Transmission Lines

Introduction to Transmission Lines
Overview
q
What is a transmission line?
Who benefits from using transmission line analysis?
Key circuits for digital systems analysis
The components
q
Ideal transmission lines
Lossy elements
Types of lossy elements
Syntax
Physical levels
Electrical levels
Geophysical microstrips
RCLG microstrip equivalent circuit
Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Star-Hspice Basic Training 2000
Transmission Lines
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What is a transmission line ?

q
A transmission line is a device intended to deliver an output signal at a distance

from the point of signal input.
Any conductive pathway can show transmission line effects at high enough
frequencies and/or long enough lengths.
Examples include:
Microstrips
Coaxial cables
Ribbon cables
IC package interconnect
PC board traces

Transmission Lines
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Who benefits from using transmission line analysis ?

q
System designers
IC designers
High-speed digital
High-frequency analog
Interconnect
PC board designers
Anyone concerned about cross-talk and signal integrity

Transmission Lines
l
Some key circuits for digital systems analysis

q
Pin package models ( for low pin count products )
14-64 pin DIP, PLCC, TSOP
RAM, ROM, EPROM, TTL, Glue-logic
Driver and receiver models
PGA package models ( for high pin count applications )
100-600 pin gate arrays, uPs
PCB trace models (single and coupled lines)
Variable length model for standard trace widths
Top layer (microstrip)
Mid-layer (stripline)
Cable models - coax, twisted pair, ribbon, power
Miscellaneous models - chip decoupling capacitors, tantalum capacitor, resistors

Transmission Lines
l
Some of the unwelcome effects caused by transmission line effects are:

q
Pulse rounding / distortion
Propagation delays
Crosstalk
Ringing
Ground bounce
Attenuation

Supported Elements
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Hspice supports 3 transmission line elements:

q
T: lossless, single signal only
U: lossy, allows up to 5 signal lines
W:lossy, more robust & accurate than U, allow more than 5 signal lines.
Recommend user to use W element
T and U elements are supported solely for backward compatibility

Ideal Transmission Lines: T-Element

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The ideal LOSSLESS transmission line

Txxx in inref out outref ZO=val TD=val L=val <IC=V1, I1, V2, I2>
or
Txxx in inref out outref ZO=val (Ohms) F=val <NL=val> <IC=V1, I1, V2, I2>
Efficient at simulating long delay times
Defined by impedance and delay
Input difference delayed (differential mode only)
Cannot be coupled
Common mode is NOT modeled
Td(min)=Td*L*SCALE (Caution -can cause extremely long analysis times)

in
Vint = V(out-refout)t-TD + (iout x Zo)t-TD
out
+
-
+
-
inref
outref

Voutt = V(in-refin)t-TD + (iin x Zo)t-TD
Lossy Transmission Lines: U-Element

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Lossy transmission line syntax

q
in
inref
out
outref
model_name
L=val
Physical model levels (PLEV)

q
Uxxx
Coax, twinlead, microstrip, stripline
Electrical sub-levels of physical model

q
Geometric, external field-solver entry, electrical
Useful for short time delays
Ground references are treated like the signal line
Can be coupled ( 5 lines max.)
Automatic lumping, including resistive loss, mutual coupling
N lumps


l
Syntax for U model

q
.model Umodel_name U level=3 plev=x elev=x keyname=val
Transmission lines are ALL level 3, and there are combinations of physical levels and
electrical levels. The number of conductors in the element is determined by the model
(NL=val).
Have a reference point if analysis is critical (field solver)
There are three electrical levels:

q
elev=1
Geophysical (geometry based calculation of RCLK)
elev=2
RCLK values entered from field solver
elev=3
Electro-physical parameters (impedance / delay / attenuation)
Calculation of RCLG elements


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Physical levels of U model

q
For each electrical level, there are physical levels corresponding to different kinds
of transmission line construction.
plev=1
Microstrip of 2 to 5 conductors plus a ground plane
plev=2
Coaxial cable
plev=3
Twinlead cable - 2 symmetric conductors (can be shielded)

