I: Fundamentos de los Procesos de

Concentracin de Minerales
Conceptos de Beneficio de Minerales

Elementos de Anlisis de Procesos,

Minerales y Pulpas.
Balances de Materiales y Energa

Prof. Jess M. Casas

Recursos y Reservas Mineras en Codelco, PND 2013

Programa de Produccin en Campaas Mensuales

Propiedades y Caractersticas de las Partculas de Mineral

Tamao y distribucin de tamaos

Forma
Color
Densidad intrnseca y aparente. Gravedad Especfica
Humedad
Dureza
Porosidad
Permeabilidad
Resistividad Elctrica
Indice de Abrasin (IA)
Indice de Bond (WI)
Resistencia Mecnica (deformacin, ruptura)
Leyes
Composicin Qumica
Composicin Mineralgica
Cristalinidad
ngulo de Reposo
Segregacin

Propiedades y Caractersticas de las Pulpas

Concentracin de Slidos
Densidad de la Pulpa
Velocidad de Sedimentacin
Segregacin
Viscosidad de la Pulpa
Distribucin de Tamaos de slidos
Composicin del Fluido

EL TAMAO ES MUY IMPORTANTE

Block Caving
Hundimiento
Hidrofracturacin

60

ESQUEMA DE PREPARACION DE MUESTRAS

DE MINERAL PARA ANALISIS
Juntar bolsas mineral muestreado

Chancar 100%
bajo 6 mallas

Chancador de Mandibulas/Rodillos

Chancar 100%
bajo 10 mallas

Chancador de Cono/Rodillo

Cortar

Testigo

Resto

Cortador Rotarorio
Embolsar en cargas de 1 kilo

Pulverizador 100%
bajo 150 mallas

Testigos

A Mineralgico

Testigos

Cortar en Riffle
cargas 100-250 g

Para Anlisis Qumico

de Laboratorio

Preparacin de Muestras
Mediante chancado

y Tamizado

JK MRC

Muestras de Minerales

Mineral de Cu Oxidado
Sondaje Aire Reverso

Sondaje Diamantino

Carga a Ensayo Metalrgico

HUMEDAD DE MINERALES Y CONCENTRADOS

Humedad en Bse Hmeda del Slido (Hbh) = 100* Masa de Agua Contenida en el slido
Masa Total de Slido Hmedo
Humedad en Bse Seca del Slido (Hbs)= 100* Masa de Agua Contenida en el slido
Masa Total de Slido Seco

Ejemplo: En un embarque de 10 toneladas de concentrado

de cobre que tiene 10% de humedad (en base
hmeda), se estn transportando 1 t agua y 9 t de
mineral o slido seco.
Humedad (base hmeda) = 1t de agua /10 t de concentrado = 10,0 %p/p
Humedad (base seca) = 1t de agua /9 t de concentrado seco = 11,1 %p/p

Medicin: El contenido de agua o humedad

del slido se determina mediante
un secado y medicin de las
masas inicial y final.

Humedad de un Mineral de Cobre = 2 4%

Humedad Concentrado Cobre = 8 -10 %

Humedad de un Relave de Cobre sedimentado = 20 - 30%

Densidad Relativa:

Gravedad Especfica (S)= Densidad de un slido relativa al agua a 4oC,

donde la densidad del agua = 1 kg/L = 1 g/cm3

Ore specific gravity (S) can be readily determined by placing a known weight of
dried ore into a graduated cylinder containing a known volume of water.
Care should be taken to insure that the ore particles have been completely wetted
and that any entrained air has been allowed to escape.
The volumetric increase represents the volume of the ore sample, as follows:

Let:

S = specific gravity of the ore.

w = ore weight, grams.
V = volume increase, cm3.

