor's Name: Mr. Faizal

Contents

Number

Content

Page

Acknowledgement

Objective

Introduction

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

10

Further Exploration

12

Reflection

17

Acknowledgement
2

First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah for the energy and determination to do this
project. Next, my Additional Mathematics teacher,Mr. Faizal as he gives us consistent guidance
during this project work. He has been a very supportive figure throughout the whole project.
I also would like to give thanks to all my friends for helping me and always supporting me to
complete this project work. They have done a great job at providing different reference and
sharing information with other people including me. Without them this project would never have
had its conclusion.
Last but not least, for their strong support, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved
parents. Also for supplying the equipments and money needed for the resources to complete this
project. They have always been by my side and I hope they will still be there in the future.

Objectives

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems

To improve thinking skills
To promote effective mathematical communication
To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely
To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances eective learning
To develop positive attitude towards mathematics
To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases
students interest and condence in the subject.

Introduction

In mathematics, the maximum and minimum of a function,known collectively as

extrema are the largest and smallest value that the function takes at a point either within a given
neighbourhood (local or relative extremum) or on the function domain in its entirety (global or
absolute extremum). Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general
technique (called adequality) for finding maxima and minima. To locate extreme values is the
basic objective of optimization.

Linear programming started when Fermat and Lagrange found calculus-based formulas
for identifying optima, while Newton and Gauss proposed iterative methods for moving towards
an optimum. The term "linear programming" for certain optimization cases was due to George B.
Dantzig, although much of the theory had been introduced by Leonid Kantorovich in 1939.
(Programming in this context does not refer to computer programming, but from the use of
program by the United States military to refer to proposed training and logistics schedules, which
were the problems Dantzig studied at that time.) Dantzig published the Simplex algorithm in
1947, and John von Neumann developed the theory of duality in the same year.

Part 1
(a)
i. Mathematical optimization deals with the problem of finding numerically minimums (or
maximums or zeros) of a function. In this context, the function is called cost function, or
objective function, or energy.It is a branch of mathematics that focuses on problems
where scarce resources need to be allocated effectively, in complex, dynamic and
uncertain conditions. The program combines a solid foundation in math with special
sequences of courses in economics, business, and management science. In the simplest
case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by
systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value
of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other
formulations comprises a large area of applied mathematics. More generally, optimization
includes finding "best available" values of some objective function given a defined
domain (or a set of constraints), including a variety of different types of objective
functions and different types of domains.

ii. In mathematical analysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of maximum and
minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum), are the
largest and smallest value of the function within the entire domain of a function (the
global or absolute extrema).
We say that f(x) has an absolute (or global) maximum at x=c if f(x) f (c) for every x in
the domain we are working on. We say that f(x) has an absolute (or global) minimum at
x=c if if f(x) f (c) for every x in the domain we are working on.
iii. In mathematical analysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of maximum and
minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum), are the
largest and smallest value of the function, within a given range (the local or relative
extrema)

We say that f(x) has a relative (or local) maximum at x=c if f(x) f (c) for every x in
some open interval around.
We say that f(x) has a relative (or local) minimum at x=c if f(x) f (c) for every x in
some open interval around.

(b)

1st Method

Decide whether you're going to

find the maximum or minimum
value. It's either one or the other,
you're not going to find both.
The maximum / minimum value of
a quadratic function occurs at it's
vertex.
For y = ax2+bx+c.
(c-b2/4a) gives the y-value (or the
value of the function) at i's vertex.

If the value of a is positive,

you're going to get the minimum
value because as such the
parabola opens upwards (the
vertex is the lowest the graph can
get) and vice versa.

Finally, The value of

a cannot be zero.

2nd Method

dy/dx = 0.2ax+b = 0,
-b/2a

3rd step

dy/dx = 2ax + b

2nd step

1st step

Differentiate x with
respect to y.

Determine the
differentiation point values
in terms of dy/dx. It can be
found by setting these
values equal to 0 and find
the corresponding values.

Substitute this value

of x into y to get the
minimum/maximum
points.

Part 2
y
(a)

xx

y
4x+2y = 200
2x+y = 100
y = 100-2x
Area of the pen = xy
A = x(100-2x)
A = 100x-2x2
da/dx = 100-4x
When the area of the pen is maximum, da/dx = 0
100-4x = 0
-4x = -100
x = -100/-4
x = 25 m.
Maximum area of the pen =
100 -2x2
=100(25) 2(252)
=1250 m2
8

30-2h
(b)

h
30

v = h(30-2h)(30-2h)
v = h(900-120h+4h2)
v = 900h-120h2+4h3
dv/dh = 900-240+12h2

When volume is maximum, dv/dh = 0

12h2-240h+900 = 0
h2-20h+75 = 0
(h-5)(h-15) = 0
h-5 = 0

or

h=5

h-15 = 0

h = 15

h must be less than 15

h = 5,
v = 900(5) 120(52) + 4(h3)
v = 2000 cm3
9

Part 3
(i)

Based on the
constructed
number of hours
hours and P
people.

t/ hours
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

P/ number of people
0
241
900
1800
2700
3359
3600
3359
2700
1800
900
241
0
241

equation, a table has been

where t represents the
starting from 0 hours to 23
represents the number of

Based on the table above, a graph is generated using Microsoft Excel application.