10

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Electrical levels of U elements

q
elev=1: Transmission line described in terms of physical constants and geometric

construction
elev=2: T-line described via previously computed RCLK values
Ilev=0 Ground or shield conductor is purely resistive
Ilev=2 Ground plane and common mode L and C are included
elev=3: T-line described in terms of electrical parameters (attenuation, capacitance,

impedance)

11
Transmission Lines
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The geo-physical microstrip

q
elev=1, plev=1
dlev=0
microstrip in a sea of dielectric
dlev=1
microstrip in dual dielectric
dlev=2
stripline dual reference plane
dlev=3
overlay dielectric - planar conductor with a single reference plane and

an overlay of dielectric material covering the conductor

12
Transmission Lines
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ELEV=1 (Geometric/Physical)
q
PLEV=1
PLEV=2
PLEV=3, DLEV=0,1,2
PLEV=3, DLEV=3
ELEV=2 (Pre-computed)
q
PLEV=1
PLEV=2, 3
(Not available in Star-Hspice)
ELEV=3 (Measured data)

q
PLEV=1,2
PLEV=3

13
Star-Hspices W Element
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Based on a novel state-of-the-art transmission-line simulation method, very

fast, accurate, and robust
Inputs frequency-dependent RLGC matrices
No limit on the number of coupled conductors
No restrictions on the structure of input RLGC matrices, all matrices can be

full.
Frequency-dependent loss is accurately modeled in the transient analysis.
Accuracy does not depend on the transient speed, line length, or amount of
loss, coupling, or frequency dependence.
Requires no manual adjustments (such as the number of lumps in the U

element). Gives accurate results with large timestep.
See Star-Hspice Users Manual for more information on W-Element.

14
Element Card
W xxxx
+
+
+
+
N=num_of_conductors
node1.1 node1.N node1
node2.1 node2.N node2
RLGCfile=RLGC_file_name
l=line_length

15
RLGC File

16
W Element Syntax
Wline in1 in2 inN inRef out1 out2 outN outRef N=<value> L=<value>
+ <RLGCmodel=name | FSmodel= name |RLGCfile=name | Umodel=name>
N: number of signal wires, excluding reference conductor
L: length of transmission line (default unit: meter)
Require RLGC matrices. Allow four possible formats:
RLGCmodel (if RLGC values are already available)
Fsmodel (RLGC values unknown, but physical geometry of transmission lines is known)
RLGCfile (if RLGC values are already available, syntax is not flexible as RLGCmodel)
Umodel (supported for backward compatibility)

17
RLGCModel Syntax
.MODEL name W MODELTYPE=RLGC
+ N=<value>
+ Lo=<matrix_entries> Co=<matrix_entries>
+ (Ro=<matrix_entries> Go=<matrix_entries>
+ Rs=<matrix_entries> Gd=<matrix_entries>
+ Rognd=<matrix_entries>
+ Rsgnd =<matrix_entries> )
Example:
W1 i1 i2 i3 0 o1 o2 o3 0 N=3 L=1 RLGCmodel=sample
.model sample W MODELTYPE=RLGC N=3
Lo=2.311e-6
Co=2.392e-11
4.14e-7
2.99e-6
-5.41e-12
2.12E-11
8.42e-8
2.81e-6
-1.08e-12 -5.72e-12 2.447e-11

5.27e-7
18
Conversion Table for W-Element Matrices from U Element RLGC Matrices

19
W Element Accepts U Model

The W-Element is extended to fully accept all U-model modes including:
q
RLGC input for up to five coupled conductors
Geometric input (planar, coax, twinlead)
Measured parameter input
Skin effect
MONTE CARLO simulation
The above features provide backward compatibility with the U element.