Then:

S=w/V

Densidad del Agua en Funcin de la Temperatura

Water Temp

Water Density (g/cm3)

Difference (%)

0.99987

0.03

0.99993

0.01

0.99997

0.01

0.99999

0.00

1.00000

0.00

0.99999

0.00

0.99997

0.01

10

0.9997

0.06

20

0.998

0.40

30

0.996

0.80

40

0.992

1.61

50

0.988

2.41

60

0.983

3.43

Densidad Real de un Slido (Mineral) Peso Especfico (Pe)

Matraz Le Chatelier

Picnmetro

mineral con
granulometra
menor que 1 mm
mineral
100% -12# ASTM

(t/m3 g/cm3)

(t/m3 g/cm3)

(t/m3 g/cm3)

Densidad del Plomo = 11,34 t/m3

Densidad Concentrado Cobre = 4,3 - 4,8 t/m3

Densidad de un Relave de Cobre = 2,4 - 2,8 t/m3

Densidad Aparente de Acopios de Mineral (Stock-Piles)

Caracterizacin de Pulpas
Pulpa: mezcla de mineral granulado con agua

Concentracin Msica de Slidos (CM) = 100* Masa o Flujo Msico de Mineral (Slidos)
Masa o Flujo Msico de la Pulpa

Ejemplo: CM = 100 * 1 / 2 = 50 %p/p

En la molienda de minerales
En la flotacin primaria
En la flotacin de limpieza

CM = 70 80 %p/p
CM = 30 35 %p/p
CM = 25 30 %p/p

Si el mineral tiene una densidad de

2,7 t/m3, entonces 1 t/h de
mineral equivale a 0,37 m3/h,
y 1 t/h de agua equivale a 1 m3/h.
Luego el flujo volumtrico de la
pulpa es 1,37 m3/h.

Concentracin Volumtrica de Slidos (CV) = 100* Volumen o Flujo Volumtrico de Mineral

Volumen o Flujo Volumtrico de la Pulpa

Ejemplo: CM = 100 * 0,37 / 1,37 = 27 %v/v

Si el mineral tiene una densidad de

2,7 t/m3, entonces 1 t/h de
mineral equivale a 0,37 m3/h,
y 1 t/h de agua equivale a 1 m3/h.
Luego el flujo volumtrico de la
pulpa es 1,37 m3/h.

Concentracin Volumtrica de Slidos (CV) = 100* Volumen o Flujo Volumtrico de Mineral

Volumen o Flujo Volumtrico de la Pulpa

Ejemplo: CM = 100 * 0,37 / 1,37 = 27 %v/v

En la molienda de minerales
En la flotacin primaria
En la flotacin de limpieza

CV = .% v/v
CV = .% v/v
CV = .% v/v

Densidad de Pulpa (DP) =

Masa o Flujo Msico de Pulpa

Volumen o Flujo Volumtrico de la Pulpa

DP = 2 (t/h) / 1,37 (m3/h) = 1,46 t/m3

Ejemplo:

La Densidad de Pulpa es la medicin ms utilizada en el control de

procesos de concentracin de minerals.
Se determina con la Balanza de Marcy a travs del muestreo de la
pulpa y su posterior anlisis en el laboratorio.
Densidad de Concentrado Cobre en Pulpa = 1,4 - 1,6 t/m3
Densidad de un Relave de Cobre en Pulpa = 1,2 - 1,4 t/m3

Densidad de un Relave en Pasta = 2,2 2,4 t/m3

Dilucin (DI) =

Ejemplo:

Masa o Flujo Msico de Agua

Volumen o Flujo Msico de Mineral

DI = 1 (t/h) / 1 (t/h) = 1/1 1:1

Densidad de la Pulpa

Balanza Marcy

1L

muestra de
material seco
-10 +100 #ty

La balanza permite medir la gravedad especfica del slido y luego el % de slidos y la densidad de pulpa.

