Regional

Maritime
University
DANGEROUS
GOODS
COURSE: CARGO SCIENCE

BSc. Logistics And

Shipping Management

DANGEROUS CARGO GOODS

INTRODUCTION
Various international bodies have made provisions for handling Dangerous
Cargoes. The dominant body in the global shipping industry is the IMO
(INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION). This international
shipping body has made regulations and codes that help to facilitate in handling
Dangerous Cargoes to prevent workplace hazards and also protect the
environment, life and properties.

Definitions: Dangerous cargo

Dangerous Cargo, they are substances capable of posing a significant risk to
health, and can be safely transported by air or ship. Dangerous goods can be
safely transported by air if they are in approved quantities and properly
packaged and handled.
Examples of dangerous cargo goods include;
Insecticides, garden chemicals (fertilizers, poisons)
Lithium batteries
Magnetized materials
Machinery (chain saws, outboard engines containing fuel or that have
contained fuel)
Fuel for camp stoves, lanterns, torches or heating elements
Automobile batteries

 Infectious substances
Any compound, liquid or gas that has toxic characteristics
Bleach
Flammable adhesives

Diplomat is recognized as one of the global leaders in the shipping of dangerous

goods for government agencies, government contractors and the commercial
sectors worldwide.
It is also a violation of law to tender cargo containing dangerous goods that
have not been properly subject to screening, declared, identified, packaged,
marked, labelled, or documented to any airline. Failure to properly identify and
tender a dangerous goods shipment can result in United States Department of
Transportation maximum penalties of up to five years in prison, fines or more.
The IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods) is one also one of the
international agencies who deals with dangerous cargo goods

When transporting or handling dangerous cargos one should take

into consideration certain important factors. These are;

Stability OF Dangerous Goods

 Preventing Interaction With Other Substances

Contamination OF Food and Personal Products
control of Spills
Transfer of Dangerous Goods
Fire Protection, Spillage Controls and Ventilation
Safety Equipment and Safe Access
Placarding
Packages
Transfer
Package And Labelling

Stability of Dangerous Goods

Controls must be put in place to ensure dangerous goods do not inadvertently
become unstable, decompose or change. Controls should ensure hazards are not
created that are different from the hazard originally created by the dangerous
goods, or increase the risk associated with the dangerous goods.
If the stability of dangerous goods is dependent on the maintenance of levels
of stabilisers, those levels must be maintained as specified by the manufacturer
of the dangerous goods. Additionally if the dangerous goods are required to be
stored or handled with a particular temperature range specified by the
manufacturer, they must be stored or handled within that temperature range.

Preventing Interaction With Other Substances

Provisions should be made to ensure dangerous goods that are not

compatible with other.
Substances (including other dangerous goods) are stored and handled
separately from the other substances so that a loss of containment or any other
interaction cannot cause a serious incident.

Contamination of Food and Personal Products

Provisions should be made to ensure that dangerous goods cannot
contaminate food, food packaging or personal use products on board.

Areas where dangerous goods stored in bulk must ensure that:

The container and any associated pipe work are provided with stable
foundations and
Any pipe work or equipment connected to the container is installed so as
to prevent excessive stress on the container, pipe work or equipment, and;
The container and any associated pipe work are protected from
deterioration.

Containment of Spills
Controls should be put in place to ensure any risk associated with spills and
leaks from dangerous goods are eliminated or controlled as per the UOW Risk
Management Guidelines. Additionally provisions should be put in place to
ensure any spills or leaks are contained safely within the premises it has taken
place as well as any effluent arising from an incident.

Any area or receptacle intended to contain spills or leaks must not be shared
with any other substances, including other dangerous goods that are not
compatible with the dangerous goods to be contained. Bunding and draining
into an underground sump or tank are examples of containment controls.

Transfer of Dangerous Goods

Any risks associated with the transfer of Dangerous Goods must be
eliminated and where this is not possible the risk should be controlled.
Guidelines; In particular provisions should be made to:

control spills and leaks, and;

minimise static electricity, and;
Control vapour generation, and;
Ensure the suitability of pipe work, attachments and associated safety
systems in areas

where the risk elimination or control measures have

been proposed.

Fire Protection, Spillage Controls and Ventilation

The need for fire protection and the appropriate fire protection system should
be determined by a risk assessment. The fire protection system includes fire
detection, fire suppression and fire fighting equipment, which may be fixed or
portable. The risk assessment should take into account the types and quantities
of dangerous goods and other material and substances and how they are stored
and handled. Additionally, the risk assessment should consider the types and
quantities of dangerous goods and other materials and substances in the area and

the types of incidents these could potentially cause. The fire protection system
should be installed, tested and maintained in accordance with legislative
requirements.
Any spill or leak associated with Dangerous Goods in bulk or those that are
packaged that poses a risk must be eliminated and where this is not possible the
risk controls as per the Risk Management Guidelines. Ensure spillage controls
are in place to prevent or limit environmental contamination, and that
ventilation is adequate for storage, handling and use. This may require a
ventilation survey.
Any atmospheric emissions from dangerous goods that are toxic, corrosive,
and flammable, explosive or asphyxiate must be eliminated.

