Chapter 2

Point to Point Protocol

PPP

Objectives

Describe the fundamental concepts of point-to-point

serial communication.
Describe PPP concepts:
PPP layered architecture
PPP frame structure
PPP session establishment
link control protocol (LCP)
network control protocol (NCP)

Serial vs Parallel

Information is sent
across one wire, one
data bit at a time
Can be considerably
faster than parallel links

Higher data rate

Sends the bits over

more wires
simultaneously
Some bits arrive later
than others (Clock
Skew)
Crosstalk interference

Serialdecommunication
Proceso
la comunicacin serial

ITE 1 Chapter 6

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public

RS-232 Connector

Demarcation point

DTE and DCE

High-level data link control (HDLC)

Data link layer protocol

Error control

Retransmission of missing frames

Transmission:
Asynchronous
Synchronous

HDLC

Service:
Connection-oriented
Connectionless

Connections:
Point to point (commonly used)
Point to multi point

HDLC: Terminals

Primary Terminal (PT):

Control the Link Operation
Frames = COMMAND
Establish logical links for each ST

Secondary Terminal (ST):

Under PT control
Frames = RESPONSE

Combined Terminal (CT):

Frames = COMMAND / RESPONSE

HDLC: Links configuration

Non-balanced Configuration:
One PT and one or more ST
Transmission: Full-duplex and Semi-duplex

Balanced Configuration:
Two CT
Transmission: Full-duplex and Semi-duplex

Symmetric Configuration:
Two physical stations with a logical station

HDLC: Transfer Mode

Normal Response Mode (NRM):

Non Balanced Configuration
PT initiates transmission / ST sends RESPONSES
Multiple connections and point to point links

Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM):

Balanced Configuration
Each station can initiate data transmission
Full-duplex point to point links

HDLC: Transfer Mode

Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM):

Non balanced configuration
PS and SS can initiate data transmission
Limited application

HDLC: Frame

HDLC: Frame

HDLC Configuration
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
Router(config-if)#no encapsulation

Show interface serial x

Possible status

Serial x is down, line protocol is down

Physical problem

Serial x is up, line protocol is down

Clock rate is missed

Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)

WAN service provider problem

Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)

Loop in the circuit

Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down

Interface shutdown

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)

PPP
Network Layer

NCP

Data Link Layer

LCP

Physical Layer

Media

PPP Physical Layer

Synchronous and Asynchronous physical media

Operates across any DTE/DCE interface

Requires a duplex circuit, either dedicated or

switched

PPP LCP Layer

Sits on top of the Physical layer

Its rol is to establish, configure, and test the datalink connection
Negotiates and sets up control options

PPP NCP Layer

PPP permits multiple Network layer protocols to

operate on the same communications link.
NCP manages the specific needs required by its
respective Network layer protocol

Point-to-Point Concepts

7E

FF

03 0000 - 00FF

Max 1500

PPP Session Estabishment

LCP

LCP

PPP Configuration Options

LCP

Configuration options:

Authentication

Compression

Multilink

Error Detection

NCP

Configure PPP on a Serial Interface

Enable PPP on the interface

Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

Define the compress protocol

Router(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac]

Implementing Link Quality Monitoring

Router(config-if)#ppp quality percentage

Enable PPP multilink

Router(config-if)#ppp multilink

Configure PPP on a Serial Interface

Configure PPP on a Serial Interface

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Authentication is an LCP option for authenticating

its peer before allowing Network layer protocols to
transmit.
Two protocols
PAP: very basic two-way process without
encryption
CHAP: three-way exchange of a shared secret with
encryption

Configuring PAP Authentication

Router R1 sends its PAP username/password information to router R3

Configuring PAP Authentication

Router R3 evaluates the data againts its local dababase

Match --> accepts
No match --> rejects

Configuring CHAP Authentication

Router R3 initiates the handshake: challenge message to router R1

Configuring CHAP Authentication

R1 responds to R3s Challenge with its username and password

R1 and R3 must have the same password

Configuring CHAP Authentication

Router R3 evaluates the data againts its local dababase

Match --> accepts
No match --> rejects

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Router(config-if)#ppp authentication [chap |
pap | chap pap | pap chap] [if-needed] [listname | default] [callin]

if-needed: do not perform chap|pap authentication if the

user has already provided authentication
list-name: define a list-name for AAA/TACACS+
aaa authentication ppp

default: use default TACACS+ method

callin: authentication only on incoming calls

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Authentication PAP:
Router1(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username NAME1
password PSWD1
Router1(conf)#username NAME2 password PSWD2
Router2(config-if)#ppp pap sent-username NAME2
password PSWD2
Router2(conf)#username NAME1 password PSWD1

Authentication CHAP
Router1(conf)#username NAME2 password PSWD
Router2(conf)#username NAME1 password PSWD

PAP

CHAP

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Summary

Serial links use one wire for data without clock

skew or crosstalk interference
HDLC is the default serial protocol for Cisco
devices
HDLC has three frame types
Information: data transmission
Supervisory: transmission supervision
Unnumbered: communication setup

Summary

PPP uses two control protocols:

LCP
NCP

PPP uses two authentication methods

PAP
CHAP