% SOLIDS vs SLURRY SG ( LIQUOR SG 1.00 )

90
80
70
% SOLIDS

60
50
40
30
20

10
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

SLURRY SG (t/m3)
Solid SG = 2.50
3.25
4.00

2.75
3.50
4.25

3.00
3.75
4.50

1.9

2.0

Pulp Density (Densidad de Pulpa), (s):

Any weight/volume relationship. Weight percentage of solids contained in
the ore-water slurry.
It is a measure of the water-to-solids ratio of the ore pulp.
This necessitates that suitable pulp density levels be established in process
equipments and maintained for optimum results.
Pulp density measurements are also valuable for estimating important plant
tonnages and flows where other means are not available.
Let: P = Fraction of solids by weight (wt).
S = Specific gravity of ore solids.
s = Specific gravity of pulp.
W = Weight (grams) of 1 liter of pulp.
w = Weight (grams) of dry ore in 1 liter of pulp.
D = Dilution ratio = wt of water / wt of dry ore in pulp
L = Weight (grams) or volume (cm3) of water in 1liter of pulp.
k = The solids factor o solids constant.
Assume: The specific gravity of mill water as unity, 1 kg/L.
P * W = w, or P = w / W

(1)

then, W (P * W) = W*(1 P) = L , the weight and volume of water,

(2)

also, W / 1000 = s, or W = 1000*s

Cytec

Hence, S = P * W / [1000 W*(1 P) = P * s / [1 s*(1 P)] , specific gravity of the ore

(3)

therefore, P = S*(s 1) / s*(S 1) , decimal fraction of solids by weight

(4)

and, D = W*(1 P) / (P * W ) = (1 P) / P , the dilution ratio

(5)

also, P = (1 P) / D = 1 / (D + 1) , the decimal fraction of solids by weight

(6)

The following expressions are used to calculate the k value (solids factor) for any ore or its fraction:
k = S / (S 1) or k = P * s / (s 1) , solids factor o constant

(7)

hence, S = k / (k 1) , Specific gravity of ore solids

(8)

Employing these formulas, the apparent ore specific gravity, S, and constant, k, are readily determined for
any unknown ore by the simple procedure of weighing a liter (1000 cm3) of pulp to obtain (s), drying the
sample and weighing the remaining ore solids in order to calculate a percentage solids by weight.
k is obtained by substituting this data in formula (7) and converting to S using formula (8).
Once an ore's constant, k, is known, it can then be used to determine the pulp relationships of other
slurries of the same ore. As follows:
P = k*(s 1) / s or P = k*(W 1000) / W , Fraction of solids by weight (wt)

(9)

w = k*(W 1000)

(10)

, Weight (grams) of dry ore in 1 liter of pulp

W = 1000 + w / k or W = 1000k / (k - P) , Weight (grams) of 1 liter of pulp

(11)

Cytec

Pulp Density Tables

A set of tables covering the ranges of ore specific gravities and pulp densities most
commonly useful in milling, flotation and solid-liquid separations.
These tables were constructed employing the formulas given above and their use
greatly simplifies the solution of many plant problems dealing with pulp flow and
circulating load tonnages, as well as the sizing of pumps, conditioners, mills, flotation
cells and other process equipment.
For each given wt% solids at a given dry ore specific gravity, the table columns show
the values for:

The weight ratio of solids to liquid (the reciprocal of this value is the dilution ratio, D).
The pulp specific gravity (s).
The tables can also be used to solve for:
V = Decimal volume fraction of solids in the pulp.
V=P*s/S
Vp = Volume, m3, of 1 metric ton of pulp.
Vp = 1 /s = 1000 / W
Vs = Volume of pulp, m3, containing 1 metric ton of dry solids
Vs = 1 = Vp / (P*s)

(12)
(13a)
(13b)

Note: To convert to ft3/short ton multiply 32.04 m3/metric ton

Cytec

Cytec

Cytec

Measuring an Unknown Tonnage by Pulp Dilution

If other procedures are not practical for determining the tonnage rate of solids
flowing in a certain pulp stream, an approximate measurement may be
obtainable using the pulp dilution method.
This procedure is based on adding a known amount of mill water to the pulp flow
for which the tonnage estimate is needed, then determining the specific gravities
and dilution ratios of the pulp before and after the water addition. Ore tonnage
(F) is then estimated from:
F = L / (D2 D1)

where,

(19)

F = Tons per day dry ore in pulp.

