Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Copyrights
Note: This unit is an add-on to the original course material for MS-8: Quantitative Analysis
for Managerial Application. The unit has to be read in conjunction with the original course
material. We recommend that you first scan this material and note on the original text that
you need to study the relevant part of this supplement so that you will not forget to do so as
you study. Then, when you reach that section in your studies, refer back to this supplement.
Objective:
1. To orient and help the readers with more examples on each unit of MS-8 on Public
Systems Management.
2. To further clarify the fundamentals of quantitative techniques, supported by Public
systems examples, which have been discussed in MS-8.
3. To retain sections of this unit of MS-8 that has clear explanation of the Public
Systems Management.
AIOU
Copyrights
AIOU
Copyrights
Absolute Function: An absolute function is defined as y = f(x) = |x| where |x| is known as
the absolute value of x given by
x if 0
y = f ( x) = | x | =
x if x < 0
If x= 5, y = 5 and
If x = 5 , y = 5.
Step Function: In this case y takes a constant value for different values of x in an interval
and y takes different values for different intervals of x.
For example:
y : Unit price of a commodity
x : Quantity ordered
8
7
y=
6
5
if
if
if
if
0 < x 50
50 < x 100
150 < x
AIOU
Activity A1
A car costing Rs. 3,00,000 depreciates in such a way that each year it is worth 9/10 of what
was worth a year earlier. What is the worth of the car (i) after 2 years and (ii) after x years?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Copyrights
n
n
[a + a + (n 1) d ] = [2a + (n 1)d ]
2
2
n
= [ First term + Last term]
2
S
The average value of the first n terms of an A.P. is n
n
S n [a + a + (n 1) d ]
=
n
2
Sn =
Thus the average value of the first n terms of an A.P. equals the average of the first and the
last term.
AIOU
10
10
[5+32] = 5 37 = 185. The average
2
Copyrights
Activity E 1
(i) Find the sum of first 20 natural numbers .
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Find the sum and the average of all natural numbers greater than 20 but less than 160 and
a multiple of 5.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Consider the first 15 terms of an A.P.
6, 11, 16, 21, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Find the total, the average and the median of the first 15 terms .
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(iv) A company starts with a customer base of 15 and every month it increase its customer
base by 6 new customers without losing any customer. Find the number of customers
the company has at the end of one year.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(v) In the above problem, if each customer produces a business of Rs. 50 per month, find the
total business done by the company at the end of six months.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
AIOU
11
Copyrights
Sn =
a (1 r n )
for r 1 and r < 1
(1 r )
Sn =
a(r n 1)
for r 1 and r > 1
r 1
a
.
1 r
Example:
2
1
1
Consider the sequence 500, 500 , 500 , . It is a G.P.
2
2
1
with a = 500 and r = . The 10th term of this G.P. is given by
2
9
10-1
T10 = a r
1
= 500 . The sum of the first 5 terms is given by
2
1 5
500 1
2
a (1 r 5 )
S5 =
=
1 r
1
1
2
31
31000
= 500
2 =
32
32
AIOU
12
1
1
1
S = 500 + 500 + 500 + 500 +
2
3
2
500
=
= 1000.
1 r
Copyrights
Example 8A
A person deposits Rs. 2000 per year in a special account paying 8% per annum. How much
money is in his or her account after 5 years?
Solution At the end of 5 years, Rs. 2000 deposited at the beginning of the first year will
become = 2000 (1 + 0.08)5 = A5.
At the end of year 5, Rs. 2000 deposited in the beginning of year 2 will become
= 2000 ( 1 + 0.08)4 = A4 and so on.
Hence, the total money at the end of 5 years would be
A = A5 + A4 + A3 + A2 + A1
= 2000(1.08)5 + 2000(1.08) 4 + 2000(1.08)3 + 2000(1.08)2 + 2000(1.08)
= 2000[1.08 + (1.08)2 + (1.08)3 + (1.08)4 + (1.08)5]
(1.08) 5 1
1.08 1
= 2000 1.08
(1.08) 5 1
= 2000 1.08
= 12671.86
0.08
Hence the total money in the account at the end of 5 year will be Rs. 12671.86.
Activity F1
Consider the sequence
81, 27, 9, 3
(i) Find the 10th term of this sequence
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Find the sum of first ten terms of this sequence
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
AIOU
13
(iii) Consider the first 20 terms of this sequence and find the sum of even number of terms.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Copyrights
Activity F2
(i) The population of a place is increasing at the rate of 2% every year. Find the population
at end of fifth year if the initial population is 50,000.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) An item is purchased for Rs. 60,000 and its depreciation is calculated at the rate of 4%.
Find its worth at the end of sixth year.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) f(x) = x2 2
4. A woman deposits Rs. 20,000 in a bank that pays 6% interest per year compounded
annually. How much is in her account after 4 years. We assume that interest is
added to her account and not withdrawn.
AIOU
14
Copyrights
Mizrahi Abe and Sullivan Michael, 1979. Mathematics for Business and Social Sciences: An
Applied Approach, John Wiley & Sons.
AIOU
15
Copyrights
AIOU
16