Chapter18:TheAgeoftheCities

1OldImmigrants

1.Sawnewimmigrantsasthreats(nativismemerged)
somesawthecheaplabortheyprovidedasabonus,
othersasathreatcamefromWestEuropehigher
literacyrates
2.ConcurrentwiththearrivalofNewImmigrants(late
1800s,early1900s)
3.Nativistsocietiessprungupinreaction&many
viewedforeignerascauseofallproblems
Nativism>AmericanProtectiveAssociation
Nativism>ImmigrantRestrictionLeague(foundedto
screenimmigrantsthroughliteracytests,etc.toseeif
thepersonisdesirableornot)
Beginningtomigrateintocities(primarilyoftheEast
andMidwest)
immigrantquestion(whattodo?)>Chinese
exclusionactof1882

2.NewImmigrants

1.CamefromMexico,LatinAmerica,China,Japan,
SouthandEasternEuropeancountries(Slavs,
Russian,Poles,Slovaks,Italian,Greeks,etc.)notas
welleducatedorrichasoldimmigrantswerentused
todemocracy
2.186019001018millionimmigrants
3.Organizedinethniccommunitiesandencouraged
thegrowthofcities
Mostimportantsourceofurbanpopulationgrowth
MostcamefromEurope
Whereasearlierimmigrants(suchas
Germans/Scandinavians...NOTIrish)wereableto
becomeprosperousbybuyingfarmsinthewest,the
newimmigrantshadlittlecapitaloreducation>most
tookunskilledjobsinindustry/factory(liketheearlier
Irish)
DiversifiedAmerican>nativistsbecameprominent
onceagain
Unskilledjobswerelowpaidandlimited>ethnic
tensionsrose&immigrantghettosest.

3.AmericanProtectiveAssociation

1.HenryBowers(founder)
foundedtostopimmigranttide
2.1887peakofnativismandimmigration
3.popularinNEandMidwest
firstlargepoliticalresultofnativistdemands
madebynativistsfornativists

4.SocialDarwinism

1.ApplicationofDarwinstheoryofevolutionto
modernsocialdevelopment
2.duringtheriseofmonopolies
3.Likedbythewealthy(esp.monopolyowners)since
itjustifiedtheirpositionandtactics
HerbertSpencerLeadingproponent
WilliamGrahamSumner(Yale)proponentofsocial
darwinismandlaissezfaire

5.JacobRiis

HowtheOtherHalfLives

1.DanishimmigrantandNYreporter/
photographer
Wrote
HowtheOtherHalfLives
(descriptionsand
picturesoftenementlife)
2.1890bookpublished
3.asareformer,advocatedrazingoftheslums
withoutbuildingnewhousingtoreplacethem
showedrealitiesoflifeinslums

6.Tenements(Dumbbell
Tenements)

1.Evolvedtodescribeslumdwellingspreviously
describedonlymultiplefamilyrentalbuildingsmade
forthepoor
2.inventedin1850NYlawin1870makingwindows
necessary
3.hailedasanimprovementinthehousingofthe
poorwheninventedin1850>becamejustasbad
(landlordsreluctanttoinvestmuchinimmigrant
housing)
1870NYlawforwindowperroom>shaftsmade
(emergenceofdumbbelltenements)
Dumbbelltenementsgotnarrowertowardsthecenter
(commonhallsharedbyallresidents)
Verydifficultanduncleanlife(
HowtheOtherHalf
LivesR
iis)

7.FrederickLawOlmstead

1.CreatedCentralPark(w/CalvertVaux)Promoterof
thenotionofanurbanparkasarefuge
2.late19th,early20thcentury
3.growingcongestionofcitylandscape>more
peoplewantedgreeneryincities
CentralPark/ProspectPark(NY)>Olmstead
recruitedtomakeparksinBrooklyn,DC,Chicago,and
Boston.

