Joan of Arc Texts

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Joa
n of Arc</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" cl
ass="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Jeanne d'Arc" redirects here. For oth
er uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(disambiguation)" title="Jeanne d'Arc
(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation)</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(disambiguation)" title="Joan of Arc (disambiguation)" c
lass="mw-disambig">Joan of Arc (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:b
old;background-color:gold;">Saint Joan of Arc</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_arc_miniat
ure_graded.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg" src="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Joan_of_arc_miniature_graded.
jpg/200px-Joan_of_arc_miniature_graded.jpg" width="200" height="302" srcset="//u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Joan_of_arc_miniature_graded.jp
g/300px-Joan_of_arc_miniature_graded.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/3/39/Joan_of_arc_miniature_graded.jpg/400px-Joan_of_arc_miniature_
graded.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1482" /></a>
<div>Painting, c. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the only known direct
portrait has not survived. (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, AE
II 2490)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:gold;">Saint</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td>c. 1412<a href="#cite_note-1">[
1]</a> 
<a href="/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Pucelle" title="Domrmy-la-Pucelle">Domrmy</a>, <a h
ref="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">Duchy of Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/F
rance_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Died</th>
<td>30 May 1431 (aged approx. 19) 
<a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="N
ormandy">Normandy</a> 
(then <a href="/wiki/The_Dual-Monarchy_of_England_and_France" title="The Dual-Mo
narchy of England and France" class="mw-redirect">under English rule</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Venerated in</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Churc
h</a> 
<a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion
</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[
3]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a
></th>
<td>18 April 1909, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Pari
s">Notre Dame de Paris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Po
pe Pius X</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a><
/th>
<td>16 May 1920, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basil
ica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Rome by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="P
ope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Fe
ast</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/30_May" title="30 May" class="mw-redirect">30 May</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a><
/th>
<td>France; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their pi
ety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the <a href="/wiki/WAVES" tit
le="WAVES">WAVES</a> (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service); and <a hr
ef="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a
></td>
</tr>
</table>
Joan of Arc (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">F
rench</a>: Jeanne d'Arc,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]<

/a> IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_French" tit
le="Help:IPA for French">[an dak]</a>; c. 1412<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-5">[5]</s
pan></a> 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orlans" (<a href=
"/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: La Pucelle d'Orlans) is considered a heroine of France fo
r her role during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1415%E2%80%9353)" tit
le="Hundred Years' War (141553)">Lancastrian phase</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hund
red_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, and was can
onized as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_saint" title="Roman Catholic saint" cl
ass="mw-redirect">Roman Catholic saint</a>. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Ar
c and Isabelle, a <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> family, at
<a href="/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Pucelle" title="Domrmy-la-Pucelle">Domrmy</a> in n
orth-east France. Joan said she received visions of the <a href="/wiki/Archangel
" title="Archangel">Archangel</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Mic
hael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margar
et the Virgin">Saint Margaret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" t
itle="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a> instructing her to support <a
href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a
> and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The
uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9an
s" title="Siege of Orlans">siege of Orlans</a> as part of a relief mission. She ga
ined prominence after the siege was lifted in only nine days. Several additional
swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title=
"Reims">Reims</a>. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the w
ay for the final French victory.
On 23 May 1430, she was captured at <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Com
pigne">Compigne</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_(party)" title="Burgundian (p
arty)">Burgundian faction</a> which was allied with the English. She was later h
anded over to the English,<a href="#cite_note-justice.gouv.fr-6">[6]</a> and then put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais <a href="/wiki/Pie
rre_Cauchon" title="Pierre Cauchon">Pierre Cauchon</a> on a variety of charges.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7<spa
n>]</a> After Cauchon declared her guilty she was <a href="/wiki/De
ath_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned at the stake</a> on 30 May 1431,
dying at about nineteen years of age.<a href="#cite_note-ward-8">[8]</a>
Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by <
a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III<
/a> examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocen
t, and declared her a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ward-8">[8
]</a> Compared to the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Ni
ne Worthies">Nine Worthies</a> during her lifetime by <a href="/wiki/Christine_d
e_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, in 1803 Joan of Arc
was made a national symbol of France by the decision of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon"
title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<a href="#
cite_note-9">[9]</a> She was <a href="/wiki/Beat
ification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> in 1909 and <a href="/wiki/Canoni
zation" title="Canonization">canonized</a> in 1920. Joan of Arc is one of the ni
ne secondary <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saints</a>
of France, along with <a href="/wiki/Denis" title="Denis">St. Denis</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">St. Martin of Tours</a>, <a hr
ef="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">St. Louis</a>, <a href=
"/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">St. Michael</a>, <a href
="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">St. Remi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sain
t_Petronilla" title="Saint Petronilla">St. Petronilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radegu
nd" title="Radegund">St. Radegund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Li

sieux" title="Thrse of Lisieux">St. Thrse of Lisieux</a>.
Joan of Arc has remained a popular figure in literature, painting, sculpture,
and other cultural works since the time of her death, and many famous writers,
filmmakers and composers have created works about her. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_d
epictions_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc">Cultural de
pictions of Joan of Arc</a> have continued in films, theatre, television, video
games, music, and performances to this day.

