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( Reaffirmed 1995 )
Indian Standard
\
UDC
677-l/*4
@ BIS
BUREAIJ
MANAK
October 1989
OF
BHAVAN,
: 67701742
1989
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
Price Group 3
---
TDC I
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 20 March
1989, after the draft finalized by the Physical Methods of Test Sectional Committee had been
approved by the Textile Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1954 and included two methods for determining the mean
single fibre strength and intrinsic strength ( cotton ). It has been revised with a view to include
other tensile characteristics, namely, elongation ( extension ) and to cover testing of other textile
fibres. The existing methods have also been updated on the basis of experience gained during
their use and developments that have taken place after the publication of the standard.
Assistance
has been derived from IS0 5079-1977 Textiles - Man-made fibres - Determination
of breaking strength and elongation of individual flbres, and ASTM D 3822 Test method for tensile
properties of single textile fibres issued by the In&national
Organization for Standardization
( IS0 ) and the American Society for Testing and Materials, respectively.
In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed
or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for
rounding off numerical values ( revised 1.
IS 235 i 1989
Indian Standard
1 SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes methods for determination of tensile characteristic
of individual
textile fibres.
IS
4807 : 1968
IS
4952 : 1968
IS
6359 :.1971
Title
IS 10014
(Part 2) : 1981
2 GENERAL
4 TERMINOLOGY
3 REFERENCES
3.1 The following Indian Standards are necessary
to this standard
IS No.
IS
234 : 1973
:
Title
Specification
for water for
general laboratory use ( second
revision )
IS 1070 : 1977
the follow-
adjuncts
Methods
af tests for manmade, staple fibres : Part 2
Determination of linear density
at a predetermined
rev&ion )
ES 235 : 1989
4.5 Constant
Rate of Loading
A mechanism
in which the specimen is subjected
to a force that increases at a predetermined
constant rate which is such that the average time-tobreak will fall within the specified limits.
4.6 Elongation
Breaking
It is obtained
from the area under load elongation curve and is expressed in mN/tcx.
Percent
5 SAMPLING
5.1 Natural
Elongation
4.7
4.9.2
The
stress
to strain.
It
of the
curve.
initial
straight
It is expressed
portion of a
in mN/tex.
Modulus, Secant
ratio
between
stress.
4.9.3
of
Modulus, Initial
The slope
stress-strain
Fibres
at Break, Percent
In a tensile
test, the difference
between the
length of a stretched
specimen
at breaking load
and its initial length, usually
expressed as a percentage of the latter.
4.9.1
Toughness
Modulus, Tangent
4.10 Pre-Tension
5.2 Man-Made
4.11 Time-to-Break
The time interval
during
which a specimen
is
under (a generally
increasing)
tension, to reach
the breaking
load.
NOTE -Time-to-break
4.12 Toughness
Toughness
or
energy required
specific
work
of rupture
is the
to rupture
a specimen
of umt
refcrcncc
Fibres
may bc
OF TEST
and Other
Natural
shall be pre-
SPECIMEN
Fibres
and
elongation.
IS 235:1989
6.2 Man-Made Fibres
The procedure
followed.
given
7 CONDITIONING
OF TEST SPECIMEN
AND REAGENTS
8.8 Jig
This is to aid in accurately mounting the test
specimens on tabs at the specified gauge length.
9 PROCEDURE
9.1 Coddition the test specimen in the standard
atmospheric conditions ( see 7.1 ).
9.2 Set the machine to give the required duration of test between the limits specified in 8.f.I
and 8.1.2.
suitable
mN/tex
for the
density
8.2 Clamps
There are flat jaws for gripping the fibre specimens and are designed to minimize slippage
during the test.
8.3 Tabs
These are of thin plastic or other material for
use with cementing techniques.
IS 235 : 1989
10 EXPRESSION
OF RESULTS
10.4 Calculate the coefficient of variation ( percent ) of the breaking strength and of the elongation at break.
10.5 In addition,
if necessary, calculate any
other required, tensile properties, namely, tenacity, modulus and breaking toughness,
etc.,
( see Annex C ).