8.Realism

1.Efforttorecreateurbanrealityculturalmovement
afterromanticism
2.late1800s,early1900s
3.StephenCraneauthorof
TheRedBadgeof
Courage
(morefamous),
Maggie:AGirlofthe

Streets
showedtheplightoftheworkingclassanda
grimpictureofurbanreality
ThomasDreiserauthortoshowsocialdislocations
andinjustices(
SisterCarrie
&
AnAmerican
Tragedy
)
FrankNorris
TheOctopus
1901(strugglebtwnrrd
companiesandoppressedfarmers)
UptonSinclair
TheJungle
1906(revealthe
depravityofcapitalismshowedabusesof
meatpackingindustry)>producedlegislativeaction
forproblem
KateChopin
GreatAwakening
shocking
9.Naturalism

1.literarymovementthatincorporatedrealismtoshow
therealityofsociallifeandposition
2.1880sto1930s
3.broughtscientificdeterminismintoliterature/art
shockedpeople
TheodoreReiserJackLondonStephenCrane

10.AshcanSchoolofArt

1.Realistschoolofartknownforportrayingscenesof
dailylifeinNYpoorerneighborhoods
2.Early1900smarkedbeginningofmodernism
3.modernismgloriedtheordinaryandmovedaway
fromgenteeltradition
amongfirstAmericanstoappreciateexpressionism
andabstraction
explorationofsamegrimaspectofrealitylikein
literature
JohnSingerSargent
JohnSloanurbanslums
GeorgeBellowsprizefightsviolence

11.Pragmatism

1.modernsocietyshouldrelyonthetestofscientific
inquiryforguidance,notoninherentideals
2.early1900s
3.spawnedbyDarwinismandproductofAmericas
changingmaterialcivilization
Advocates:WilliamJames(psychologist),CharlesS.
Peirce

12.Anthropology

1.socialsciencethatstudiesrelationsofhumans
becamepopularduetorelativisticimplicationsof
Darwinism
2.late1800searly1900s
3.encouragedscholarstoexaminothercultures
(esp.NativeAmericans)>manythoughtthatnatives

hadculturesthatdeservedrespect(notpopularidea
thoughatthetime)
13.TammanyHall

1.PowerfulNYpoliticalmachine
2.NY1860s/1870s
3.gotpowerbygivingimmigrantstherighttovote,
patronage,clientelism,kickbacks/corruption,etc.
suchorganizationsresponsibleforhelpingthecitys
infrastructuretoo(thecityhadaweakgovernmentas
thesizeofthecitieswererising>powervacuum>
newproblemsofsewage,fires,etc.)
Machines&Bosses(ingeneral):
Productofpotentialvotingpowerofimmigrants
principlesourcethathelpedimmigrants
Functionofpoliticalboss:winvotesfor
organizationbywinningloyaltyofconstituents
Mostbosseswereforeignbornorfirstgeneration
(mostIrish)
Machines=waytomake$

14.BossTweed

1.MostfamouslycorruptcitybossofTammanyHall
2.NY1860s/1870s
3.Wenttojailforcorruption
helpedimmigrants(constituents)togainvotes
ledtheTweedReign(corruptedpoliticians)
pg.514
KeepingTammanysBootsShined
(cartoonc.1887)byJoseph
Keppler
policeman
oilingTammanyHallsshoeswithpatronageshine

15.ThomasNast

1.Anartistandapoliticalcartoonist.Hedidmanyof
themostfamousandpoliticallyimportantcartoonsof
thetime.DepictedIrishlikemonkeys.
2.1800s/1900s
3.AfterNastdidacartoonofBossTweedandthe
TweedRing,heexposedWilliamTweedandbrought
hisarrestandimprisonment.

16.RoleofPoliticalmachines

1.Anartistandapoliticalcartoonist.Hedidmanyof
themostfamousandpoliticallyimportantcartoonsof
thetime.DepictedIrishlikemonkeys.
2.1800s/1900s
3.AfterNastdidacartoonofBossTweedandthe
TweedRing,heexposedWilliamTweedandbrought
hisarrestandimprisonment.