<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background">1 Background</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life">2</s
pan> Life</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Rise">2.1 Rise</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Military_campaigns">2.2 Military campaigns</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Capture">2
.3 Capture</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Trial">2.4
 Trial</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Cross-dressing_charge">2.5 Cross-dressing charge</a></
li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Execution">2.6 Execution</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Posthumous_events">3 Posthumous events</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Retrial">
3.1 Retrial</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Canonization">4 Canonization</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Legacy">5
 Legacy</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Visions">
6 Visions</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Alleged_relics_disproven">7 Alleged relics disproven<
/a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Revisionist_theories">8 Revisionist theories</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Footnotes">10 Footnotes</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Primary_sources">12.1 Primary sources</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Historiography_and_memory">12.2 Historiography and memory</s
pan></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_French">12.3 In French</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2>Background[<a href="/w/index.php?t
itle=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"
>edit</a>]</h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trait%C3%A9_de_
Troyes.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/f/fe/Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg/300px-Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg.png" wi
dth="300" height="366" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped
ia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg/450px-Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg.
png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Trait%C3%A9_de_Tro
yes.svg/600px-Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-fileheight="519" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trait%C3%A9_de_Troyes.svg" class="inter
nal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
1415-1429
<div class="legend"> Terr
itories controlled by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of Eng
land">Henry VI of England</a></div>
c896c8; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> Terr
itories controlled by <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Ph
ilip III of Burgundy</a></div>
7f9ad7; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> Terr
itories controlled by <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII o
f France">Charles VII of France</a></div>
ffff00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> Main
battles</div>
<div class="legend-line"> English raid of 1415</div>
order-top: white dotted 2px;"> Joan's journey from Domrmy to <a
href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon" title="Chteau de Chinon">Chinon</a></div>
order-top: blue dotted 2px;"> Raid of Jeanne d'Arc to <a href=

"/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> in 1429</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
The <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Y
ears' War</a> had begun in 1337 as an <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_Frenc
h_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">inheritance dispute over t
he French throne</a>, interspersed with occasional periods of relative peace. Ne
arly all the fighting had taken place in France, and the English army's use of <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauche">chevauche</a> tactics (des
tructive "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</
a>" raids) had devastated the economy.<a
href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wik
i/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">French population</a> had not
recovered its original size since the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black
Death">Black Death</a> of the mid-14th century and its merchants were isolated f
rom foreign markets. At the outset of Joan of Arc's appearance, the English had
nearly achieved their goal of a dual monarchy under English control and the Fren
ch army had not achieved any major victories for a generation. In DeVries' words
, "The kingdom of France was not even a shadow of its thirteenth-century prototy
pe."<a href="#cite_note-11">[</spa
n>11]</a>
The French king at the time of Joan's birth, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_Fra
nce" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>, suffered from bouts of insanit
y<a href="#cite_note-12">[1
2]</a> and was often unable to rule. The king's brother <a hr
ef="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis of Valois, Duke of
Orlans" class="mw-redirect">Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" titl
e="Duke of Orlans">Duke of Orlans</a>, and the king's cousin <a href="/wiki/John_t
he_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duk
e_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, quarreled over the
regency of France and the guardianship of the royal children. This dispute incl
uded accusations that Louis was having an extramarital affair with the queen, <a
href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</
a>, and allegations that John-the-Fearless kidnapped the royal children.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The conflict climaxed with the assassination of the Duke of Orla
ns in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]
</a>
The faction led by the Duke of Orlans and the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_VII,_Coun
t_of_Armagnac" title="Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac">Count of Armagnac</a> beca
me known as the <a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(party)" title="Armagnac (party)">"Armag
nac" faction</a>, and the faction led by the Duke of Burgundy was called the <a
href="/wiki/Burgundian_(party)" title="Burgundian (party)">"Burgundians"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</
a> took advantage of France's factional divisions when he invaded the kingdom in
1415, winning a dramatic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of A
gincourt">victory at Agincourt</a> on October 25th and subsequently capturing ma
ny northern French towns.<a href="#cite_
note-16">[16]</a> In 1418, <a href="/wiki/Paris"
title="Paris">Paris</a> was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count o
f Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The future
French king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France"
>Charles VII</a>, assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="
Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> the heir to the throne at the age of fo
urteen, after all four of his older brothers had died in succession.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</spa

n></a> His first significant official act was to conclude a peace treaty w
ith Burgundy in 1419. This ended in disaster when Armagnac partisans assassinate
d <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless<
/a> during a meeting under Charles's guarantee of protection. The new duke of Bu
rgundy, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good<
/a>, blamed Charles for the murder and entered into an alliance with the English
. The allied forces conquered large sections of France.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>
In 1420, the queen of France, Isabeau of Bavaria, signed the <a href="/wiki/T
reaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes</a>, which granted th
e succession of the French throne to Henry V and his heirs instead of her son Ch
arles. This agreement revived suspicions that the Dauphin may have been the ille
gitimate product of Isabeau's rumored affair with the late duke of Orlans rather
than the son of King Charles VI.<a href=
"#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Henry V and Charles VI
died within two months of each other in 1422, leaving an infant, <a href="/wiki/
Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>, the no
minal monarch of both kingdoms. Henry V's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancas
ter,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of
Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford</a>, acted as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Rege
nt">regent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>
By the beginning of 1429, nearly all of northern France and some parts of the
southwest were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The English controlled Paris and
<a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> while the Burgundian faction cont
rolled <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, which had served as the tr
aditional coronation site for French kings since 816. This was an important cons
ideration since neither claimant to the throne of France had been officially cro
wned yet. In 1428 the English had begun the siege of Orlans, one of the few remai
ning cities still loyal to Charles VII and an important objective since it held
a strategic position along the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> Riv
er, which made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of the French
heartland. In the words of one modern historian, "On the fate of Orlans hung tha
t of the entire kingdom."<a href="#cite_
note-22">[22]</a> No one was optimistic that the
city could long withstand the siege.<a
href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>
<h2>Life
[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of
_Arc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</h2>
<div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Joan_of_Arc" ti
tle="Name of Joan of Arc">Name of Joan of Arc</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeannedarcbirth
place.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/e/e8/Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg/220px-Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg" width="22
0" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/e/e8/Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg/330px-Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg 1.5x, //u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg/440pxJeannedarcbirthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="2422" /></
a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeannedarcbirthplace.jpg" class="intern
al" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Joan's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Pucelle" title="Domrmy-la-Puc
elle">Domrmy</a> is now a museum. The village church where she attended Mass is o
n the right behind the trees.</div>
</div>
</div>
Joan was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Arc" title="Jacques d'Arc
">Jacques d'Arc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Rom%C3%A9e" title="Isabelle Rome"
>Isabelle Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-24"
>[24]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Domr%C3%A9my-la-Puce
lle" title="Domrmy-la-Pucelle">Domrmy</a>, a village which was then in the French
part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bar" title="Duchy of Bar">duchy of Bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Joan's parents owned about 50 acres (20 hectares) of lan
d and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a villag
e official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> They lived in an isolated patch of eastern France that remained loyal to the F
rench crown despite being surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands. Several local raid
s occurred during her childhood and on one occasion her village was burned.
