CITATION:

NATURAL SCIENCES
Focus on CSE

Overview
Frequently used systems in natural

sciences

Council of Science Editors (CSE)

American Psychological Association

(APA)

Connection to disciplinary

epistemology

Situate your work, reference big

ideas, historical progression of ideas

Use references as shortcuts,
especially in methods section

Three CSE Documentation Systems

1. Name-Year
2. Citation Sequence: in

the order they appear

3. Citation Name: start
with alphabetical list
of references and
number accordingly

CSE Formats
Name/Year:

Restoring urban forests oers an opportunity to get the public involved in

healing, managing, and understanding local ecosystems (Miller & Hobbs 2002;
Jordan 2003; Light 2003).
Citation Sequence:

Restoring urban forests oers an opportunity to get the public involved in

healing, managing, and understanding local ecosystems1,2,3
Citation Name:

Restoring urban forests oers an opportunity to get the public involved in

healing, managing, and understanding local ecosystems 13, 7,6

in urban areas where forested patches are immediately surrounded by diverse land use types. Our study examined
how two key aspects of landscape structure, patch size and
adjacent land use, may influence patterns of exotic species

of exotic species.
Key words: exotic species, greenways, landscape context,
landscape structure, riparian buffers, urban forest.

In-Text Citation: CSE Name-Year

Introduction
Restoring urban forests offers an opportunity to get the
public involved in healing, managing, and understanding
local ecosystems (Miller & Hobbs 2002; Jordan 2003;
Light 2003). Because exotic species have the potential to
derail these restoration efforts, it is important to understand the role that landscape plays in determining invasion potential of restored habitats (e.g., DAntonio &
Meyerson 2002). Landscape structure, broadly defined as
the size and arrangement of habitat patches, has been
linked to the spread of exotic species in both experimental
(Bergelson et al. 1993; Holl & Crone 2004) and observational studies (Brothers & Spingarn 1992; Hutchinson &
Vankat 1998; McKinney 2002; Brown & Peet 2003;
Borgmann & Rodewald 2005; Duguay et al. 2007). Theoretically, as size of a patch increases, its invasibility
decreases, presumably because of lower edge to area
ratios (Cadenasso & Pickett 2001; With 2002). Invasion
by an exotic species may be limited if the patch is surrounded by unsuitable habitat, such as a forest patch sur-

rounded by cropland (Hutchinson & Vankat 1998;

Cadenasso & Pickett 2001) but may be enhanced by
nearby disturbance, such as human settlement (DeFerrari
& Naiman 1994; McKinney 2002; Borgmann & Rodewald 2005). Although there has been significant attention
paid to the link between general land use type (e.g., agriculture, forest, and urban) and exotic species invasion,
few studies attempt to connect local land use patterns
within urban areas to invasion.
Restoring small forest remnants within urban areas is
a major focus of many restoration projects, often in
cooperation with greenways and parks systems. Yet,
because of continued external disturbances, heavy recreational pressure, and widespread dispersal of exotic
propagules, these sites continue to be at risk for reinvasion by exotic plant species (Hood & Naiman 2000;
Byers et al. 2002). However, urban development is not
uniform (Luck & Wu 2002), and some patches may have
a better chance of sustaining native plant communities
than others (With 2002). If we better understand the
role that the urban landscape can play in determining
exotic species invasion potential, we can plan sustainable

(Brothers and Spingarn 1992;

Hutchinson and Vankat 1998;
McKinney 2002; Brown and Peet 2003;
Borgmann and Rodewald 2005;
Duguay et al. 2007)

In-Text Citation: CSE

Order from oldest to

newest (Brothers and

Spingarn 1993, Brown and
Peet 2003, Vidra and Shear
2010)
If more than 2 authors, use
et al. (Vidra et al. 2006)
Direct quotes need page
numbers: (Vidra 2003: 16)

References: CSE
Vidra, R. L., T. H. Shear, and T. R. Wentworth. 2006. Testing the paradigms of
exotic species invasion in urban riparian forests. Natural Areas Journal
26:339350.

Authors names, year, title of article, title of journal, volume

and page #s
More specics found at http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/
resdoc5e/RES5e_ch11_s1-0003.html

Document Design: CSE

No one right way in CSE journal-specic
Headings: Basic sections but also subheadings
Page Numbering: upper right, include abbreviated title and

number, start on page 2

1 margins, indent paragraphs , set quotes aside on
both sides
Tables and Figures either at top of page or on separate pages

Of particular note
CSE provides the basics,

not the specics.

Academic journals provide
specic Guidelines to
Authors.
It takes time to learn to
read scientic papers.
When writing for the
public, we often will use a
dierent citation strategy.

Useful Resource for CSE:

http://

bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/
resdoc5e/
RES5e_ch11_s1-0003.html