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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel
Alternative fuel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
1 Background
2 Biofuel
2.1 Biomass
2.2 Algae-based fuels
2.3 Biodiesel
3 Alcohol fuels
4 Ammonia
5 Carbon-neutral and negative fuels
6 Hydrogen
7 HCNG
8 Liquid nitrogen
9 Compressed air
10 Propane Autogas
11 Natural Gas Vehicles
11.1 CNG Fuel Types
11.2 Practicality
11.3 Environmental Analysis
12 Nuclear power and radiothermal generators
12.1 Nuclear reactors
12.2 Thorium Fuelled Nuclear Reactors
12.3 Radiothermal generators
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Background
The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which should be in a stable form and can be easily transported to the
place of use. Almost all fuels are chemical fuels. The user employs this fuel to generate heat or perform
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mechanical work, such as powering an engine. It may also be used to generate electricity, which is then used for
heating, lighting, or other purpose.
Biofuel
Main article: Biofuel
Biofuels are also considered a renewable source. Although renewable
energy is used mostly to generate electricity, it is often assumed that
some form of renewable energy or a percentage is used to create
alternative fuels.
Biomass
Main article: Biomass
Biomass in the energy production industry is living and recently dead
biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production.
Algae-based fuels
Main article: Algae fuel
Algae-based biofuels have been promoted in the media as a potential panacea to crude oil-based transportation
problems. Algae could yield more than 2000 gallons of fuel per acre per year of production.[1] Algae based fuels
are being successfully tested by the U.S. Navy[2] Algae-based plastics show potential to reduce waste and the
cost per pound of algae plastic is expected to be cheaper than traditional plastic prices.[3]
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oils, renewable resources that come from plants such as
jatropha, soybean, sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut, safflower, canola, sesame, cottonseed, etc.
Once these fats or oils are filtered from their hydrocarbons and then combined with alcohol like methanol,
biodiesel is brought to life from this chemical reaction. These raw materials can either be mixed with pure diesel
to make various proportions, or used alone. Despite ones mixture preference, biodiesel will release smaller
number of pollutants (carbon monoxide particulates and hydrocarbons) than conventional diesel, because
biodiesel burns both cleanly and more efficiently. Even with regular diesels reduced quantity of sulfur from the
ULSD (ultra-low sulfur diesel) invention, biodiesel exceeds those levels because it is sulfur-free.[4]
Alcohol fuels
Main articles: Alcohol fuel, Butanol fuel, Ethanol fuel and Methanol fuel
Methanol and ethanol fuel are primary sources of energy; they are convenient fuels for storing and transporting
energy. These alcohols can be used in internal combustion engines as alternative fuels. Butanol has another
advantage: it is the only alcohol-based motor fuel that can be transported readily by existing petroleum-product
pipeline networks, instead of only by tanker trucks and railroad cars.
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Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3) can be used as fuel.[5][6] Benefits of ammonia include no need for oil, zero emissions, low cost,
and distributed production reducing transport and related pollution.
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barrel.[31] The U.S. Navy estimates that shipboard production of jet fuel from nuclear power would cost about
$6 per gallon. While that was about twice the petroleum fuel cost in 2010, it is expected to be much less than
the market price in less than five years if recent trends continue. Moreover, since the delivery of fuel to a carrier
battle group costs about $8 per gallon, shipboard production is already much less expensive.[32] However, U.S.
civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.[33] The Navy's estimate that 100
megawatts can produce 41,000 gallons of fuel per day indicates that terrestrial production from wind power
would cost less than $1 per gallon.[34]
Hydrogen
Main article: Hydrogen fuel
Hydrogen is an emissionless fuel. The byproduct of hydrogen burning is water, although some mono-nitrogen
oxides NOx are produced when hydrogen is burned with air.[35][36]
HCNG
Main article: HCNG
HCNG (or H2CNG) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4-9 percent hydrogen by energy.[37]
Liquid nitrogen
Liquid nitrogen is another type of emissionless and efficient fuel.
Compressed air
The air engine is an emission-free piston engine using compressed air as fuel. Unlike hydrogen, compressed air is
about one-tenth as expensive as fossil oil, making it an economically attractive alternative fuel.