At her trial, Joan stated that she was about nineteen years old, which implie
s she thought she was born around 1412. She later testified that she experienced
her first vision in 1425 at the age of 13, when she was in her "father's garden
"<a href="#cite_note-27">[2
7]</a> and saw visions of figures she identified as <a href="
/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael</a>, <a hre
f="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherin
e</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Saint Margaret the V
irgin" class="mw-redirect">Saint Margaret</a>, who told her to drive out the Eng
lish and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation. She said she cried when
they left, as they were so beautiful.<a
At the age of sixteen, she asked a relative named Durand Lassois to take her
to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Vaucouleurs" title="Vaucouleurs">Vaucouleur
s</a>, where she petitioned the garrison commander, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Bau
dricourt" title="Robert de Baudricourt">Robert de Baudricourt</a>, for permissio
n to visit the royal French court at <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chino
n</a>. Baudricourt's sarcastic response did not deter her.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></su
p> She returned the following January and gained support from two of Baudricourt
's soldiers: <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Metz" title="Jean de Metz">Jean de Metz</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Poulengy" title="Bertrand de Poulengy">Bertrand d
e Poulengy</a>.<a href="
#cite_note-Nullification-30">[30]</a> According
to Jean de Metz, she told him that "I must be at the King's side... there will b
e no help (for the kingdom) if not from me. Although I would rather have remaine
d spinning [wool] at my mother's side... yet must I go and must I do this thing,
for my Lord wills that I do so."<a href
="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Under the auspices of
Metz and Poulengy, she gained a second meeting, where she made an announcement a
bout a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings" title="Battle of the Herrings">mil
itary reversal</a> near Orlans several days before messengers arrived to report i
t.<a href="#cite_note-32">[
32]</a> Given the distance of the battle's location, Baudrico
urt felt Joan could only have known about the French defeat by Divine revelation
, and this convinced him to take her seriously.
<h3>Rise
[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of
_Arc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise">edit</a>]</h3>
<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Sieg
e of Orlans">Siege of Orlans</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SiegeOfOrleans1
429.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons

/thumb/e/ec/SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg/220px-SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg" width="220" hei
ght="151" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/e/ec/SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg/330px-SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg/440px-SiegeOfOrlea
ns1429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="1833" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SiegeOfOrleans1429.jpg" class="internal
" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
15th-century depiction of the Siege of Orlans, 1429</div>
</div>
</div>
Robert de Baudricourt granted her an escort to visit Chinon after news from O
rleans confirmed her assertion of the defeat. She made the journey through hosti
le Burgundian territory disguised as a male soldier,<a href="#cite_note-Richey-33">[33]</spa
n></a> a fact which would later lead to charges of "cross-dressing" agains
t her, although her escort viewed it as a normal precaution. Two of the members
of her escort said they and the people of Vaucouleurs provided her with this clo
thing, and had suggested it to her.<a hr
ef="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>
After arriving at the Royal Court she impressed Charles VII during a private
conference. During this time Charles' mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Ar
agon" title="Yolande of Aragon">Yolande of Aragon</a> was planning to finance a
relief expedition to <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orlans">Orlans</a>. Joan
asked for permission to travel with the army and wear protective armor, which wa
s provided by the Royal government. She depended on donated items for her armor,
horse, sword, banner, and other items utilized by her entourage. Historian <a h
ref="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_W._Richey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="
new" title="Stephen W. Richey (page does not exist)">Stephen W. Richey</a> expla
ins her attraction to the royal court by pointing out that they may have viewed
her as the only source of hope for a regime that was near collapse:
<table role="presentation">
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0 3em 0 2em">After years of one humiliating defeat after ano
ther, both the military and civil leadership of France were demoralized and disc
redited. When the Dauphin Charles granted Joan's urgent request to be equipped f
or war and placed at the head of his army, his decision must have been based in
large part on the knowledge that every orthodox, every rational option had been
tried and had failed. Only a regime in the final straits of desperation would pa
y any heed to an illiterate farm girl who claimed that the voice of God was inst
ructing her to take charge of her country's army and lead it to victory.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Upon her arrival, Joan effectively turned the longstanding Anglo-French confl
ict into a religious war,<a href="#cite_note-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55-35">[</sp
an>35]</a> a course of action that was not without risk. Char
les' advisers were worried that unless Joan's <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="O
rthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> could be established beyond doubt that she was not
a heretic or a sorceress Charles' enemies could easily make the allegation
that his crown was a gift from the devil. To circumvent this possibility, the Da
uphin ordered background inquiries and a theological examination at <a href="/wi
ki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> to verify her morality. In April 1429
, the commission of inquiry "declared her to be of irreproachable life, a good C
hristian, possessed of the virtues of humility, honesty and simplicity."<a href="#cite_no
te-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55-35">[35]</a> The
theologians at Poitiers did not render a decision on the issue of divine inspir
ation; rather, they informed the Dauphin that there was a "favorable presumption
" to be made on the divine nature of her mission. This was enough for Charles, b
ut they also stated that he had an obligation to put Joan to the test. "To doubt
or abandon her without suspicion of evil would be to repudiate the <a href="/wi
ki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and to become unworthy of Go
d's aid", they declared.<a href="#cite_n
ote-36">[36]</a> The test for the truth of her c
laims would be the raising of the siege of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="O
rlans">Orlans</a>.
She arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orlan
s">besieged city of Orlans</a> on 29 April 1429, but <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Dunoi
s" title="Jean de Dunois">Jean d'Orlans</a>, the acting head of the ducal family
of Orlans on behalf of his captive half-brother, initially excluded her from <a h
ref="/wiki/War_council" title="War council" class="mw-redirect">war councils</a>
and failed to inform her when the army engaged the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></su
p> However, his exclusions did not prevent her presence at most councils and bat
tles.
The extent of her actual military participation and leadership is a subject o
f debate among historians. On the one hand, Joan stated that she carried her ban
ner in battle and had never killed anyone,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> preferring he
r banner "forty times" better than a sword;<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the army
was always directly commanded by a nobleman, such as the Duke of Alenon for exam
ple. On the other hand, many of these same noblemen stated that Joan had a profo
und effect on their decisions as they often accepted the advice she gave them, b
elieving her advice was Divinely inspired.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In either cas
e, historians agree that the army enjoyed remarkable success during her brief ti
me with it.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>
<h3>Military campaigns[<a href
="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit sect
ion: Military campaigns">edit</a>]</h3>
<table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; f
ont-size:85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width:40%;" cells
pacing="5">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">"... the Maiden lets you know that here, in eight d
ays, she has chased the English out of all the places they held on the river Loi
re by attack or other means: they are dead or prisoners or discouraged in battle
. Believe what you have heard about the earl of Suffolk, the lord la Pole and hi
s brother, the lord Talbot, the lord Scales, and Sir Fastolf; many more knights
and captains than these are defeated."</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">Her Letter to the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Tourna
i" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, 25 June 1429; Quicherat V, pp. 125126, trans
. Wikipedia.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Joan of Arc's appearance at Orlans coincided with a sudden change in the patte
rn of the siege. During the five months before her arrival the defenders had att
empted only one offensive assault, which had ended in defeat. On 4 May, however,
the Armagnacs attacked and captured the outlying fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sai
nt-Jean-de-Braye" title="Saint-Jean-de-Braye">Saint Loup</a> (bastille de Sai
nt-Loup), followed on 5 May by a march to a second fortress called <a href="
/wiki/Saint-Jean-le-Blanc,_Loiret" title="Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Loiret">Saint-Jea
n-le-Blanc</a>, which was found deserted. When English troops came out to oppose
the advance, a rapid cavalry charge drove them back into their fortresses, appa
rently without a fight. The Armagnacs then attacked and captured an English fort
ress built around a monastery called <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title
="Siege of Orlans">Les Augustins</a>. Armagnac troops maintained positions on the
south bank of the river before attacking the main English stronghold called 
"les Tourelles" on the morning of 7 May.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Contemporar
ies acknowledged Joan as the heroine of the engagement. She was wounded by an ar
row between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench outside
Les Tourelles, but later returned to encourage a final assault which succeeded
in taking the fortress. The English retreated from Orlans the next day, and the s
iege was over.
At Chinon and Poitiers Joan had declared that she would provide a sign at Orla
ns. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign, and
it gained her the support of prominent clergy such as the <a href="/wiki/Archbi
shop_of_Embrun" title="Archbishop of Embrun" class="mw-redirect">Archbishop of E
mbrun</a> and the theologian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jea
n Gerson</a>, both of whom wrote supportive treatises immediately following this
event.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>
The sudden victory at Orlans also led to many proposals for further offensive
action. Joan persuaded Charles VII to allow her to accompany the army with Duke
<a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="John II of Alenon" class="mw-redir
ect">John II of Alenon</a>, and she gained royal permission for her plan to recap
ture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the
coronation of Charles VII. This was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly tw
ice as far away as Paris and deep within enemy territory. The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy.
The Duke of Alenon accepted Joan's advice concerning strategy. Other commander
s including Jean d'Orlans had been impressed with her performance at Orlans and be
came her supporters. Alenon credited her with saving his life at Jargeau, where s
he warned him that a cannon on the walls was about to fire at him.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]
</a> During the same siege she withstood a blow from a stone which hit her
helmet while she was near the base of the town's wall. The army took <a href="/
wiki/Battle_of_Jargeau" title="Battle of Jargeau">Jargeau</a> on 12 June, <a hre
f="/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire" title="Battle of Meung-sur-Loire">Meung-surLoire</a> on 15 June, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)" title="Batt
le of Beaugency (1429)">Beaugency</a> on 17 June.
The English army withdrew from the Loire Valley and headed north on 18 June,
joining with an expected unit of reinforcements under the command of Sir <a href
="/wiki/John_Fastolf" title="John Fastolf">John Fastolf</a>. Joan urged the Arma
gnacs to pursue, and the two armies clashed southwest of the village of Patay. T
he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">battle at Patay</a> m
ight be compared to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincou
rt">Agincourt</a> in reverse. The French vanguard attacked a unit of English <a
href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">archers</a> who had been pl
aced to block the road. A rout ensued that decimated the main body of the Englis
h army and killed or captured most of its commanders. Fastolf escaped with a sma
ll band of soldiers and became the scapegoat for the humiliating English defeat.
The French suffered minimal losses.<a h
ref="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>
<table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:10px; margin-right:1em
; font-size:85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width:40%;" ce
llspacing="5">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">"Prince of Burgundy, I pray of you I beg and h
umbly supplicate that you make no more war with the holy kingdom of France.