NOTE - As the
coefficient
of variation percent
for the individual fibre tenacity is very high for
natural fibres, more number of tests of specimens
11 TEST
are advisable
for a desirable degree OF accuracy.
If the confidence
limits for 50 tests do not differ
by more than f 4 percent from the mean, then this
value is taken as the mean of the lot. Otherwise,
the number of tests shall be increased until the
confidence limits are brought within & 4 percent
of the mean breaking load ( For better significance
of test results of natural
fibres.
at least 300
specimens may be taken and tested ).
REPORT
e>
Determine the properties of wet fibres on specimens immersed in a 01 percent aqueous solution of a non-ionic wetting agent. Allow sufficient wetting-out time before testing to produce
the maximum
change in breaking load and
elongation at break as indicated by no further
change with longer periods of immersion.
ANNEX
OF TEST SPECIMEN
A-l It
must be emphasized
that great care
should be taken to ensure that the fibre is not
damaged, for example, the length of the fibre
under test must not be held with tweezers.
A-2 Mount a test specimen
in the jaws of the
clamps,
removing
slack
without
stretching
the
specimen.
The specimen must be straight within
the jaws
and extreme care must be taken to
ensure that the fibre specimen
lies on the line of
action
between
the force-measuring device and
2 For pre-tensioned
fibres, suitable
must be attached to the testing machine.
fibre clips
These can
IS 235 : 1989
ANNEX B
( Ckluse 10.3 )
MEASUREMENT
B-l In measuring breaking
elongation,
particularly of crimped
fibres, difficulty lies
in
deciding the starting point of test.
B-l.1 The initial portion of the curve is rarely
This part of the curve represents the
linear.
fibre bending in the grips, or the removal of
the crimp, or a combination of these.
B-l.2 For this reason, in particular,
where at
the start of the force, elongation curve is very
it may be useful to determine the
rounded,
theoretical start of elongation be extrapolation
to zero force, from the straight portion of the
force-elongation
curve adjacent to the initial
portion of the curve.
OF ELONGATION
B-2 SLACK MOUNTING
MOUNTING
The effective length of each test specimen between the jaws being equal to the gauge length,
the percentage elongation at break of the fibre
can be calculated directly from this gauge length.
ANNEX C
( Clause 10.5 )
CALCULATIONS
C-l EFFECTIVE SPECIMEN
LENGTH
C-3 MODULUS,
at break, percent
SECANT
IE
= 100 X El
BP
where
IE
C-3.1 Initial modulus is a measure of resistance of the fibre to extension at loads below
the yield point. For calculating initial modulus,
calculate the tenacity in mN/tex corresponding
to any convenient point P on the line AB by
drawing a line PC perpendicular
to the zero
load axis. Calculate the fractional elongation
( Et ) corresponding to IC, that is, the ratio of
IC to the effective specimen length. Then
calculate the initial modulus as follows:
Tenacity ( PCltex
-__- )
Modulus, initial =
Er
where
PC = load
indicated
by distance PC in
Fig. 1, and
E/ = fractional
elongtion
corresponing to
distance IC.
C-4 MODULUS,
AT BREAK
INITIAL
Modulus,
Secant
TellacityifsRlteX
where
= specimen
EIBp = calculated
elongation
( mm ), and
indicated
by distance SR in
Fig. I, and
EI = fractionai
elongation
corresponding
to distance RX.
SR = load
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6861: SEZ SI
Standard Mark
The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureau of the Indian
made thereunder. The Standard Mark on
products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have been produced
to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well defined system of inspection,
testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by BIS and operated by the producer. Standard. marked products are also continuously checked by BIS for conformity to
Details of conditions under which a licence for the use
that standard as a further safeguard.
of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from
the Bureau of Indian Standards.
Standards, Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations
Date of Issue
Text Affected
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