20
Benchmark
0.35
0.3
U element (300 segments)

W element
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Transient Waveforms (V)
0.05
spurious ringing (U element)
0
-0.05
0
10
20
Time (ns)

30
21
40
50
Benchmark
l
Hspice Transient Runtime, Four-Conductor Line

Line Model
Relative
Runtime
Runtime
(s )
Memory
(Kbytes)
New model
0.17
23
Single lumped
resistors
0.69
0.12
153
Single lumped
RLGC segment
0.92
0.16
172
U element
23,513
3,827
9,354
Spice3
convolution
model
687

22
Parameter Extractor for Transmission Line (PETL)

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2-D field solver integrated into Star-Hspice simulator
Underlying numerical technique is improved version of boundary element

method
Highly efficient and accurate
Star-Hspice now performs full transmission line analysis for virtually any size
interconnect system
Supports Star-Hspice optimization and Monte-Carlo statistical analysis

23
PETL
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Parameter Extraction for Transmission Lines
Input: geometry information of transmission lines
Output: L, C, Ro, Rs, Go, Gs
Capabilities
Allow arbitrary number of dielectric and conductors
Shape of dielectric must be a planar layer
Allow arbitrary shape of conductor
Conductors must not overlap
Magnetic materials are not supported
Limitations
Proximity and edge effects are not considered so, the resulting Rs matrix is diagonal.
For inhomogeneous media, the arithmetic average values of conductivities and loss tangents
are used to compute the conductance matrices, Go and Gd .

24
PETL: Defining Materials

.MATERIAL mname METAL|DIELECTRIC <ER=val> <UR=val>
+ <CONDUCTIVITY=val> <LOSSTANGENT=val>
mname
Material name
METAL|DIELECTRIC
Material type: METAL or DIELECTRIC
ER
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity)
UR
Relative permeability
CONDUCTIVITY
Static field conductivity of conductor or lossy dielectric (S/m)
LOSSTANGENT
Alternating field loss tangent of dielectric (tan )
The Star-Hspice field solver assigns the following default values for metal: CONDUCTIVITY = -1 (perfect
conductor), ER = 1, UR = 1. PEC is a predefined metal name with the default values and cannot be
redefined.
The Star-Hspice field solver assigns the following default values for dielectrics: CONDUCTIVITY = 0
(lossless dielectric) , LOSSTANGENT = 0 (lossless dielectric), ER = 1, UR = 1 . AIR is a predefined
dielectric name with default values and cannot be redefined.

25
PETL: Defining Layerstack

.LAYERSTACK sname <BACKGROUND=mname>
+ <LAYER=(mname,thickness) ...>
sname
Layer stack name
mname
Material name
BACKGROUND
Background dielectric material name. By default, AIR is assumed

for the background.
thickness
Layer thickness
Layers are listed from bottom to top.
Metal layers (ground planes) are located only at the bottom, top, or both top and bottom.
Layers are stacked in y-direction, and the bottom of a layer stack is at y=0.
All conductors must be located above y=0.
Background material must be dielectric.
Free space without ground: . LAYERSTACK mystack
Free space with a (bottom) ground plane: .LAYERSTACK halfSpace PEC 0.1mm

26
PETL: Defining Shapes

.SHAPE sname Shape_Descriptor
sname
Shape_Descriptor
Shape name.
See the following subsections.
Rectangles
RECTANGLE WIDTH=val HEIGHT=val <NW=val> <NH=val>

WIDTH
HEIGHT
NW
NH
q
Width of rectangle (length in x-direction).

Height of rectangle (length in y-direction).
Number of segments for the width discretization.
Number of segments for the height discretization.
Normally, it is not necessary to set the values of NW and NH since they are automatically set
by the solver depending on the accuracy mode.

27
PETL: Defining Shapes (cont.)

CIRCLE RADIUS=val <N=val>
RADIUS
N
Radius of the circle.

Number of segments for discretization.
STRIP WIDTH=val <N=val>

WIDTH
N
Width of strip (length in x-direction).