Withdraw your people swiftly from certain places and fortresses of this holy ki
ngdom, and on behalf of the gentle king of France I say he is ready to make peac
e with you, by his honor."</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">"Her Letter to <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" titl
e="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, Duke of Burgundy", 17 July 1429; Quiche
rat V, pp. 126127, trans. Wikipedia.</td>
</tr>
</table>
The French army left <a href="/wiki/Gien" title="Gien">Gien</a> on 29 June on
the march toward Reims, and accepted the conditional surrender of the Burgundia
n-held city of <a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a> on 3 July. Ot
her towns in the army's path returned to French allegiance without resistance. <
a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, the site of the treaty that tri
ed to disinherit Charles VII, was the only one which put up even brief oppositio
n. The army was in short supply of food by the time it reached Troyes. But the a
rmy was in luck: a wandering friar named Brother Richard had been preaching abou
t the end of the world at Troyes and convinced local residents to plant beans, a
crop with an early harvest. The hungry army arrived as the beans ripened.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47
]</a> Troyes capitulated after a bloodless four-day siege.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>
Reims opened its gates to the army on 16 July 1429. The coronation took place
the following morning. Although Joan and the Duke of Alenon urged a prompt march
on Paris, the royal court preferred to negotiate a truce with Duke Philip of Bu
rgundy. The duke violated the purpose of the agreement by using it as a stalling
tactic to reinforce the defense of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The French ar
my marched through towns near Paris during the interim and accepted several peac
eful surrenders. The Duke of Bedford led an English force and confronted the Fre
nch army in a standoff at the battle of Montpilloy on 15 August. The French assau
lt at Paris ensued on 8 September. Despite a wound to the leg from a <a href="/w
iki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">crossbow bolt</a>, Joan remained in Par
is's inner trench until she was carried back to safety by one of the commanders.
<a href="#cite_note-50">[50
]</a> The following morning the army received a royal order t
o withdraw. Most historians blame French <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_Fra
nce" title="Grand Chamberlain of France">Grand Chamberlain</a> <a href="/wiki/Ge
orges_de_la_Tr%C3%A9moille" title="Georges de la Trmoille">Georges de la Trmoille<
/a> for the political blunders that followed the coronation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In October, Joan was with the royal army when it <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sa
int-Pierre-le-Mo%C3%BBtier" title="Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Motier">took Saint-Pi
erre-le-Motier</a>, followed by an unsuccessful attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Si
ege_of_La_Charit%C3%A9" title="Siege of La Charit">La-Charit-sur-Loire</a> in Nove
mber and December. On 29 December, Joan and her family were ennobled by Charles
VII as a reward for her actions.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px">
<div style="width: 114.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_C
hinon.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/thumb/3/3b/Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG/169px-Grande_salle_ch%C3%A
2teau_de_Chinon.JPG" width="113" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG/253px-Grande_s
alle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t

humb/3/3b/Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG/337px-Grande_salle_ch%C3%A2tea
u_de_Chinon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Ruin of the great hall at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon" title="Chteau
de Chinon">Chteau de Chinon</a> where she met the future King Charles VII. The c
astle's only remaining intact tower, now known as the 'Joan of Arc Tower', has b
een turned into a museum dedicated to her.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG"
class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/
46/The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG/437px-The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG" width="292"
height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Mai
d_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG/656px-The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedi
a.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Maid_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG/873px-The_Maid_o
f_Orl%C3%A9ans.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="742" /></a></div
>
</div>
Entrance of Joan of Arc into Reims in 1429, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Ma
tejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px">
<div style="width: 202px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg"
class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/
c1/Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg/300px-Chateau_Beaugency_ballon.jpg" width="200"
height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Chateau_Beaug
ency_ballon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Chateau_Beau
gency_ballon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></div>
</div>
The inner keep at <a href="/wiki/Beaugency" title="Beaugency">Beaugency</a> i
s one of the few surviving fortifications from Joan's campaigns. English defende
rs retreated to the tower at upper right after the French breached the town wall
.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9t
ail_haut.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/169px-Notre_Dame_de_
Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG" width="113" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedi
a.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/25
3px-Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Notre_Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG/337px-Notre_
Dame_de_Reims_-_d%C3%A9tail_haut.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height
="2000" /></a></div>
</div>
<a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Reims" title="Notre-Dame de Reims" class="mw-red
irect">Notre-Dame de Reims</a>, traditional site of French coronations. The stru
cture had additional spires prior to a 1481 fire.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.
jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/168px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jp
g" width="112" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg/253px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jp
g 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ingres_coronation_ch
arles_vii.jpg/336px-Ingres_coronation_charles_vii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196"
data-file-height="1600" /></a></div>
</div>
Joan at the coronation of Charles VII, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Auguste_
Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres" class="mw-redirect">Jean
Auguste Dominique Ingres</a> in 1854, is a famous painting that is often reprod
uced in books on Joan of Arc.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Capture[<a href="/w/index.php?title=J
oan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capture">edit</a>
]</h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_de_Jean
ne.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/7/7f/Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG/220px-Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG" width="220" height
="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb
/7/7f/Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG/330px-Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia
.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG/440px-Capture_de_Jeanne.
JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="881" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_de_Jeanne.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Joan captured by the Burgundians at Compigne. <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural"
>Mural</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on,_Paris" title="Panthon, Paris" cla
ss="mw-redirect">Panthon</a>, Paris.</div>
</div>
</div>
A truce with England during the following few months left Joan with little to
do. On 23 March 1430, she dictated a threatening letter to the <a href="/wiki/H
ussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>, a dissident group which had broken with
the Catholic Church on a number of doctrinal points and had defeated several pre
vious crusades sent against them. Joan's letter promises to "remove your madness
and foul superstition, taking away either your heresy or your lives."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</s
pan></a>
The truce with England quickly came to an end. Joan traveled to <a href="/wik
i/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compigne">Compigne</a> the following May to help defend t
he city against an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Siege of Compig
ne">English and Burgundian siege</a>. A skirmish on 23 May 1430, when her force
attempted to attack the Burgundians' camp at Margny, led to her capture.<a href="#cite_note-barbara_ge
iger1-53">[53]</a> When the troops began to with
draw toward the nearby fortifications of Compigne after the advance of an additio
nal force of 6,000 Burgundians,<a href="#cite_note-barbara_geiger1-53">[53]<
/a> Joan stayed with the rear guard. Burgundian troops surrounded the rear
guard, and she was pulled off her horse by an <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Ar
chery">archer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54
">[54]</a> She agreed to surrender to a pro-Burg
undian nobleman named Lionel of Wandomme, a member of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lux
embourg" title="Jean de Luxembourg">Jean de Luxembourg</a>'s unit.