Safety Equipment and Safe Access

Safety equipment must be provided, maintained and accessible if it has been
determined to be required to control an identified risk in relation to the storage
or handling of dangerous goods (including personal protective equipment and
clean up equipment such as neutralisers, decontaminants and associated
equipment). Additionally, a safe means of access to and from and within any
locations where dangerous goods are stored or handled must be provided and
maintained.

Placarding
All dangerous goods in quantities exceeding the Placarding quantities are
placarded with the appropriate warning signage as outlined in Appendix 1

appropriate to the class of goods being stored. A placarding report is available

for each storage location in Chem Alert. The OHS Unit will review the manifest
requirements according to Chem Alert to ensure placarding of buildings and
manifests are obtained appropriately on an annual basis.

Packages
Dangerous goods stored in packages must be:
closed when not in use;
stored on surfaces which will not deteriorate if the package is damaged
resulting in a spill;
stored in such a way to minimise the risk of falling, and;
Positioned in such a way so that leakage will not affect other dangerous
goods.

Transfer
When transferring dangerous goods:
an appropriate area should be set aside for the purposes of transfer or
decanting of dangerous goods products;
spill containment should be provided to hold the spill of the largest
package i.e. bunding;
vapour or dust generation during transfer should be minimised, and;
where static electricity is generated, appropriate controls measures should
be adopted to minimise the charge build up. This might be in the form of
earthling, bonding or relaxation.

 Consideration should be given to minimising the generation of static

electricity and for
sources of heat or ignition.

PARKING AND LABELLING

reasonable measures to ensure that dangerous goods are packed as
specified in the Technical Instructions

reasonable measures to ensure that packages, over packs and freight

containers are labelled and marked as specified in the Technical
Instructions

THE HAZARDROUS CLASSES AND THEIR DIVISIONS

In shipping dangerous cargo goods, the hazard classes

and their divisions should be taken into consideration
and they are as follows;
Class 1: Explosives and the divisions are
Division 1.1: Substances and articles which have a mass
explosion hazard

Division 1.2: Substances and articles which have a projection

hazard but not a mass explosion hazard
Division 1.3: Substances and articles which have a fire hazard
and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or
both, but not a mass explosion hazard

Class 1.4
Explosives
Class 2: Gases and the divisions are:
Division 2.1: Flammable gases
Division 2.2: Non-flammable, non-toxic gases
Division 2.3: Toxic gases

Class 2

Class

2.2

Class
2.3

Non-flammable Poisonous

Gases
Gases

Gases

Class 3 Flammable Liquids

Class 3

Flammable Liquid

Class 4: Flammable solids* and the

divisions are:
Division 4.1: Flammable solids, self-reactive
substances and solid desensitised explosives
Division 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous
combustion
Division 4.3: Substances which in contact with
water emit flammable gases

Class 4.1

Class 4.2

Flammable Solids

Spontaneously Combustible

Class 4.3

Dangerous when wet

Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic
peroxides
Division 5.1: Oxidizing substances

Division 5.2: Organic peroxides

Class 5.1
Oxidizing Agent

Class 5.2
Organic Peroxide

Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances

and the divisions are:
Division 6.1: Toxic substances
Division 6.2: Infectious substances

Class 6.1
Toxic Substance

Class 7: Radioactive material

Radioactivity is only a potential hazard and

that differ it from other dangerous goods.
A white label represents the lower risk and a
yellow label is a greater radioactive hazard.
The higher the red number the higher the risk.

Class 7.1
Radioactive

Class 8: Corrosive substances

Labels for class 8 & 9

Class 8
Corrosive Substance

Class 9
Misc Dangerous
Goods

SEGREGATING DIFFERENT TYPES OF DANGEROUS GOODS

BEFORE TRANSPORTING THEM
Some products become dangerous if they are accidentally mixed, and such
incompatible materials should ideally be carried in separate vehicles. If they
must be carried in the same vehicle, these goods must be fully and effectively
segregated and secured.

Goods which must be segregated if carried on the same vehicle include:

acids with cyanides, sulphides, or chlorites
oxidisers with flammables
flammables with toxic gases
corrosives with pressure gas containers
Segregation can be achieved by loading materials into separate compartments of
the vehicle, or in separate load areas, with inert cargo providing a barrier in
between. Alternatively, individual containers can be over-packed with strong
material to contain any leakage and prevent damage.

