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THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

Basis of Art. 1 of the 1987 Constitution [PIL, I. Cruz]


1- All the waters within the limits set forth in the:
a)
Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898 (Cession of the Philippine Islands by Spain
to the U.S.),
b)
between Spain and U.S., The Treaty of Spain and U.S. at Washington, November
1, 1900 (Cagayan, Sulu & Sibuto),
c)
Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain, January 2, 1930 (Turtle and Mangsee
Islands);
2- All the waters around, between and connecting the various islands of the Philippine
Archipelago, irrespective of their width or dimension, have always been considered as
necessary appurtenances of the land territory, forming part of the inland or internal
waters of the Philippines;
3- All the waters beyond the outermost islands of the archipelago but within the limits of
the boundaries set forth in the aforementioned treaties comprise the territorial sea of
the Philippines.
4- The baselines from which the territorial sea of the Philippines is determined consist of
straight lines joining the appropriate points of the outermost islands of the
archipelago (straight baseline method);

The definition of the baselines of the territorial sea of the Philippine archipelago is
without prejudice to the delineation of the baselines of the territorial sea around the
territory of Sabah, situated in North Borneo, over which the Republic of the Philippines
has acquired dominion and sovereignty.

ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINE: Outermost points of the archipelago shall be connected by


straight baselines and all islands and waters therein are regarded as one integrated unit

The archipelagic doctrine has a two-fold purpose:(1) economic reasons;(2)


security.

The archipelagic doctrine is the principle that it is an integrated unit; everything within it
comprises the archipelago.

The Constitutional provisions embodying this doctrine are:


1. "archipelago, with all the island and waters embraced therein"
2. "the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
regardless of the breadth and dimensions, form part of internal water"

national

Method of determining the baselines


1. RA 3046 (17 June 1961)
Determine appropriate points of the outermost Islands of the archipelago, then connect
them by means of a straight line until all islands are surrounded or enclosed by the
imaginary straight lines.
"The baselines from which the territorial sea of the Philippines is determined consist of
straight lines joining appropriate points of the outermost islands of the archipelago." (fifth
whereas clause.)
2. RA 5446 (8 September 1968).-- Sec. 2 of the Act provides that the definition of the
territorial sea of the Philippine Archipelago as provided in this Act is without prejudice to the

delineation of the baselines of the territorial sea around the territory of Sabah, situated in
North Borneo, over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and
sovereignty.

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