<table class="toccolours" style="float:left; margin-left:0; margin-right:1em; fo
nt-size:85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width:40%;" cellsp
acing="5">
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">"It is true that the king has made a truce with the
duke of Burgundy for fifteen days and that the duke is to turn over the city of
Paris at the end of fifteen days. Yet you should not marvel if I do not enter t
hat city so quickly. I am not content with these truces and do not know if I wil
l keep them, but if I hold them it will only be to guard the king's honor: no ma
tter how much they abuse the royal blood, I will keep and maintain the royal arm
y in case they make no peace at the end of those fifteen days."</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left;">Her Letter to the citizens of Reims, 5 August 1429;
Quicherat I, p. 246, trans. Wikipedia.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Joan was imprisoned by the Burgundians at Beaurevoir Castle. She attempted se
veral escapes, on one occasion jumping from her 70-foot (21 m) tower, landing on
the soft earth of a dry moat, after which she was moved to the Burgundian town
of <a href="/wiki/Arras,_France" title="Arras, France" class="mw-redirect">Arras
</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[</sp
an>55]</a> The English negotiated with their Burgundian allie
s to transfer her to their custody, with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cauchon" t
itle="Pierre Cauchon">Pierre Cauchon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beau
vais">Beauvais</a>, an English partisan, assuming a prominent role in these nego
tiations and her later trial.<a href="#c
ite_note-56">[56]</a> The final agreement called
for the English to pay the sum of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Livre_tournois" title="
Livre tournois">livres tournois</a><a hr
ef="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to obtain her from J
ean de Luxembourg, a member of the Council of Duke Philip of Burgundy.
The English moved Joan to the city of Rouen, which served as their main headq
uarters in France. Historian Pierre Champion notes that the Armagnacs attempted
to rescue her several times by launching military campaigns toward Rouen while s
he was held there. One campaign occurred during the winter of 1430-1431, another
in March 1431, and one in late May shortly before her execution. These attempts
were beaten back.<a href="#cite_note-58
">[58]</a> Champion also quotes 15th century sou
rces which say that Charles VII threatened to "exact vengeance" upon Burgundian
troops whom his forces had captured and upon "the English and women of England"
in retaliation for their treatment of Joan.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>
<h3>Trial[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_
of_Arc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trial">edit</a>]</h3>
<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Trial

of Joan of Arc">Trial of Joan of Arc</a></div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Jeanne_D%2
7Arc10.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/5/5c/Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg/170px-Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg" width=
"170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/thumb/5/5c/Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg/255px-Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg 1.5x
, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg/
340px-Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024
" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Jeanne_D%27Arc10.jpg" class="inter
nal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The keep of the <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Castle" title="Rouen Castle">castle of Roue
n</a>, surviving remnant of the fortress where Joan was imprisoned during her tr
ial. It has since become known as the "Joan of Arc Tower".</div>
</div>
</div>
The trial for <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" title="Christian heresy" class
="mw-redirect">heresy</a> was politically motivated. The tribunal was composed e
ntirely of pro-English and Burgundian clerics, and overseen by English commander
s including the Duke of Bedford and Earl of Warwick.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>
Legal proceedings commenced on 9 January 1431 at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title=
"Rouen">Rouen</a>, the seat of the English occupation government.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]<
/a> The procedure was illegal on a number of points, which would later pro
voke scathing criticism of the tribunal by the chief inquisitor who investigated
the trial after the war.<a href="#cite_
note-62">[62]</a>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_arc_int
errogation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/c/c7/Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg/170px-Joan_of_arc_interrogation
.jpg" width="170" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org
/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg/255px-Joan_of_arc_in
terrogation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Joan_o
f_arc_interrogation.jpg/340px-Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg 2x" data-file-width=
"569" data-file-height="768" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_arc_interrogation.jpg" class="i
nternal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Joan interrogated in her prison cell by the Cardinal of Winchester. By <a href="
/wiki/Hippolyte_Delaroche" title="Hippolyte Delaroche" class="mw-redirect">Hippo
lyte Delaroche</a>, 1824, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen" tit
le="Muse des Beaux-Arts de Rouen">Muse des Beaux-Arts</a>, Rouen, France.</div>
</div>
</div>
To summarize some major problems: Under ecclesiastical law, Bishop Cauchon la
cked <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over the
case.<a href="#cite_note-63">[</s
pan>63]</a> Cauchon owed his appointment to his partisan supp
ort of the English government which financed the trial. The low standard of evid
ence used in the trial also violated inquisitorial rules. Clerical notary Nicolas Bailly, who was commissioned to collect testimony agai
nst Joan, could find no adverse evidence.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Without such e
vidence the court lacked grounds to initiate a trial. Opening a trial anyway, th
e court also violated ecclesiastical law by denying her the right to a legal adv
iser. Worse, stacking the tribunal entirely with pro-English clergy violated the
medieval Church's requirement that heresy trials needed to be judged by an impa
rtial or balanced group of clerics. Upon the opening of the first public examina
tion Joan complained that those present were all partisans against her and asked
for "ecclesiastics of the French side" to be invited in order to provide balanc
e. This request was denied.<a href="#cit
e_note-66">[66]</a>
The Vice-Inquisitor of Northern France (Jean Lemaitre) objected to the trial
at its outset, and several eyewitnesses later said he was forced to cooperate af
ter the English threatened his life.<a h
ref="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Some of the other c
lergy at the trial were also threatened when they refused to cooperate, includin
g a Dominican friar named Isambart de la Pierre.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> These t
hreats, and the domination of the trial by a secular government, were obvious vi
olations of the Church's rules and undermined the right of the Church to conduct
heresy trials without secular interference.