L = Tons per day mill water added.
1 short ton of water = 240 U.S. gallons

D1, and D2, are the dilution ratios in tons of water per ton of ore, before and
after the water addition, respectively.
Note: Chemical methods have also been suggested for determining unknown
mill tonnage rates but such procedures are generally impractical for all but
exceptional circumstances.
Cytec

Definiciones
Ley de concentrado (*): se refiere al contenido del metal (o elemento
requerido) de un producto final comerciable.
Se determina mediante anlisis qumico en un Laboratorio Qumico.
Recuperacin (R): es el porcentaje del metal (o elemento requerido)
contenido en el mineral que es recuperado en el concentrado.
Razn de enriquecimiento (K): razn de la ley del concentrado
versus la ley de alimentacin (relacionado con la eficiencia del
proceso).
La ley de concentrado y
independientes uno del otro.

recuperacin

son

esencialmente

Definiciones
Eficiencia Metalrgica o Rendimiento: Puede ser expresado por una
curva que muestra la recuperacin alcanzable para diversos valores de ley
de concentrado: Esta curva es llamada curva de ley / recuperacin

RECUPERACIN

LEY

Mineral de Cobre de Faena Esperanza

ORE MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Bornite Cu5FeS4
Covellite CuS
Enargite Cu3AsS4
Pyrite FeS2
Quartz SiO2
Albite NaAlSi3O8
Orthoclase KAlSi3O8
Gypsum CaSO4*2H2O
Ripidolite (Fe)6(Si)4O10(OH)8
Muscovite (K)(Fe)2(Si3.1Al0.9)O10(OH)2
Calcite CaCO3
Chlorite-1MIIb (Mg5Al)(Si)4O10(OH)8
Magnetite Fe3O4
Magnesio copiapite MgFe4(SO4)6(OH)2*20H2O
Saponite-17 Na0.3Mg3(Si)4O10(OH)2*6H2O
Chlorite (Mg,Fe)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8
Illite (K,H3O)Al2Si3AlO10(OH)2
Alunite K(Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
Jarosita
TOTAL
Chemical Analysis
Cobre Total
Cobre Soluble
Fe
S

Head
wt%
1,21
0,54
0,01
0,005
0,5
32,29
29,36
13,84
7,54
5,54
5,31
1,24
0,87
0,73
0,7
0,3
0
0
0

Residue
wt%
0,87
0
0
0

99,99

100,00

wt%
0,77
0,08
5,1
2,4

wt%
0,3

31,86
37,18
19,16
2,52

2,55
5,61
0,25

Concentrados de Cobre
CuFeS2

82.08%

FeS2

4.18%

Cu2S

0.48%

ZnS

0.59%

Fe3O4

2.15%

CaO

1.00%

MgO

1.00%

SiO2

6.00%

Al2O3

2.00%

H2O

0.22%

Otros (As,
Bi,
etc)

0.03%

Especie

Estequiometra

Ley
de Cu
%p/p

Contenido
de Fe
%p/p

Contenido
de S
%p/p

Calcopirita
Calcosina
Covelina
Bornita
Pirita
Insolubles

CuFeS2
Cu2S
CuS
Cu5FeS4
FeS2
Ganga

18.60
8.96
0.31
1.75
-n.d.

16.35
--0.31
6.60
n.d.

18.77
2.26
0.15
0.71
7.58
n.d.

