AE 684

Aircraft Materials & Processes

S.Kamle
Aerospace Engg. Department, IIT
Kanpur
2015-2016

Grade Break-up

Mid Sem Exam.

30%
End Sem. Exam.
40%
Term project
20%
Attendance
10%
(Minimum Attendance requirement is
80%. If you are absent for 8 or more
classes, you get automatic F grade in
the course)

Evolution of Engineering Materials

Historical Perspective
Applications of materials in different
disciplines
Materials to suit new product designs
and manufacturing processes

Material properties

General
Mechanical
Thermal
Electrical
Optical
Eco-properties & Environmental
resistance
Fabrication

Material properties (general)

Density
Cost- Material cost and processing
cost
Viscosity (For gases and liquids)
Availability
Magnetic properties

Material properties (Mechanical)

Elastic modulus
Yield strength
Ultimate strength
Hardness
Elongation
Fatigue endurance limit
Fracture toughness
Creep

Material Properties (Thermal)

Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
Thermal expansion coefficient
Glass transition Temperature
Melting point
Maximum service temperature

Material Properties (Electrical)

Electrical Resistivity
Dielectric constant
Breakdown potential

Material Properties (Optical)

Refractive index
Transparent / Opaque

Mechanical Properties (Eco(E

properties & Environmental
Resistance)

Eco-properties may refer to

properties such as Energy/kg to
extract material
Environmental resistance refers to
oxidation rate, Corrosion rate etc.

Material Properties
(Fabrication Properties)

Ease of machining
Ease of welding, casting, etc
Hardening ability
Formability
Joining techniques

Periodic Table

The properties of elements tend to be a

periodic function of their atomic numbers.
It is common practice to list the elements
in the array shown (called the periodic
table).
The atomic number of the elements
increases horizontally in the table
The vertical groupings are based on
similarities in valence electron
configurations and similarities in chemical
and physical properties of the elements.

Periodic Table

The elements in group IA are called alkali

metals; group IIA elements are alkalineearth metals.
The groups listed as transition elements
are metals with a particular electron
subshell configuration (incomplete
subshell).
Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, and VIIA are mostly
nonmetals (as shown by the heavy line)

Periodic Table

The elements in the last vertical

grouping are inert gases.
The groups of elements in the
separate horizontal blocks,
lanthanide series and actinide series

Periodic Table

The elements in each series behave the

same chemically.
The horizontal rows are the periods. They
start from the left, and each element
(going right) has one more nuclear charge
than the preceding element.
These charges are neutralized by an
additional electron. The period ends with a
noble gas with eight electrons in its
valence (outer) shell

Periodic Table

Elements in a particular vertical

group all have the same number of
electrons in their valence shell
Thus they have the same general
chemical behavior.

Periodic Table

Some of the elements are used as

engineering materials in their pure
elemental state.
Many metals fall into this category.
Metals like beryllium, titanium,
copper, gold, silver, platinum, lead,
mercury, and many of the refractory
metals (w, Ta, Mo, Hf) are used to
make industrial items.

Periodic Table

In the nonmetal category, carbon is

used in industrial applications for
motor brushes and wear parts and in
the cubic form as diamond for tools.
The inert gases are other nonmetals
that are used in the elemental (ions
or molecules) form for industrial
applications for protective
atmospheres

Engineering Materials

A larger percentage of engineering

materials utilize the elements in combined
forms: Alloys, compounds and Mixtures
In alloys, a metal is combined with one or
more other elements
Compounds are made up of chemically
combined elements with definite
proportions of the component elements)
Mixtures are a physical blend of two or
more substances). These combinations of
the elements can be solids, liquids, or
gases.

Engineering Materials

Many laws of chemistry and physics

control chemical bonding and the
tendencies for bonding.
A simple rule that fits most reactions is
that atoms tend to combine in such a
manner that their outer electron shell
(containing valence electrons) will be
complete when it contains eight electrons.
In the water molecule hydrogen has a
valence of 1 and oxygen has a valence of
6.

Water Molecule

When they
combine in a ratio
of two hydrogen
atoms to one
oxygen atom, the
component atoms
can share electrons
and complete their
outer shells.

Engineering Materials

A solid can be a pure element such as

gold; it can be a compound such as sand,
a compound of silicon and oxygen (SiO2);
or it can be a combination of molecules.
Most living plants are a complex network
of cellulose molecules.
Some solids are mixtures of the preceding,
but within such solids each component
retains its identity.
Concrete is a composite of cement (a
compound) and aggregate (another
compound).

Electronegativity

Electronegativity describes the tendency of an

atom to gain an electron.
Atoms with almost completely filled outer energy
levels, like chlorine, are strongly electronegative
and readily accept electrons.
Atoms with nearly empty outer levels, such as
sodium readily give up electrons and are strongly
electropositive.
High atomic number elements also have a low
electronegativity because the outer electrons are
at a great distance from the positive nucleus and
are not as strongly attracted to the atom.

Metallic Bond

The metallic elements give up their

valence electrons to form a "sea" of
electrons surrounding the atom
The valence electrons, which are no
longer associated with any particular
atom, move freely within the
electron sea and become associated
with several atom cores.

Metallic Bond

The positively charged atom cores are

held together by mutual attraction to the
electron, thus producing the strong
metallic bond.
Metallic bonds are nondirectional. When a
metal is bent, the direction of the bond
shifts. This permits metals to have good
ductility
Under the influence of an applied voltage,
the valence electrons can move easily

Metallic Bond

Covalent Bond

Covalently bonded materials share

electrons among two or more atoms.
A silicon atom, which has a valence of
four, obtains eight electrons in its outer
energy shell by sharing its electrons with
four surrounding silicon atoms
In order for the covalent bonds to be
formed, the silicon atoms must be
arranged so the bonds have a fixed
directional relationship with one another.

Covalent Bond

Covalent Bond

covalent bonds are very strong

materials bonded by covalent bonds
have poor ductility and poor
electrical conductivity.

Ionic Bond

When more than one type of atom is

present in a material, one atom may
donate its valence electrons to a different
atom, filling the outer energy shell of the
second atom.
The atom that contributes the electrons is
left with a net positive charge and is a
cation, while the atom that accepts the
electrons acquires a net negative charge
and is an anion.

Ionic Bond

The oppositely charged ions are then

attracted to one another and produce
the ionic bond.
Electrical conductivity is poor since
the electrical charge is transferred by
the movement of entire ions which
do not move as easily as electrons.

Ionic Bond

Van der Waals Bonding

Van der Waals bonds join molecules

or groups of atoms by weak electrostatic attractions.
Many plastics, ceramics, water, and
other molecules are permanently
polarized; that is, some portions of
the molecule tend to be positively
charged, while other portions are
negatively charged.

Van der Waals Bonding

Van der Waals Bonding

Polyvinyl chloride contains many long,

chainlike molecules.
Within each chain, bonding is covalent,
but individual chains are bonded to one
another by Van der Waals bonds.
Polyvinyl chloride can be deformed
significantly by breaking only the Van der
Waals bonds as the chains slide past one
another.

Van der Waals Bonding