The trial record contains statements from Joan which the eyewitnesses later s
aid astonished the court, since she was an illiterate peasant and yet was able t
o evade the theological pitfalls which the tribunal set up to entrap her. The tr
anscript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety. "Asked if she knew s
he was in God's grace, she answered: 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if
I am, may God so keep me.'"</a> The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one
could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she woul
d have been charged with heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have con
fessed her own guilt. Notary Boisguillaume later testified that at the moment th
e court heard this reply, "Those who were interrogating her were stupefied."<a href="#cite_note-Pernoud-70"><s
pan>[70]</a>
Several court functionaries later testified that important portions of the tr
anscript were altered in her disfavor. Under <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="
Inquisition">Inquisitorial</a> guidelines, Joan should have been confined in an
<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> prison unde
r the supervision of female guards (i.e., nuns). Instead, the English kept her i
n a <a href="/wiki/Secularity_(non-religiosity)" title="Secularity (non-religios
ity)" class="mw-redirect">secular</a> prison guarded by their own soldiers. Bish
op Cauchon denied Joan's appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" title="
Council of Basel" class="mw-redirect">Council of Basel</a> and the Pope, which s
hould have stopped his proceeding.<a hre
f="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>
The twelve articles of accusation which summarize the court's finding contrad
ict the already doctored court record.<a
href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The illiterate de
fendant signed an <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjuration</a> d
ocument she did not understand under threat of immediate execution. The court su
bstituted a different abjuration in the official record.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

<h3>Cross-dressing charge[<
a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edi
t section: Cross-dressing charge">edit</a>]
</h3>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilke_Hermann_
Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/
/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_o
f_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/170px-Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_De
ath_at_the_Stake.jpg" width="170" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//uplo
ad.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc
%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/255px-Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_a
t_the_Stake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stilke
_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg/340px-Stilke_Hermann_Ant
on_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_Death_at_the_Stake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file
-height="1476" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilke_Hermann_Anton_-_Joan_of_Arc%27s_
Death_at_the_Stake.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake, by <a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her
mann_Stilke" class="extiw" title="de:Hermann Stilke">Hermann Stilke</a> (1843)</
div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Capital
_crime" title="Capital crime" class="mw-redirect">capital crime</a> only for a r
epeat offense, and a repeat offense of "cross-dressing" was now arranged by the
court, according to the eyewitnesses. Joan agreed to wear feminine clothing when
she abjured, which created a problem. According to the later descriptions of so
me of the tribunal members, she had previously been wearing male (i.e. military)
clothing in prison because it gave her the ability to fasten her hosen, boots a
nd tunic together into one piece, which deterred rape by making it difficult to
pull her hosen off.<
a href="#cite_note-stjoan-center.com-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[7
5]</a> A woman's dress offered no such protection. A few days
after adopting a dress, she told a tribunal member that "a great English lord h
ad entered her prison and tried to take her by force. [i.e. rape her]"<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</s
pan></a> She resumed male attire either as a defense against molestation o
r, in the testimony of Jean Massieu, because her dress had been taken by the gua
rds and she was left with nothing else to wear.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>
Her resumption of male military clothing was labeled a relapse into heresy fo
r cross-dressing, although this would later be disputed by the inquisitor who pr
esided over the appeals court which examined the case after the war. Medieval Ca
tholic doctrine held that cross-dressing should be evaluated based on context, a
s stated in the Summa Theologica by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title=
"Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>, which says that necessity would be a pe
rmissible reason for cross-dressing.<a h
ref="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This would include
the use of clothing as protection against rape if the clothing would offer prote
ction. In terms of doctrine, she had been justified in disguising herself as a p
ageboy during her journey through enemy territory and she was justified in weari
ng armor during battle and protective clothing in camp and then in prison. The Chronique de la Pucelle states that it deterred molestation while she was
camped in the field. When her soldiers' clothing wasn't needed while on campaign
, she was said to have gone back to wearing a dress.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Cle
rgy who later testified at the posthumous appellate trial affirmed that she cont
inued to wear male clothing in prison to deter molestation and rape.<a href="#cite_note-stjoan-cente
r.com-74">[74]</a>
She referred the court to the Poitiers inquiry when questioned on the matter.
The Poitiers record no longer survives but circumstances indicate the Poitiers
clerics had approved her practice.<a hre
f="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> She also kept her hai
r cut short through her military campaigns and while in prison. Her supporters,
such as the theologian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gers

on</a>, defended her hairstyle for practical reasons, as did Inquisitor Brehal l
ater during the appellate trial.<a href=
"#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Nonetheless, at the tri
al in 1431 she was condemned and sentenced to die.
<h3>Execution[<a href="/w/index.php?tit
le=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Execution">ed
it</a>]</h3>
Eyewitnesses described the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" titl
e="Death by burning">execution by burning</a> on 30 May 1431. Tied to a tall pil
lar at the Vieux-March in Rouen, she asked two of the clergy, Fr Martin Ladvenu a
nd Fr Isambart de la Pierre, to hold a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix"
>crucifix</a> before her. An English soldier also constructed a small cross whic
h she put in the front of her dress. After she died, the English raked back the
coals to expose her charred body so that no one could claim she had escaped aliv
e, then burned the body twice more to reduce it to ashes and prevent any collect
ion of relics. They cast her remains into the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine
">Seine</a> River.<a href="#cite_note-82
">[82]</a> The executioner, Geoffroy Thrage, late
r stated that he "...greatly feared to be damned."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>
<h2>Posthumous events<sp
an class="mw-editsection">[<a href="
/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit sectio
n: Posthumous events">edit</a>]</spa
n></h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc-Not
re_Dame.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/170px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg" wid
th="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg/255px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dam
e.jpg/340px-Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-heig
ht="2048" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc-Notre_Dame.jpg" class="inte
rnal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Modern statue of Joan of Arc in <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre
Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral</a> interior, Paris</div>
</div>
</div>
The Hundred Years' War continued for 22 years after her death. Charles VII su
cceeded in retaining legitimacy as the king of France in spite of a rival corona
tion held for <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">He
nry VI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre Dame de Paris">No
tre-Dame cathedral</a> in Paris, on 16 December 1431, the boy's tenth birthday.
