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  • Bruno Blondé, I. Vand Damme, 2013, Early Modern Europe: 1500-1800, in P.Clark, Oxford Handbook of World Cities, Oxford, Oxford Universy Press, Chap 13

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    Bruno Blondé, I. Vand Damme, 2013, Early Modern Europe : 1500-1800, in P.Clark, Oxford Handbook of World cities, Oxford, oxford Universy Press, Chap 13

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    Bruno Blondé, I. Vand Damme, 2013, Early Modern Europe : 1500-1800, in P.Clark, Oxford Handbook of World cities, Oxford, oxford Universy Press, Chap 13

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    6K vues23 pages

    Bruno Blondé, I. Vand Damme, 2013, Early Modern Europe: 1500-1800, in P.Clark, Oxford Handbook of World Cities, Oxford, Oxford Universy Press, Chap 13

    Transféré par

    MoocCBT
    Bruno Blondé, I. Vand Damme, 2013, Early Modern Europe : 1500-1800, in P.Clark, Oxford Handbook of World cities, Oxford, oxford Universy Press, Chap 13

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    Gynigs in WORLD HISTORY THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF = CITIES IN Dave Mating asststant editor for Barly Cites senna WORLD ‘MareBoone Univerityof Ghent = HISTORY Wilts Rowe The ns Hopkins University Edited by PETER CLARK OXFORD OXFORD ret ait soo Sem ete pcan en tin, wr lcs hie ninco oa “Teer materal and arangementB the BRO 2035 “he chpters @ x aro combos 203 The mora rights of the authors have bee aserled Fist Fos published nso Tapes: Lisa thd pry webs provided Oxf god ah nd frintoaton iy Oster icy raps fer theaters nine nay dp webs ened sk PREFAC “Thisbook has been written a time when the city has been pushed tothe worldscentre stageas never before. Notonly do more people nov lveln cites than in the countryside, consuming high proportion of global natural resources, but the economic and nan cial crises of 2008 and 201s have had aseismic effect on the urban balance of power between Asis, other so-called developing regions, andthe advanced West, whilst the popular uprisings in the cites ofthe Middle East have opened up anew political and ‘cultural landscape in that region with radical resonances elsewhere, Given that many of the work’ leading cites have existed and been important fr centuries ifaot millenia, the need fora wide-ranging, comparative examination of global urban development hich pats current economic, social, politcal, and cultural changes in an extended his torical perspectivehas never been greater The proposal fr this book came from the publisher. thas posed many challenges. First because as we explain in the Introduction (Ch. despite the enormous increase of carch on urban history in recent years, most it has invalved national or regional studies, and there has been much less interest in comparative analysis on a trans «continental cle So. network of around fifty leading scholars interested in label com- parative research, a scientific Ark, ad to be built from scratch, Linked to this is the problem that national funding councils, while giving ip service to global perspectives, preferto suppor regional orloal projects. Lastly, inthe age oF accountancy publishing, the constraints on editors and authors are inevitably strhngent: not ll towns and cities, not all topics could be covered in this work. All funding for llusteations,mectings, and Uhelike had tobe raised by the editor and authors. "Nonetheless thebookisthe frst detailed study ofthe world’s principal urban systems from early times to the present day. The alm from the stat was to organize an integrated ‘work with arguments, discourses, and themes: not an excyclopaedia of miscellaneous ticles. This does not mean that theresa consensus, party line on global urbanization ‘and its consequences, Infact the book explores a great phralityof views and ideas; thus ‘on the igares for man populations there is considerable diversity ofpinlon, reflecting the fraplity and/or complexity ofthe data. To promote dslogue we organized two inter: national conferences, atthe University of Helin in May 2a10 and athe Universit of Pennsylvania in Apel 203, at which most contributors, i the fertile tradition of urban history, debated, argued, and indeed created the essence of the book witha good deal of hard talking and modest sociability. We are most gratefil othe University of Helsinks, the History Department, Helsinki University, Urban Facts, Helsink City, the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Helsinki, and the Ella and Georg Ehmnrooth Foundation for nding and supporting the Hesink! meeting. My former assistant Matti Hanniainen ‘was iavaluale in coordinating the meeting, along with Suvi Talja, Richard Robinson, Rainey Tisdale, and Niko Lipsanen, Weare