Propane Autogas
Propane is a cleaner burning, high performance fuel derived from multiple sources. It is known by many names
including Propane, LPG (Liquified Propane Gas), LPA (Liquid Propane Autogas), GPL (Gas Propano Liquido),
Autogas and others. Propane is a hydrocarbon fuel and is a member of the natural gas family.[38]
Propane as an automotive fuel shares many of the physical attributes of gasoline while reducing tailpipe
emissions and well to wheel emissions overall. Propane is the number one alternative fuel in the world and
offers an abundance of supply, liquid storage at low pressure, an excellent safety record and large cost savings
when compared to traditional fuels.[39]
Propane delivers an octane rating between 104 and 112[40] depending on the composition of the butane/propane
ratios of the mixture. Propane Autogas in a liquid injection format captures the phase change from liquid to gas
state within the cylinder of the combustion engine producing an "intercooler" effect, reducing the cylinder
temperature and increasing air density.[41] The resultant effect allows more advance on the ignition cycle and a
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Practicality
Around the world, this gas powers more than 5 million vehicles, and just over 150,000 of these are in the U.S.[46]
American usage is growing at a dramatic rate.[47]
Environmental Analysis
Because natural gas emits little pollutant when combusted, cleaner air quality has been measured in urban
localities switching to natural gas vehicles[48] Tailpipe CO2 can be reduced by 1525% compared to gasoline,
diesel.[49] The greatest reductions occur in medium and heavy duty, light duty and refuse truck segments.[49]
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Nuclear reactors
Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled
nuclear reactions. The only controlled method now practical uses nuclear fission in a fissile fuel (with a small
fraction of the power coming from subsequent radioactive decay). Use of the nuclear reaction nuclear fusion for
controlled power generation is not yet practical, but is an active area of research.
Nuclear power is usually used by using a nuclear reactor to heat a working fluid such as water, which is then
used to create steam pressure, which is converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity
or propulsion in water. Today, more than 15% of the world's electricity comes from nuclear power, and over 150
nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built.
In theory, electricity from nuclear reactors could also be used for propulsion in space, but this has yet to be
demonstrated in a space flight. Some smaller reactors, such as the TOPAZ nuclear reactor, are built to minimize
moving parts, and use methods that convert nuclear energy to electricity more directly, making them useful for
space missions, but this electricity has historically been used for other purposes. Power from nuclear fission has
been used in a number of spacecraft, all of them unmanned. The Soviets up to 1988 orbited 33 nuclear reactors
in RORSAT military radar satellites, where electric power generated was used to power a radar unit that located
ships on the Earth's oceans. The U.S. also orbited one experimental nuclear reactor in 1965, in the SNAP-10A
mission. No nuclear reactor has been sent into space since 1988.
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Radiothermal generators
In addition, radioisotopes have been used as alternative fuels, on both land and in space. Their use on land is
declining due to the danger of theft of isotope and environmental damage if the unit is opened. The decay of
radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets
where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem. Radiothermal generators (RTGs) which use such
radioisotopes as fuels do not sustain a nuclear chain reaction, but rather generate electricity from the decay of a
radioisotope which has (in turn) been produced on Earth as a concentrated power source (fuel) using energy
from an Earth-based nuclear reactor.[57]
See also
Alcohol fuel
Alternative fuel cars
Alternative propulsion
Biogas
Compressed-air vehicle
E-diesel
Energy development
Fischer-Tropsch process
Greasestock - An alternative fuel festival in
New York
Heating value
List of 2007 Hybrid Vehicles
List of energy topics
Magnesium injection cycle
NGH A possible future alternative to LNG
for transporting natural gas
Swiftfuel A potential lead-free alternative to
100LL aviation gasoline.
Vegetable oil used as fuel
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External links
Alternative Fuels Data Center (U.S. DOE) (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/)
Alternative Fuels Information Centre (Victorian Government) (http://www.alternative-fuels.com.au/)
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Training National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium, West Virginia
University (http://www.naftc.wvu.edu)
Clean Cities Program U.S. DOE program encouraging alternative fuel use (http://www1.eere.energy.gov
/cleancities/)
International Air Transport Association alternative aviation fuels (http://www.iata.org/membership
/sp/areas/Pages/alternative-fuel.aspx)
ScienceDaily - Alternative Fuel News (http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy
/alternative_fuels/)
Student's Guide to Alternative Fuel ( (http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/transportation
/electric.html)California Energy Commission)
Sustainable Green Fleets, an EU-sponsored dissemination project for alternatively fuels for fleets
(http://www.sugre.info/Vorlage.phtml?lan=en)
Pop. Mechanics: Crunching the numbers on alternative fuels (http://popularmechanics.com/science/earth
/2690341.html?page=1&c=y)
Global list of Alternative Fuels related Organizations on WiserEarth (http://www.wiserearth.org
/organization/limitToMasterid/161/limitToType/aof)
Alternative Fuels portal on WiserEarth (http://www.wiserearth.org/aof/161)
Alternative Clean Transportation Expo (http://www.actexpo.com)
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (http://www.yale.edu/gillingham/hydrogenICE.pdf)
Student's Guide to Alternative Fuels (http://www.autoinsurancecenter.com/students-guide-to-alternativefuels.htm)
Green Revolution - The Future of Electric Cars (https://www.tes.co.uk/teaching-resource/greenrevolution--the-future-of-electric-cars-6164620)
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