29.61

23.26

29.47

Total

PA, kg/kmol
PM,
kg/kmol
159.14
95.60
501.80
183.52
393.80
1479.00
1666.31
159.60
249.68
119.98
239.26
87.91

Chalcocite
Covellite
Bournite
Chalcopyrite
Enargite
Tennantite
Tetrahedrite
Chalcocyanite
Chalcantite
Pyrite
Galena
Pyrrhotite
Sphalerite,
97.45
Blenda

Sulfuro
%
Cu2S
CuS
Cu5FeS4
CuFeS2
Cu3AsS4
Cu12As4S13
Cu12Sb4S13
CuSO4
CuSO4*5H2O
FeS2
PbS
FeS
ZnS

TOTAL
Ley (%)

63.54 55.85

Cu
%

Fe
%

32.06

74.92

S
%

As
%

207.2 65.39

Pb
%

Zn
%

Alternativas de Procesamiento
de un Mineral de Cobre segn su Ley

Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid

matter is to various kinds of permanent shape
change when a compressive force is applied.
Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized
by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behaviour
of solid materials under force is complete;
therefore, there are different measurements of
hardness:
scratch hardness
indentation hardness
rebound hardness.
Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic
stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness,
viscoelasticity, and viscosity.
Common examples of hard matter are ceramics,
concrete, certain metals

A Vickers Hardness Tester

Dureza Relativa
(Mohss scale)

Especie
Mineralgica
Calcopirita
Calcosina
Covelina
Bornita
Enargite
Tetrahedrita
Tennantita
Galena
Blenda
Molybdenita
Rutilo
Pirita
Hematita
Magnetita
Limonita (jarosita)
Ganga (cuarzo)

Dureza,
Hardness
(Mohss scale)
3.5-4
2.5-3
1-1.5
3
3
3-4
3-4
2.5-3
3.5-4
1-1.5
6-6.5
6-6.5
5-6
5.5-6.5
2.5-3.5
7

Research on Copper. History & Metallurgy. Fathi Habashi,

Laval University, Metallurgy Extractive Quebec, Canada, 2009.

Tipos de Mineral

Primario

Secundario

Sulfuro

(*ido)

(prfido)

Roca Parcialmente
Li*iviada

Sondaje Diamantino

Calcopirita
Mineralizacin Mi*ta

Micoscopa Optica

CuFeS2

CuFeS2

MINERALOGA QUMICA
Disolucin Secuencial de Distintas Especies Mineralgicas
de la Mena por Ataque Selectivo con Distintos Reactivos.
Ejemplo:

Ensayo de Cobre Secuencial

Cu(soluble en agua)

Sulfatos (CuSO4*5H2O)

Cu(soluble en cido sulfrico)

*idos (CuO*CuOH*nH2O, ..)

Cu(soluble en cianuro)

Secundarios (Cu2S, CuS, ..)

Cu(residual)

Primarios (CuFeS2, ..)

Cu(soluble en 3-4 cidos)

Cu(total)

Cobre Li*iviable / Cobre Flotable

Abrahan Barriga Vilca, (2013). Studies on the curing

and leaching kinetics of mixed copper ores. Master
of Applied Science Thesis. Materials Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Abrahan Barriga Vilca, (2013). Studies on the curing and leaching kinetics of
mixed copper ores. Master of Applied Science Thesis. Materials Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

COPPER GRADE DISTRIBUTION BY SIZE FRACTION

12

COPPER GRADE (%)

11
10
9
8
7
6
5

4
3
2
1
0

SIZE FRACTION

Mineral de Faena Cerro Colorado (BHPB, ~2000)

CAMBIOS EN MINERALOGAS DE GANGAS

(Na,Ca) Al Si3 O8
FELDESPATOS

ARCILLAS

K Al Si3 O8

(Na,Ca) (Al,Mg,Fe)2 Si4 O10 (OH)

SERICITA
K Al3 Si3 O10 (OH)2
ARCILLAS
CLORITA

Al2 Si2 O5

Al (MgFe)5 Al Si3 O10 (OH)8

BIOTITA
K (MgFe)2 Al Si3 O10 (OH)2
(F. Franqueza)