equally indebted to Renata Holod for aking the lead in organizing the Philadelphia meeting and to Nancy Steinhardt and Lynn Lees far helping her. Funding forthe Philadelphia conference came from the University of Pennsylvania Provosts Fund for International Projects, the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Design, the Penn institute for Usban Research, the Cees for Ancient Studies, the Aftican Studies Center the Midale East Center, Center for East Aslan Research the History Department, the History of Art Department, the Penn Museum, and Bryn Mav College, and we thank them for their generosity, Gregory Tentler provided valua ‘le logistic support, ad John Pollack and Dan Teaister from the Van Pelt Library ofthe Univesity of Pennsylvania coordinated a superb exhibit of erly modern urban maps, ‘one of which is reproduced inthis volume. ‘Other debts are no less important, As editor, am very grateful to David Mattingly and Lynn Lees, asistant editors for the early and modern periods respectively for their invaluable advice, encouragement, and (when needed) solace; aso to the other mem bers ofthe editorial group for their suppoct. The University of Helsinki gave financial help for producing the ilstations; Mati Hanaikainen helped to coordinate the con- tnbutors website forthe vokame; and Mark Evin, Graeme Barker, and Martin Daunton fave important advice at an early stage "We ate particulacly grateful to Niko Lipsanen for drawing most of the Regional Maps and a numberof the Figures; Suvi Talja alo assisted. The China Map forthe ancient od was drawn by Sie Ren, Univesity of Pennsylvania, At Onford University Press Sephanie Ireland, Emma Barber, and Dawn Preston helped at the rather dificult production stage. Susan Boobis prepared theindex ast but not last, the book owes an enormous amount to those authors and their families (Laurel and Tobias, children of contributors, wee bon during tis enterprise!) as ella institutions who supported the venture with enthusiasm and commitment Peter Clark Helin CONTENTS Listof Figures Listof Plates Listofegional Maps List of Tables ListofConiributors Image Permissions 2. Introduction Perr CLARK PART I EARLY CITIES 2, Mesopotamia Avavsta MeManios 3. Cities ofthe Ancient Mediterranean Ronin Osnonne aND ANDREW Wattact-HapRuLt 4 Aftica Davie Marrunaey axe Kevin MacDowauo 5. South Asia CaateRow A, Prrwe 6. China N. Stapatano Themes 7. Economy Davi L, SroNe 8. Population and Migration Luv ox Lier x a ” 66 8 105, 27 M7 9. Power and Citizenship Mano Lavanant 10, Religion and Ritual LA.Basso 11, Planning and Environment Rar Lavasves PART II PRE-MODERN CITIES Surveys 12, Medieval Europe Marc Boone 13, Early Modern Europe: 1500-1800 [BxUNo BLowDe AND Ia Vax Danae 14, Middle Bast: 7th-asth Centuries Dominique Vanna a5, The Ottoman City: 1500-1800 Ena Boran 36. China: 600-1300 Hivos De Ween 17, China: 1300-1900 Winuian T. Rows 18, Japanis Pre-modern Urbanism Jaauns McCuars 19, Port Cities of South East Asia: 1400-1800 Lroxano Busssé 20, Latin America Furs sash AnstEs10 Themes a. Economy Has VAN Bavt, MATES BosKeR, E1370 BURINGH, [AND JaN LUITEN VAN ZANDEN 16s a8. ro 240 8 6 85 22, Population and Migration: European and Chinese Experiences Compared Avene Wore 23. Power ‘Wie Buoceacans anp Manrouane'r Har 24. Culture: Representations ren BURKE PART III MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY CITIES Surveys 25. Exurope: 1800-2000 AwoREW Lees aie Tines Totes Leas 26. Latin America Avan Gane a7. North America 28. China: 1900 to the Present nasty Startzrox 29. Japan Pact War 30. South Asia Paaswanrt KiDAMBE 31. South Fast Asia and Australia Howanp Dic aNp Pure J Riso 32, Middle East Manceoes Votatr axe Momaniao at-Aaao 33. Africa: 1200-2010 ict FxEUND Themes 34 Industrialization and the City: East and West Ho-ruse Hux ap Siaottu Zitax 403 4 et 464 504 so 603 622 645 85 56 38 2. 4 2 * 44 Population and Migration Leolocassm: Poverty, Inequality, and Social Sey ‘Aan Guuaoxt "The Urban Environment Masin V. Mazose Creative Cites Maauaroa FneraL AND PRTER CLARK Cinema and the City Haxne Saat Colonial Cities Trams R, METCALH Contemporary Metropolitan Cities Xuancnane Cite ano Hessay Berns Suburbs Juss S.TaUIAINEN Port Cities, Carona tery Conclusion: Cites in Time Pexctore J, Conn Index 664 683 700 no 737 753 809 828 847 264 List OF Figures Comparative plans at to differen seals of umber of African urban and _proto-urban sites, with settlement areas shaded. The largest enceintes at ie, Kano, and Ibadan are of post-Islamic dat, but are included for comparison with the extended setlement complexes around Dia and Jenné-jeno Comparative plans of Garamantan towns and fortified villages Plans of Ladus cities and smaller centres showing evidence for semi-orthogonal blocks and discrete walled areas at