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Uric acid (or urate) is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and
hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
Sources
Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines.
Purines are found in some foods and drinks, such as liver, dried beans and peas, beer,
and wine scallops, game meats, and gravy.
A moderate amount of purine is also contained in beef, pork, poultry, fish and
seafood, cauliflower, spinach, mushrooms, green peas, wheat.
In many instances, people have elevated uric acid levels for hereditary reasons.
Excretion
Most uric acid dissolves in blood and travels to the kidneys, where it passes out in
urine.
Normal values:
In human blood, uric acid concentrations between 3.6 mg/dL (~214µmol/L) and
8.3 mg/dL (~494µmol/L) (1mg/dL=59.48 µmol/L) are considered normal
HYPERURICEMIA:
It is classified as:
Primary hyperuricemia :
Occurs due to inborn error of metabolism.
Secondary hyperuricemia :
Occurs due to secondary causes e.g cancers etc.
PRIMARY:
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Xanthinuria
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
SECONDARY:
Due to cancers
Renal failure
Lead poisoning
Gout:
Excess serum accumulation of uric acid can lead to a type of arthritis known as
gout.
1. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome:
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with very high serum uric acid levels
due to lack of enzyme hupoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl
transferase(HGPRTase)
Spasticity, involuntary movement and cognitive retardation as well as
manifestations of gout are seen in cases of this syndrome.
2. Xanthinuria:
3. Cardiovascular disease:
Although uric acid can act as an antioxidant, excess serum accumulation is often
associated with cardiovascular disease.
5. Metabolic syndrome:
Hyperuricemia is associated with components of metabolic syndrome and it has
been debated for a while to be a component of it. It has been shown in a recent
study that fructose-induced hyperuricemia may play a pathogenic role in the
metabolic syndrome.
This agrees with the increased consumption of fructose-base drinks in recent
decades and the epidemic of diabetes and obesity.
• Acidosis
• Alcoholism
• Lead poisoning
• Leukemia
• Nephrolithiasis
• Polycythemia vera
• Renal failure
• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Purine-rich diet
• Excessive exercise
• Chemotherapy-related side effects
Drugs that Can Increase The Level Of Uric Acid by decreasing renal excretion::
• Alcohol
• Ascorbic acid
• Aspirin >2 g/day
• Diazoxide
• Diuretics
• Epinephrine
• Ethambutol
• Levodopa
• Methyldopa
Drugs that Can Increase The Level Of Uric Acid by increasing production:
• Cisplatin
• Fanconi syndrome
• Wilson's disease
• SIADH
• Low purine diet
• Multiple sclerosis
Drugs That Can Decrease The Level Of Uric Acid by increasing excretion:
Azathioprine
Corticosteroids
Estrogen
Probenecid
Warfarin
Aspirin dose>4g/day
Drugs That Can Decrease The Level Of Uric Acid by decreasing production:
Allopurinol
SERUM URIC ACID ESTIMATION
PRINCIPLE:
REAGENT:
R1:
Phosphate buffer pH 8.0
Chlorophenol
R2:
Uricase
POD
4-aminoantipyrine
Preservative
Standard:
Uric acid
WORKING REAGENT:
Dissolve contents of enzyme reagent R2 with the corresponding volume of buffer R1.
Gently swirl until completely dissolved. DO NOT SHAKE. Label it as Working reagent.
SPECIMEN:
TESTING PROCEDURES:
Materials provided:
Working solution as described above
Additional materials required calibrators and controls as indicated below
0.9% NaCl
Manual procedure:
Wavelength: Hg 546nm(490-550nm)
Temperature: +250C / +30 0C / +370C
Cuvette: 1cm light path
Zero adjustment: reagent blank
B S U
Sample - - 40 µl
Standard - 40 µl -
Working reagent 1000 µl 1000 µl 1000 µl
Mix and incubate for 5 minutes at 37 0C. Read the absorbance against blank within 30
minutes.
CALCULATIONS:
∆A Sample = _____________
∆A Standard = _____________