Texturas de Oclusin de la Mena

Oclusin: ocurrencia de mena rodeada por minerales de ganga, de
modo que es no es atacada por los colectores de flotacin o las
soluciones lixiviantes, o bien lo es en un grado que no asegura su
completa recuperacin.
Diferentes grados de oclusin y frecuencias de ocurrencia de estas
texturas:
Grado de Oclusin

Mena Ocluida
(Baja frecuencia)

Mena parcialmente Ocluida

(Alta frecuencia)

Bajo grado de Oclusin

(Baja frecuencia)

ASOCIACIONES MINERALGICAS

LIBRE

ASOCIADO

ASOCIADO EN BORDE

EN MICROFRACTURAS

INCLUIDO

(F. Franqueza)

Extractive Metallurgy of Copper

CONSERVACION DE LA MASA Y ENERGIA

BALANCES:

masa y energa
(materia, calor y movimiento)
Principios de Conservacin

CINTICAS:

Transformaciones, Cambios de fase,

Ruptura de molculas (enlaces),
Disminucin, Aumento de Tamao
de Partculas

Atmsfera
transferencia
de fase

dnA

Sistema Industrial

Flujo Entrada

CA = nA

dnA

Flujo Salida

dnA

V
transferencia
de fase

dnA
Suelo

Transferencias / Transportes en un Sistema Industrial

Modelacin Fenomenolgica:
Balances de Masa, Energa y Cantidad de Movimiento
Leyes fsicas
Relaciones de Equilibrio Qumico y de Fases
Ecuaciones Cinticas
Correlaciones para clculo de Propiedades
etc.

v 0
Continuida d
t

Balance de Masa

ci
N i Ri
t

Concentration and Recovery Two Product Formulae

(Frmula de Dos Productos)
F, C, T = flujo msico de alimentacin (feed), concentrado, relave (tailing)
f, c, t = ley de alimentacin (grade), concentrado, relave (%p/p wt%)
Balance de Masa:
Balance de Metal:

F = C + T (flujo de la corriente, t/h)

Ff = Cc + Tt (flujo del metal, t/h)

Ratio of Concentration, (K)

K = F/C = (c t) / (f t)

Feed,

Concentrate,

Alimentacin

Concentrado

C = F / K = ( f t) / (c t)
T

Tailing,
Relave

Recovery, Recuperacin, (R), del metal valioso en el concentrado

R % = 100 * C*c / (F*f) = 100 100*T/(C*c + T*t)
Si F = 1;

R = c * (f t) *100 = c *100
f * (c t)
K*f

Cytec

DIAGRAMA GENERAL ENTRADA-SALIDA DEL PROCESO

Concentrado

Sub-Productos

emisiones polvo

Materiales
PLANTA DE PROCESOS METALURGICOS

Minerales
Insumos
Reactivos
Cal
Lubricantes
Medios de
molienda y
desgaste

Pulpa de
Relaves

(CONCENTRADORA)
borras

Agua

Aire

Electricidad
Combustibles

Extractive Metallurgy of Copper

Concentration and Recovery Two Product Formulae

(Frmula de Tres Productos, bi-metal)

Cytec

Ej: Flotacin Cobre/Zinc

grade

grade

(c1 c4) *(z3 z4) (c3 c4)*(z1 z4)

C = F * --------------------------------------------------------(c2 c4)* (z3 z4) (c3 c4)* (z2 z4)
(c2 c4) *(z1 z4) (c1 c4) * (z2 z4)
Z = F * -------------------------------------------------------(c2 c4) *(z3 z4) (c3 c4) *(z2 z4)
RCu (copper recovery, %) = 100 * C*c2 / (F * c1)
RZn (zinc recovery, %)
RCu= F / C

F = C + Z + T (tons)
1
2
3
4
c1 c2 c3 c4
z1 z2 z3 z4

Feed
1

Concentrate
2
T
5

Z
Concentrate
3

= 100 * Z * z3 / (F * z1)
RZn = F / Z

T Tailing
4

Cytec

Frmula de Tres Productos, Simplificada

eg: using copper tail (or feed of zinc separation)
Copper Tail = T
Copper and zinc grades = c5 & z5
Assume F = 1 ton (mill feed)
Mass Balance:

F = C + Z + T (tons)
1
2
3
4
c1 c2 c3 c4
z1 z2 z3 z4

F = 1 = C + T

Copper Balance (unit 1):

Substracting:

c1 = C*c2 + T*c5
c5 = C*c5 + T*c5

Feed
1

Concentrate
2

C(c2 c5) = (c1 c5)

C = F * (c1 c5) / (c2 c5); tons copper concentrate

Similarly:

Z
Concentrate
3

Z = (F - C) * (z5 z4) / (z3 z4); tons zinc concentrate

T Tailing
4

Cytec

Flotacin de
Minerales
Flotacin
Fuerza de Empuje (Fluido) > Fuerza Peso (partcula de mineral)
f*g*Vdesplazado > mpartcula*g

Effect of grind particle size on (a) Cu recovery to concentrate and

(b) % Cu in tailings. The presence of an optimum is shown (Taggart, 1954).
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper

Anlisis
Granulomtrico

Research on Copper. History & Metallurgy. Fathi habashi,

Laval University, Metallurgy Extractive Quebec, Canada, 2009.

Anlisis Granulomtrico
La escala de los tamices se basa en que la
relacin de abertura de las mallas, para dos
tamaos adyacentes est en proporcin de
la raz cuadrada de 2 (2 = 1.414).

Tamaos de mallas Tyler estndar

N de Malla
(N de
alambres/pulgada)

Apertura,
micrones
(entre 2
alambres)

N de Malla
(N de
alambres/pulgada)

Apertura,
micrones
(entre 2
alambres)

3
4
6
8
10
14
20
28

6680
4699
3327
2362
1651
1168
833
589

35
48
65
100
150
200
325
400

477
295
208
147
104
74
53
38

Cytec

Cytec

Classifier and Screen Performance Formulae

Classification efficiency is generally defined as the weight ratio of
classified material in the sized overflow product to the total amount of
classifiable material in the classifier feed, expressed as a percentage.
For two-product separations, the general form used is:
E = O/ F = 10,000 * (o f) / [f*(100 f)] = % efficiency, (20)

overflow

Feed,
Alimentacin

Where, F = Feed to Classifier, dry tons/day ore.

O = Classifier overflow, dry tons/day ore.
f = wt% of ore in feed finer than the mesh of separation (mos).
o = wt% of ore in the sized product finer than the mos.

U
underflow

Example: Using tonnages and the screen analysis data (O =1000, F = 4190, f = 44.9
and o = 95.1), determine the classification efficiency of the cyclones at a
mos of 65# (65 mesh).
E = 10,000 * (1000 / 4190) * (95.1 44.9) / [(44.9)*(100 44.9)] = 48.4% efficiency

Cytec

Screening Formulae

Cytec

a. Recovery of undersize through the screen

R = 100* (c a) / [(c + f) 100] , wt% recovery of fines

(21)

Where, a = Feed, wt% coarser than mesh of separation (mos).

b = Feed, wt% finer than mos.
c = Oversize, wt% coarser than mos.
d = Oversize, wt% finer than mos.
f = Undersize, wt% finer than mos.
b. Efficiency where undersize is desired product
E = R * f / b , % screen efficiency

(22)

and for a quick estimate, E = 100 - d.

c. Efficiency where oversize is desired product

O = 100% - R , wt% oversize

(23)

E = O * c / a , % screen efficiency
d. Overall efficiency of screening
E = [(O * c) + (R * f) ] /100 , % overall efficiency

(24)

Size

Weight
(grams)

+1 mm
+ 850 m
+ 600 m
+ 425 m
+ 300 m
+ 212 m
+ 150 m
+ 106 m
+ 75 m
- 75 m
Totals

2.40
4.85
19.27
28.01
35.29
36.74
43.60
46.39
33.92
54.63
305.10

% Weight Cum. % Wt.

retd.

