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See also Gravity (disambiguation), Gravitation (disam- ligible inuence on the behavior of sub-atomic particles,
biguation) or Law of Gravity (disambiguation).
and plays no role in determining the internal properties of
Gravity (or gravitation) is a natural phenomenon by everyday matter. On the other hand, gravity is the dominant force at the macroscopic scale, that is the cause of
the formation, shape, and trajectory (orbit) of astronomical bodies, including those of asteroids, comets, planets,
stars, and galaxies. It is responsible for causing the Earth
and the other planets to orbit the Sun; for causing the
Moon to orbit the Earth; for the formation of tides; for
natural convection, by which uid ow occurs under the
inuence of a density gradient and gravity; for heating the
interiors of forming stars and planets to very high temperatures; for solar system, galaxy, stellar formation and
evolution; and for various other phenomena observed on
Earth and throughout the universe.
In pursuit of a theory of everything, the merging of general relativity and quantum mechanics (or quantum eld
theory) into a more general theory of quantum gravity has
become an area of research.
which all things attract one another including stars, planets, galaxies and even light and sub-atomic particles.
Gravity is responsible for the formation of the universe
(e.g. creating spheres of hydrogen, igniting them under
pressure to form stars and grouping them in to galaxies). Gravity is a cause of time dilation (time lapses
more slowly in strong gravitation). Without gravity, the
universe would be without thermal energy and comprise
only of equally spaced particles. On Earth, gravity gives
weight to physical objects and causes the tides. Gravity
has an innite range, and it cannot be absorbed, transformed, or shielded against.
Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature. The gravitational force is approximately
1038 times the strength of the strong force (i.e. gravity is
38 orders of magnitude weaker), 1036 times the strength
of the electromagnetic force, and 1029 times the strength
of the weak force. As a consequence, gravity has a neg-
General relativity
1.5
3
The tests of general relativity included the following:[9]
General relativity accounts for the anomalous
perihelion precession of Mercury.[10]
The prediction that time runs slower at lower potentials has been conrmed by the PoundRebka experiment, the HafeleKeating experiment, and the
GPS.
Einstein discovered the eld equations of general relativity, which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after him. The Einstein
eld equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear,
dierential equations. The solutions of the eld equations
are the components of the metric tensor of spacetime. A
metric tensor describes a geometry of spacetime. The
geodesic paths for a spacetime are calculated from the
metric tensor.
Notable solutions of the Einstein eld equations include:
The Schwarzschild solution, which describes spacetime surrounding a spherically symmetric nonrotating uncharged massive object. For compact
enough objects, this solution generated a black hole
with a central singularity. For radial distances
from the center which are much greater than the
Schwarzschild radius, the accelerations predicted by
the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical
to those predicted by Newtons theory of gravity.
The Reissner-Nordstrm solution, in which the central object has an electrical charge. For charges with
a geometrized length which are less than the geometrized length of the mass of the object, this solution produces black holes with two event horizons.
The Kerr solution for rotating massive objects. This
solution also produces black holes with multiple
event horizons.
The Kerr-Newman solution for charged, rotating
massive objects. This solution also produces black
holes with multiple event horizons.
The cosmological Friedmann-Lematre-RobertsonWalker solution, which predicts the expansion of the Main articles: Graviton and Quantum gravity
universe.
2
2.1
Specics
Earths gravity
SPECIFICS
According to Newtons 3rd Law, the Earth itself experiences a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
to that which it exerts on a falling object. This means that
the Earth also accelerates towards the object until they
collide. Because the mass of the Earth is huge, however,
the acceleration imparted to the Earth by this opposite
force is negligible in comparison to the objects. If the
object doesn't bounce after it has collided with the Earth,
each of them then exerts a repulsive contact force on the
other which eectively balances the attractive force of
gravity and prevents further acceleration.
5
Under the same constant gravity assumptions, the
potential energy, Ep, of a body at height h is given by Ep =
mgh (or Ep = Wh, with W meaning weight). This expression is valid only over small distances h from the surface
2
of the Earth. Similarly, the expression h = v2g for the
maximum height reached by a vertically projected body
with initial velocity v is useful for small heights and small
initial velocities only.
2.3
2.4
Gravitational radiation
2.5
Speed of gravity
5 SEE ALSO
Alternative theories
4.1
5 See also
Angular momentum
Anti-gravity, the idea of neutralizing or repelling
gravity
Articial gravity
Birkeland current
Gravitational wave
Gravitational wave background
4.2
EinsteinInfeldHomann equations
n-body problem
Mixmaster dynamics
7
Pioneer anomaly
Footnotes
Nature News.
[8] Dmitri Pogosyan. Lecture 20: Black HolesThe Einstein Equivalence Principle. University of Alberta. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
[23] List, R. J. editor, 1968, Acceleration of Gravity, Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Sixth Ed. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., p. 68.
References
Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane
(2001). Physics v. 1. New York: John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 0-471-32057-9.
Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004).
Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.).
Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.
Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-71670809-4.
EXTERNAL LINKS
8 Further reading
Thorne, Kip S.; Misner, Charles W.; Wheeler, John
Archibald (1973). Gravitation. W.H. Freeman.
ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.
9 External links
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), Gravitation,
Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 9781-55608-010-4
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), Gravitation, theory of, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer,
ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Velocity
A
Distance
Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (A) and observed (B). The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to
dark matter.
10
10
10
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