Foodstuffs and animal feeds should not be transported in the same vehicle as
toxic or infectious products unless fully segregated, and not carried in vehicles
previously used for such products unless it's been properly cleaned.
Explosives are sensitive to heat, and often to shock, and need special handling see the page in this guide on

Conclusions
There are other regulations that specified regulations for handling dangerous
goods. The United Nations have developed recommendations on the transport of
dangerous goods. Major international agreements ruling transportation of
dangerous goods include IATA (International Air Transport Association)
Dangerous Goods Regulations, ICAO Technical Instructions, International
Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and International Maritime dangerous
Goods code.
It is very important that every organizations train its staff and personnel to
handle dangerous goods to facilitate its transport.
In this regards, it is important to note that the Ghana Ports and Harbours
Authority have organized a five-day workshop on how to handle dangerous
cargo.
Participants at the workshop include Ghana Ports and Harbours Authority,
Stevedoring companies, Shipping lines and Agencies, the Ghana Maritime
Authority (GMA) and the Regional Maritime University (RMU).

The Consultant who is a personnel from the International maritime

Organisation include Mr. Rob Van Uffenlen, Mr. Peter Anderson and Dr.
Michael Manuel have taken the participants through various topics that prepared
them to be able to detect dangerous and bulk cargo entering the countries ports.
(Ref;Daily Graphic, March 5, 2011. Page18).
The revision of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code by the
IMO on July 1, 2009 made it mandatory for entities engaged in activities that
involved dangerous cargo handling to retrain their staffs to enable them comply
with the revised provisions of IMDG code.
It is therefore imperative for every worker dealing with dangerous goods to
obey the procedures stated above in order to prevent workplace hazards. This
will make our ports hazard free, protect life and property and also make the
environment safe and secured for every habitat.
With this we will be on our way in achieving our vision of becoming the
preferred ports and ultimately the maritime hub in West and Central African Sub
region.
Thank You.

Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I-O psychology,

industrial-organizational psychology, work psychology, organizational
psychology, work and organizational psychology, industrial psychology,
occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) applies
psychology to organizations and workplaces. These organizations and

workplaces include for-profit businesses, non-profits, government agencies,

colleges, universities, and graduate and professional school programs. Industrialorganizational psychologists contribute to an organization's success by improving
the performance and well-being of its people. An I-O psychologist researches and
identifies how behaviors and attitudes can be improved through hiring practices,
training programs, and feedback systems.[1] In the academic context, an I-O
psychologist's research might similarly focus on improving admissions systems,
learning outcomes, academic achievement, degree completion, and teaching
and assessment methodologies

Ob/sociology /psychology
When researchers set out to explain the many different aspects of Motivation from an
Organizational Behavior perspective, many different key aspects, theories, and
implementation methods are used to describe this very large, unique and broad topic.
Motivation is essentially described by the textbook as "the extent to which persistent effort is
directed towards a goal." It is very important for modern managers to understand the different
forms and characteristic values of different motivation theories, and how to properly
implement them in their organization.

Some of the most famous theories of motivation stem from the "Needs Theories" which are
motivation theories that specify the kinds of needs people have and the condition in which
they would want to exemplify these needs. The first Need Theory involves Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs Theory which uses five basic needs that are arranged in hierarchy
beginning with basic needs and then moves further to more complicated and self-fulfilling
needs. The needs include; Physiological needs: survival needs, Safety needs: security and
stability, Belongingness needs: social interaction, Esteem Needs: competence/independence
needs, Self-Actualization: aim to fulfill one's true potential as a person. The beginning needs
relate more to Basic needs, and as you move further along the line of needs towards Selfactualization needs, you get away from basic needs to Higher Order Needs. Maslow's Theory
basically concludes that the lowest-level need that is unsatisfied has the greatest motivating
potential.
Alderfer's ERG Theory is a very similar "Needs Theory" that doesn't use five needs to explain
satisfaction and motivation, but uses three that include, Existence needs: material or condition
satisfying needs, Relatedness needs: satisfied through communication, Growth Needs:
satisfied through involvement. As Maslow's theory explains, the motivating factor of this
theory will be the need that is least satisfied, and as you move along these needs you go from
Intrinsic (inner) motivation to Extrinsic (outward) Motivation, and lower level needs are
gratified, while higher level needs are desired.
McClelland's Theory explains that needs reflect stable personality characteristics that are
acquired through life exposes, expectancies, and experiences. This theory doesn't aim to use