0.8
1.6
6.3
9.2
11.6
12.0
14.3
15.2
11.1
17.9
100

0.8
2.4
8.7
17.9
29.4
41.5
55.8
71.0
82.1
100.0

Assay
(g/t)

% Au
dist.

Cum.% Au
dist.

Au
(ug)

10
10
12
13
15
20
30
45
60
35
30.40

0.3
0.5
2.5
3.9
5.7
7.9
14.1
22.5
21.9
20.6
100

0.3
0.8
3.3
7.2
12.9
20.8
34.9
57.4
79.4
100.0

24.0
48.5
231.2
364.1
529.4
734.8
1,308.0
2,087.6
2,035.2
1,912.1
9,274.8

Mass Distribution
+1 mm

Sizing of Scavenger
Spiral Concentrate
of Gold

+ 850 m
+ 600 m

+ 425 m
+ 300 m
+ 212 m
+ 150 m
+ 106 m

+ 75 m
- 75 m
0%

5%

10%

15%

Percent weights

20%

25%

Distribucin Acumulativa Pasante

SEGREGACIN POR TAMAO

Variaciones de densidad, porosidad y

permeabilidad al interior de equipos,
acopios (stock-piles), silos y tolvas

Distribucin
Granulomtrica

Seleccin de Procesos de Lixiviacin

por Ley y Tamao de partcula

Mtodos de concentracin segn tamao de partculas

CONCENTRACIONES DE SOLUTOS
Solubility: S = 100*W2 = mass percent of solute, wt% o %p/p

Mass fraction solute: W2 = m2 / (m1 + m2)

Mass of Solvent: m1, kg

Molecular mass solvent: PM1, kg/kg-mole

Mass of Solute: m2, kg

Molecular mass solute: PM2, kg/kg-mole

Molality: m = 1000*W2 / [PM2 (1-W2)]; mol solute/kg solvent

Molar fraction solute: *2 = W2*PM2 / [W2/PM2 + (1-W2)/PM1]
Solution Density, d = (m1 + m2) / V solution = kg/L o g/cm3 o t/m3
Molality: M = m2 / PM2 / L solution = mole solute/L solution

Part per million: ppm or mg/L; mg solute/L solution

Concentration: C2 = m2 / V solution = g solute/L solution
Mass of solute in 100 g of water: R2 = 100*W2 / (1 - W2); wt/v% o %p/v
Concentracin (eq/L) = Concentracin (mol/L) * Carga inica = M * Z

Composicin del Aguas Superficial y de Pozo

Constituyentes Mayores
Parmetro

Agua Superficial
(mg/L)

Agua Subterrnea
(mg/L)

Sodio (Na+)

6,3

30,0

Magnesio (Mg2+)

4,1

7,0

Calcio (Ca2+)

15,0

50,0

Potasio (K+)

2,3

3,0

Cloruro (Cl-)

7,8

20,0

Sulfato (SO42-)

3,7

30,0

Bicarbonato (HCO3-)

58,0

200,0

Slice [SiO2 (ac)]

14,0

16,0

pH

6-8

7,4

120,0

350,0

TDS, SDT

Elemento

AGUA
DE RELAVE

CaCO3
Cl
SO4
Cu
Na
K
Mo
Ca
Temperatura, (C)
pH

Concentracin
ppm, mg/L
750
600
944
6.5
625
55
5
154
15
10.8

Composicin del Agua de Mar

Constituyente

Sodio (Na+)
Magnesio (Mg2+)

mg/kg (ppm)

10 500
1 350

Calcio (Ca2+)

400

Potasio (K+)

380

Cloruro (Cl-)

19 000

Sulfato (SO42-)
Bicarbonato (HCO3-)

2 700
142

Bromuro (Br-)

65

Otros slidos

34

Slidos disueltos totales

34 500