settlements of eiferen Indus Valley: Comparison of plan of Mohenjo-daro and plans of Early Historic cites and smaller centres showing the variable sine of fortified areas (Cina: Walled stlements (China: Walled city plans The social structure of an early iy: ‘stratified, horizontally segregated layers of mitay, administrative, clerical and sometimes commercial ruling classe’ positioned above laterally insulated communities of agricultural producers A simplified model ofthe economy ofan eary city Teptiminus inthe and and 3rd centuries cx, showing urban core surrounded by ‘productive periphery ‘Map of medieval Trier, late antiquity to 13th century 1p of Arras in the 3th century Salvador, based on a watercolour plan by Jodo Teixeira Albernaz, 3616 Central Mexico City the colonial street plan with the locations of major pre-colonial buildings Model of economic and politcal systoms in the pre-modern era ‘So Paulo: Usban growth beyond the municipality 7 65 CHAPTER 13 EARLY MODERN EUROPE: 1500-1800 BRUNO BLONDE AND ILJA VAN DAMME! [IME OF CRITICAL TRANSITION? 1 1085 the Antwerp-based Father Hazart complained that ‘our ancestor, who were powerful, rich and righteous, would not beable to recognize ther offspring.” His his torical trauma’ was one of filing to comprehend the changing Ifetyes of his flock, a Sentiment that gathered broader momentum after 1700 among the Catholic circles Within the cites of the southern Netherlands, Several decades later another priest artic~ tulated more clearly what was so particularly disturbing about the wealthy citizens of Ghent They pas their nights in balls or assembles; they sleep a good partof the day, awak: ened...they hurry to have ata, coffe of chocolate. Instead of praying to God, assis considered leisuretime, a moment during which they talk laugh, ret each other and admire the newes fashions i clothing.fer wards they hurry to home to have along Iunch, afer which they pass the afernaon by paying or receiving visits and so thei days, year and lives ze fying away With these descriptions of an outspoken metropolitan and gents] consumption pat tern, contemporary moralists bear witness tothe rapidly changing urban lifestyle in azths and sth-century Burope. Without a doubt early modern times were a period of ‘critical transition’ for urban Furope* In this period cities developed an ‘urban’ way of Ife that would Become the leading behavioural code for society, eventualy spreading beyond the city walls and slinspring the urbenized world oftoday. Moreover the carly ‘modern era may be credited with havin finally drawn and consolidated the map of ‘major urban settlements and networks upon which the present-day European urban ‘world is stil largely modelled (see Regional Map I). TT EARLY MODERN EUROPE: 1500-1800 Ye, in many respects the early modern urban achievements were anything but spec tacular. This hold as trae for the urban world asa whol, a forthe micro level of towns. Indeed, the centuries between 1450 and 1750 can be suspected to have altered the course of Buropean urbanization’ by degree rather than kind. In nothing was the early modern ‘European urbanization process comparable to the ‘revolutionary’ achievements of the high Middle Ages and the agth century (see Chs 12,25). However, such a teleological view of European urban history isnot the trick we intend to followin this contibation, (On the contrary, this chapter will make the claim that any rtifll search for newness and ‘modernity in exsly modern urban Burope is blurring, rather than clarifying and contributing to better onderstanding ofthe unique and singular early modern urban experience. Hence ‘carly moder inreferredto inthis chapter asa chronological ideti- fication tol, notas aconcspt. However, the early modern period was no immobile long stretched yawn, a willbe demonstrated in the following paragraphson the morphology tseconomy, culture, and Ina concluding paragraph-its social Tue Ursan LanpscaPe “The mesicval gid of most carly uiodern cites didnot alter significantly inthe period under study. Walls and gates remained essential features ofthe urban landscape: in ‘Germany, for instance all etes of over ,000 people possessed walls’ Yet, everywhere ln Burope ther slender and high-rise shape was remodelled by the introduction of the sturdy trace italienne, Such bastioned enclosures were equipped to face changes in mil ‘tary warfare, and could be used as elegant tree lined promenades during peacetime. Pasting through the town gates ofthe early modern city the streets often spread out in narrow, iregul, and winding shapes, reflecting the organic origins and morphologi cal path dependency of most cites. Renaissance, and later, Baroque ideas on geomet cal town planning and renewal were only haphazardly implemented within existing towns, usually