17.
ProgressandPoverty

1.AbookbyHenryGeorge.Ittriedtoexplainwhy
povertyexistedamidthewealthcreatedbymodern

industry.Heblamedsocialproblemsontheabilityofa
fewmonopoliststogrowwealthyasaresultofrising
landvalues.
2.Published1879
3.BecameoneofthebestsellingnovelsinAmerican
publishinghistory.Georgeproposeasingletaxto
replaceallothertaxes,whichwouldreturnthe
incrementtothepeople.
18.
LookingBackwards

1.ByEdwardBellamy.Autpoiannovelabouta
Bostonianwhowenttosleepin1887andwokeupin
year2000tofindanewsocietywherewant,
politics,vicewereabsent.Allthetrustscombinedand
theentiresocietybecameagreatamchine.Noclass
labels.
2.1888
3.rivaled
ProgressandPoverty
inpopularity.Bellamy
namedthephilosophybehindhisvisionas
nationalism,andcausedover160NationalistClubs
toform.

19.SettlementHouses

1.Young,idealisticpeoplesettledintoimmigrant
neighborhoodstolearnabouttheproblemsof
immigrants.Theylivedinsettlementhouses.They
wantedtoprovidesocialservicesforpplinthe
neighborhood.
2.late1800searly1900s
3.ThemostfamouswasHullHouseinHelpedteach
Englishtoimmigrants,providedschooling,provided
musichalls,etc.Settlementworkersalsosupported
child/womenrights,housingreform.

20.JaneAddams

1.AsettlementworkerwhostartedHullHouse.She
wasalsoafamouspeaceactivist.
2.beganHullHousein1889,Chicago.
3.Shebelievedinpeaceandbeganoneofthemost
famoussettlementhousesintheUS.

21.SocialGospelMovement

1.AnumberofProtestantclergymenpreachedthe
causeofsocialjusticeforthepoor.(socialgospel
appliedChristianprinciplestosocialissues)
2.1880sand1890s.
3.LeaderMinisterWalterRauschenbusch.His
preachinglinkedChristianitywtheprogressive
movement+encouragedmidcprotestantstotry
andsolveurbanprobs

22.WalterRauschenbusch

1.TheleaderoftheSocialGospelMovement.
WorkedinNYCsHellsKitchen+wrotebooks
tellingreligionstohelpwsocialjustice.
2.late1800searly1900
3.LinkedChristianitywtheProgressiveReform
Movement.encouragedmidcprotestantstotry
andsolveurbanprobs

23.SalvationArmy

1.ImportedfromEngland.Providedbasic
necessitiesoflifeforthehomelessandthepoor,
whilepreachingChristiangospel.
2.1879
3.Increasedwellbeingofsomehomeless.
IncreasedinfluenceofChristiansandtheChristian
ChurchintheProgressivereformmovement.

24.MarkTwain

1.ThepennameofSamuelL.Clemens.Thefirst
greatrealistauthor.Wrote
TheAdventuresof
HuckleberryFinn.
2.1884
3.Hisworkrevealedthegreed,violence,and
racisminAmericansociety.Healsostartedthe
trendofrealistnovels,bringingattentionto
problemsinsocietyandreallife.

25.WCTU&FrancesE.Willard

1.WomensChristianTemperanceUnion.
Advocatedtotalabstinencefromalcohol.Leader=
FrancesE.Willard.
2.founded1874
3.Grewvpopularwithwomen,gaining500,000
membersby1898.

26.ChangesinEducation

Elementaryschoolscontteachingreading,writing,
andarithmetic.Newlawsinc.#ofelementary
schoolkids.Growinginterestinearlyeducation
90%literacyrate.
Newsupportforpublichighschools,which
emphasizedvocationalandcitizenshipeducation
foranurbansociety.
Alsomorecolleges,incl.womencolleges.
Newtrendtowardsocialactivities,fraternities,
intercollegiatesports.Newsocialsciences
psychology,sociology,anthropology,political
science.

27.W.E.B.DuBois

1.Theleadingblackintellectofhisday.First
AfricanAmericantogetadoctoratefromHarvard.

2.1800s
3.Usednewstatisticalmethodsofsociologyto
studycrimeinurbanareas.Advocatedfullrights
forblacks,integratedschools,etc.
28.TalentedTenth

1.W.E.B.DuBoiscalledforhighereducationfor
thetalentedtenthofAfricanAmericanyouth.
2.1800s
3.Hewasanactivistandasupporterofequal
rightsforAfricanAmericans.