hierarchical relationship among needs, but uses situations to explain when certain
motivational factors will be exhibited. The theory uses three main highlights to explain this
theory which include; situations in which personal responsibility can be taken for outcomes,
tendency to set difficult goals, and the desire for performance feedback. Basically this theory
explains that people with high n Ach (low need for affiliation) are motivated by trying to
improve themselves, while those with high n Aff (high need for affiliation) are concerned
with being affiliated with others, and are motivated by interaction and being able to fit in.
There are also some "minor" theories that are labeled Process Theories of Motivation that
don't concentrate on needs, but focuses on how motivation actually occurs. Among these
different theories are the Expectancy Theory, Equity Theory, and the Goal setting theory. The
expectancy theory is centered around the belief of outcomes that people expect as a result of
their behavior. Vroom's theory uses an expectancy theory to explain his beliefs which use the
components of Outcomes: results, Instrumentality: one minor outcome will lead to greater
results, Valence: the value of expected outcomes, Expectancy: uses probability to explain
achievement, and Force: the ending result of all of the previous products. Many personal
views centered around individual motivation will include characteristics related to this theory.
For instance a person may say to themselves, "If I work hard now as a sales representative, I
may be able to make assistant manager, then eventually move up to store manager, and in five
years I will be able to make District manager."
The Equity theory says that employees compare the inputs of their efforts to the outputs or
results to another person or group of people. When applying this theory, if the employee feels
that their comparison ratios are adequate or equal they will be motivated for continual effort
and motivation, and vise versa if the ratios don't equal. This theory is usually used and
applied in an economical setting, and is often used to explain if employees feel that they are
underpaid for their efforts and job duties. The final theory is centered around goal setting
which is a motivational technique that uses specific, challenging, and acceptable goals while
including feedback mechanisms to enhance understanding and performance. This theory is
very common within American organizations and often it does work because it is easy to
implement, and allows employees to establish guidelines while allowing the company to
enforce and reward those actions. To help enhance goal setting theories, companies usually
will use participation, many individuals will be more likely to want to participate in goal
setting methods, because they are the ones who set the goals. Also there are special rewards
and incentives, usually centered around monetary bonuses or the possibilities for promotion.
Also besides participation and rewards there is the needed value of support that managers
must implement to help their staff accomplishes their goals that have been set.
So many organizations have been offering goal setting motivational tactics for years, and
many have experienced success with the process. These have been the easiest forms of
implementation by organizations, and many have experienced success with the processes.
Regardless of what theory and processes managers choose to use, it's important to evaluate
their staff properly before implementing the motivating factors, and also ensure that they
offer proper rewards, encourage participation, offer support, and offer feedback to ensure that
their employees do feel valued and motivated and are achieving to their full capabilities.

Ob as communication
Organization sets itself specific objectives in order to meet the better business
success, and to gain comparative advantage over the competition. For these
objectives to be achieved, of crucial importance is organizational communication
per se which implies communication among employees, as well as
communication between different hierarchic levels in the same organization.
Communication as an element of organizational behaviour is seen through the
group level as the independent variable. Throughout this paper we shall explain
the importance of communication for organization, the communicational process
and channels for information flow through the network of small formal groups
and the network of informal groups. Hereby we also want to emphasize the
greater need for appreciation of communication as the important factor of
organizational behaviour due to the growing changes in organizations which face
the leadership with new challenges and opportunities for testing the different
organizational behavour concept modes. We will also demonstrate the extent of
satisfaction with communication within the observed economic operators in
Osijek-Baranja County, and evaluate the impact of communication on the
employee level on business performance of the same.
Formal communication is a systematic and formal process of information
transmission in spoken and written form planned in advance, and adjusted with
the needs of the organisation. (Fox; 2001, 42.) While informal communication
does not follow the line determined in advance, but there is an undisturbed
communication between particular groups within the organisation.
The process of communication involves several elements: the sender, the
message, the medium, and the recipient. Communication flows from the sender
which is the source of the communication (be it an individual or a group). He
sends off the message to the recipient using a particular medium. When talking
about the communication within the organisation, characteristic for the medium
are different immediate conversations, memos, printouts and schemes
depending on the content and the aim of the message which the sender wants to
convey to the recipient. The recipient then attempts to understand which
message the sender wants to convey, although the communication process may
sometimes be interrupted by a noise in the communication channel, which can
impede the communication. The problem which often appears within the
organisation is getting information overload which leads to a burden, so
therefore it is important to take account of selecting only the relevant
information.
Communicational flow in the organisation can develop into many different
directions: upward communication, downward communication and sideward
communication.
Upward communication the one which goes up the official hierarchy,
from the lower to the higher level in the organisation. Information go from the
subordinates to the superiors. It is mostly used for sending information
associated with the proposals system, employees opinion, work insight,
attitudes and problems of the employees. It is important to secure the freedom
of communicating (undisturbed information flow) since the main drawback of

the upward communication is message filtering.

Downward communication flows from the higher to the lower levels in
the organisation. It is characteristic for giving orders, broadening of ideas and
communicational knowledge. It takes up a lot of time, but its most common
problem is the loss or denying of information on the path through the chain of
command; very often there is misunderstanding of the directions, therefore a
backward connection has to be established in order to confirm the transmission
of correct and full information.
OB as management