focusing on important economic and representative civic spaces, such as squares, city and trade halls, exchange bulldings, churches, and avenues leading to oblemenspalazz, The impact of political or religious power was especially impor tant, a the tefashioning of Nancy after 1590 under the reign of Charles Ill, Duke of Lorine amply ilustates (see Plate 153). Yet, few authorities were willing or capable of Aelberately destroying existing streets and fighting with engrained property rights, focusing instead on suburban areas just outside the historical centre, or closet the ity walls, where population growth was anticipated. Heidelberg on the Rhine was fsly {typical keeping its traditional image despite repeated mltary attack (see Plate 132) When devastating catastrophes intervened, however, cxstng cites could be entirely cuit, as was the case inthe Val di Notoin Silly, efter the earthquake of 693, Tn cies like Noto, Modica, and Sci, the town government took the opportunity to start from scratch and design homogeneously baroque style ity witha clear social plan. Allin 142 BRUNO BLONDE AND ILIA VAN DAMDE all, however, surprisingly few new cities were erected. The ones that did take shape ‘emphasized, again, speci religious ideals or political-military scheme, such as the smal, “heaing’ city of Scherpenheuvel, erected by the Hapsburg Archdukes Albrecht and Isabella during the religious wats in Brabaat (1609), or the capital city of St Petersburg rected by ambitious Petr I the Great in Rusia (1703) Some of them, such asthe French military town of Brouage (erected in 153), proved vulnerable and unit {or futare urban growth, and in doing so, they bea witnes to the red nature’ ofthe uropean urban system by that tne. twas only in the th century and for most parts of Europe afer 1750 at the eales, that something ofan ‘urban renaissance’ realy didtakeroot. England especially wrapped [ts conservative, medieval townscape in neoclassical attr, and it did so while putting ‘emphasis on nev leisure and entertainment spaces like coffee hotses, concert hallsand ‘opera houses, theatres, parks, and sports grounds. In this period to, western European sites started to refurbish their basic iniastructare according to an enlightened vtavm sy1 Nancy, early 1h-century map showing the dfernce between the organically sown ville viele, the old ty, and the Inte, more geometrically siructred urbanzations, ‘alminating around a central square (fom Niclas de Fes, Table des forces de Europe ees ‘ee introduction aa fortifetion (Pai: Chee T.F Benard, 1725), Univers of An Preciosa), BAnLy MOUNT EURODE: 1500-8800 243, eareg View of Heidelberg, ery sth century. The German city wat famous fore ld un ‘erst but wae severly besiege during th Ty Yere Wa iit-x648, and again tthe end ‘ofthe ith century bythe armies of Louis XIV. The mostly Protestant alain of ts zens made the ty especialy vulnerable to relgaslinspired warfare (rom Nicolas de et, Tal des om (Pars Cher) # Benaed 73), Univesity Fores desma, are: eintodaction le ) of Antwerp Prelos- taste for order and cleanliness, eading to changes in drainage systems, street lighting, pevements, and pedcsrian wallovays installing uniform street named, and silencing rattling shop signs. Such dynamism rernined, however, isolated and of limited quant ‘are importance. Urban impravementin the period before the ith century remained firstand foremosta slow, modest, and predominantly incremental process ‘While fora large numberof cites walls served the purpose of drawing « boundary between the city and its surroundings, the economy and society of tow and country ‘ide intermingled closely The spatial boundaries between the city and the outside were contested, among others, by the pigs, cickeus, goats, aad other animal that could be found almost everywhere in town, Measwhile, the necessity to feed thecityled to con stant influx of farmers, congesting urben streets and squares on an almost daly basis, 244_ BRUNO BLONDE AND ILIA VAN Dance Dat especially during macket days, Parts of che urban landscape became even more ‘uralized’ inthe early modern period, since expected demographic grove happened onlyin ftsand stats. Thus, most cities sported mills and city greens fui and vegetable ‘gardens on empty building lots inside its walled enclosures. But ust asthe countryside ‘rept into the city so urbanization swallowed surrounding field, forests, and meadows. Inns nd taverns nestled alongside the ribbon development of tenements leading tothe «ity gates, providing space for public auctions drinking. and gambling, Gardens outside the ity wal offered citizens opportunities orleisurely Sunday walks, Larger cite like Paris or London, developed near uncontolase suburban feubours, boasting high

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