10

(ii)

The peak hours with 3600 people in the mall is after 6 hours the mall opens
9:30 a.m. + 6 hours = 3:30 p.m.

(iii)

(iv)

7:30 p.m. is 10 hours after the malls opens. Based on the graph, the number of people
at the mall at 7:30 p.m. is 900 people.

6
By using the formula, P(t) =
+ 1800
(t)
1800 cos

6
2570 =
+ 1800
(t )
1800 cos

6
(t ) =
cos

25701800
1800

11


t= cos-1 -0.428
6
t

= 3.84 hours

t = 3 hours 50 minutes
9:30 a.m. + 3 hours 50 minutes = 1:20 p.m.

Further Exploration

a) Linear programming is a considerable field of optimization for several reasons. Many

practical problems in operations research can be expressed as linear programming
problems. Certain special cases of linear programming, such as network flow problems
and multicommodity flow problems are considered important enough to have generated
much research on specialized algorithms for their solution. A number of algorithms for
other types of optimization problems work by solving LP problems as sub-problems.
12

Historically, ideas from linear programming have inspired many of the central concepts
of optimization theory, such as duality, decomposition, and the importance
of convexity and its generalizations. Likewise, linear programming is heavily used
in microeconomics and company management, such as planning, production,
transportation, technology and other issues. Although the modern management issues are
ever-changing, most companies would like to maximize profits or minimize costs with
limited resources. Therefore, many issues can be characterized as linear programming
problems.
The example of its uses in a daily life includes Crew Scheduling
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Make sure that each flight is covered

Meet regulations, eg: each pilot can only fly a certain amount each day
Minimize costs, eg: accommodation for crews staying overnight out of towns,
crews deadheading
Would like a robust schedule. The airlines run on small profit margins, so saving a
few percent through good scheduling can make an enormous difference in terms
of profitability. They also use linear programming for yield management

b) (i)
(a) I. Cost : 100x + 200y 1400
II. Space : 0.6x + 0.8y 7.2
III. Volume = 0.8x + 1.2y

13

(b) I.
x
y

1
x+7
2

0
7

II.
x
y

y=

y=
0
9

2
6

4
5

6
4

8
3

12
1

14
0

2
7.5

4
6

6
4.5

8
3

10
1.5

12
0

3
x+ 9
4

14

15

(ii) Maximum storage volume

Method 1 Test using corner point of Linear Programming Graph (8, 3), (0, 7), and (12,
0)
Volume = 0.8x + 1.2y
Coordinate 1 - (8,3) Volume = 0.8(8) + 1.2(3) Volume = 10 cubic meter
Coordinate 2 - (0,7) Volume = 0.8(0) + 1.2(7) Volume = 8.4 cubic meter
Coordinate 3 - (12,0) Volume = 0.8(12) + 1.2(0) Volume = 9.6 cubic meter
Thus the maximum storage volume is 10 cubic meter.

Method 2 Using simultaneous equation

y=

1
x+7
2

y=

3
x+ 9 -------- 2
4

------- 1

Substitute equation 1 into 2

3
1
x +9=
x +7
4
2
x=8
y=3
Applying the value of x and y in formula ,
Volume = 0.8x + 1.2y
Thus, the maximum storage volume is 10 cubic metre.

16

(iii)
Carbinet x
4
5
6
7
8
9

Carbinet y
6
5
4
3
3
2

Total Cost (RM)

1600
1500
1400
1300
1400
1300

(iv)
If I was Aaron, I would choose the combination of 6 cabinet x and 4 cabinet y. It
statisfies the term which is the ratio of number of cabinet x to cabinet y is not less than 2:3.
Furthermore, I have an allocation of RM1400 for the cabinets and this combination is affordable
and just perfect for me as it costs exactly RM1400. The volume of the carbinet is also large
enough.

17

Reflection
Ive found a lot of information while conducting this Additional Mathematics project. Ive learnt
the uses of function in our daily lives. I never thought addmaths could be used this way!
Throughout this project, I have learned that hardwork is the key to success. My hardships in
doing this project has made me realized that challenges can turn into something better. As a
change, I have came to understand this topic better.
I have also tightened the bonds between myself, my instructor and my friends through this
project. We should always offer help to anyone who asks. I also obtained a brand new thinking
skill and can practice effective mathematical communication thanks to this project work.
In a nutshell, I think this project teaches a lot of moral values, and also tests the students
understanding in Additional Mathematics. Let me end this project with a modified lyrics to Jason
Mrazs song, Make it mine;

Wake up everyone
How can you sleep at a time like this
unless youre gonna score A plus
Listen to his voice,
The man who teach everything from just the tip of his thumbs
Making his students understand.
Im not gonna waste these times
As they are precious
The success is guaranteed
Its just that I know it
18

Im gonna make it mine

Yes Ill make it all mine.

19