Number of segments for discretization.
POLYGON VERTEX=(x1 y1 x2 y2 ...) <N=(n1,n2,...)>

VERTEX
(x, y) coordinates of vertices. Listed either in clockwise or

counter-clockwise direction.
Number of segments for each edges. If only one value is

specified, then this value is used for all edges. The first value
of N, n1, corresponds to the number of segments for the edge
from (x1 y1) to (x2 y2).

28
PETL: Defining Options

.FSOPTIONS name <ACCURACY=LOW|MEDIUM|HIGH>
+ <GRIDFACTOR=val> <PRINTDATA=YES|NO> <COMPUTEG0=YES|NO>
+ <COMPUTEGD=YES|NO> <COMPUTERO=YES|NO> <COMPUTERS=YES|NO>
ACCURACY
Sets the solver accuracy to either LOW , MEDIUM , or

HIGH .
(Default = HIGH)
GRIDFACTOR
Multiplication factor (integer) to determine the final number of

segments used in discretization. (Default = 1)
PRINTDATA
Specifies that the solver will print output matrices.

(Default = NO)
COMPUTEGO
Specifies that the solver will compute the static conductance

matrix.
(Default = YES)
COMPUTEGD
Specifies that the solver will compute the dielectric loss

matrix.
(Default = NO)
COMPUTERO
Specifies that the solver will compute the DC resistance

matrix.
(Default = YES)
COMPUTERS
Specifies that the solver will compute the skin-effect

resistance matrix.
(Default = NO)

29
PETL Example
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Three traces immersed in stratified dielectric media

30
PETL: Example Input File Listing

31
LAB 9

32

Transmission Lines

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Introduction to Transmission Lines

What is a transmission line?

Who benefits from using transmission line analysis?

Key circuits for digital systems analysis

Ideal transmission lines

Types of lossy elements

RCLG microstrip equivalent circuit

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

What is a transmission line ?

A transmission line is a device intended to deliver an output signal at a distance

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Who benefits from using transmission line analysis ?

Anyone concerned about cross-talk and signal integrity

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Some key circuits for digital systems analysis

Pin package models ( for low pin count products )

14-64 pin DIP, PLCC, TSOP

RAM, ROM, EPROM, TTL, Glue-logic

Driver and receiver models

PGA package models ( for high pin count applications )

100-600 pin gate arrays, uPs

PCB trace models (single and coupled lines)

Variable length model for standard trace widths

Top layer (microstrip)

Cable models - coax, twisted pair, ribbon, power

Miscellaneous models - chip decoupling capacitors, tantalum capacitor, resistors

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Some of the unwelcome effects caused by transmission line effects are:

Pulse rounding / distortion

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Hspice supports 3 transmission line elements:

T: lossless, single signal only

U: lossy, allows up to 5 signal lines

Recommend user to use W element

T and U elements are supported solely for backward compatibility

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Ideal Transmission Lines: T-Element

The ideal LOSSLESS transmission line

Efficient at simulating long delay times

Defined by impedance and delay

Input difference delayed (differential mode only)

Common mode is NOT modeled

Td(min)=Td*L*SCALE (Caution -can cause extremely long analysis times)

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Voutt = V(in-refin)t-TD + (iin x Zo)t-TD

Lossy Transmission Lines: U-Element

Lossy transmission line syntax

Physical model levels (PLEV)

Coax, twinlead, microstrip, stripline

Electrical sub-levels of physical model

Geometric, external field-solver entry, electrical

Useful for short time delays

Ground references are treated like the signal line

Can be coupled ( 5 lines max.)

Automatic lumping, including resistive loss, mutual coupling

Day 3, Session 3: Intro to Transmission Lines

Lossy Transmission Lines: U-Element

Syntax for U model

.model Umodel_name U level=3 plev=x elev=x keyname=val

Have a reference point if analysis is critical (field solver)

There are three electrical levels:

Geophysical (geometry based calculation of RCLK)

RCLK values entered from field solver

Td(min)=TdLSCALE (Caution -can cause extremely long analysis times)