Before England could rebuild its military leadership and force of longbowmen los
t in 1429, the country lost its alliance with Burgundy at the <a href="/wiki/Tre
aty_of_Arras_(1435)" title="Treaty of Arras (1435)" class="mw-redirect">Treaty o
f Arras</a> in 1435. The Duke of Bedford died the same year and Henry VI became
the youngest king of England to rule without a regent: his weak leadership was p
robably the most important factor in ending the conflict. Kelly DeVries argues t
hat Joan of Arc's aggressive use of artillery and frontal assaults influenced Fr
ench tactics for the rest of the war.<a
In 1452, during the posthumous investigation into her execution, the Church d
eclared that a religious play in her honor at Orlans would allow attendees to gai
n an <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgence</a> (remission of
temporal punishment for sin) by making a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgr

image">pilgrimage</a> to the event.
<h3>Retrialedit</a
>]</h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Retrial
_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Retrial of Joan of Arc">Retrial of Joan of Arc</a></div>
A posthumous retrial opened after the war ended. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtu
s_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a> authorized this proceed
ing, also known as the "nullification trial", at the request of Inquisitor-Gener
al <a href="/wiki/Jean_Br%C3%A9hal" title="Jean Brhal">Jean Brhal</a> and Joan's m
other Isabelle Rome. The aim of the trial was to investigate whether the trial of
condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to canon law
. Investigations started with an inquest by Guillaume Bouill, a theologian and <a
href="/wiki/List_of_rectors_of_the_University_of_Paris" title="List of rectors
of the University of Paris">former rector of the University of Paris</a> (<a hre
f="/wiki/Sorbonne" title="Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a>). Brhal conducted an investigati
on in 1452. A formal appeal followed in November 1455. The appellate process inv
olved clergy from throughout Europe and observed standard court procedure. A pan
el of theologians analyzed testimony from 115 witnesses. Brhal drew up his final
summary in June 1456, which describes Joan as a martyr and implicated the late P
ierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a
<a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> vendetta. The technic
al reason for her execution had been a Biblical clothing law.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The nullification trial reversed the conviction in part because the condem
nation proceeding had failed to consider the doctrinal exceptions to that strict
ure. The appellate court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>

<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_02.
mb/0/0a/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_02.jpg/425px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_02.jp
g" width="284" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0
a/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo
ns/0/0a/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-he
ight="359" /></a></div>
</div>
Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII. Joan and the king.
</div>
</div>
</li>
<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_on_horseback.png"
class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/
6b/Joan_of_Arc_on_horseback.png/236px-Joan_of_Arc_on_horseback.png" width="158"
height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Joan_of
_Arc_on_horseback.png/354px-Joan_of_Arc_on_horseback.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedi
a.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Joan_of_Arc_on_horseback.png/472px-Joan_of_Ar
c_on_horseback.png 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="2082" /></a></di
v>
</div>
Joan of Arc depicted on horseback in an illustration from a 1505 manuscript.
</div>
</div>
</li>
jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/3/37/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_05.jpeg/428px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_05.
jpeg" width="286" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
3/37/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_05.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/3/37/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_05.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-fi
le-height="419" /></a></div>
</div>
Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII. The assault on Paris.
</div>
</div>
</li>
mb/7/73/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg/489px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jp
g" width="326" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/7/73/Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg/733px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jp
g 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vigiles_du_roi_Charl
es_VII_10.jpg/978px-Vigiles_du_roi_Charles_VII_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082"
data-file-height="1278" /></a></div>
</div>
Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII. Joan being tied at the stak
e.
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Canonization[<a href="/w/index.p
hp?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canoni
zation">edit</a>]</h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canoniz
ation_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Canonization of Joan of Arc">Canonization of Joan o
f Arc</a></div>
Joan of Arc became a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" t
itle="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> during the 16th century. Whe
n <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Dupanloup" title="Flix Dupanloup">Flix Dupanloup</a> w
as made bishop of Orlans in 1849, he pronounced a fervid <a href="/wiki/Panegyric
" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> on Joan of Arc, which attracted attention in E
ngland as well as France, and he led the efforts which culminated in Joan of Arc
's beatification in 1909. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict
XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> canonized Joan on 16 May 1920.
<h2>Legacy[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joa
n_of_Arc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><s
pan class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</h2>

<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of
_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of
_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg.png" width="220" height="242" class="thumbimage" srcset="//u
pload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.
svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wi
kipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms
_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></
a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Jeanne_d%27Arc.svg" cla
ss="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
In 1429, King Charles granted Joan a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of
arms">coat of arms</a>, consisting of a crowned sword between two <a href="/wik
i/Fleurs-de-lis" title="Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect">fleurs-de-lis</a></di
v>
</div>
</div>
Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure for the four centuries after her d
eath. The main sources of information about her were chronicles. Five original m
anuscripts of her condemnation trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th ce
ntury. Soon, historians also located the complete records of her rehabilitation
trial, which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses, and the original Fren
ch notes for the Latin condemnation trial transcript. Various contemporary lette
rs also emerged, three of which carry the signature Jehanne in the unstea
dy hand of a person learning to write.<a
href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This unusual weal
th of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares, "No person of the
Middle Ages, male or female, has been the subject of more study."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]<
/a>
Joan of Arc came from an obscure village and rose to prominence when she was
a teenager, and she did so as an uneducated peasant. The French and English king
s had justified the ongoing war through competing interpretations of inheritance
law, first concerning Edward III's claim and then Henry VI's. The conflict had
been a legalistic feud between two related royal families, but Joan transformed
it along religious lines and gave meaning to appeals such as that of squire Jean
de Metz when he asked, "Must the king be driven from the kingdom; and are we to
be English?"<a href="#c
ite_note-Nullification-30">[30]</a> In the words
of Stephen Richey, "She turned what had been a dry dynastic squabble that left
the common people unmoved except for their own suffering into a passionately pop
ular war of national liberation."<a href="#cite_note-Richey-33">[33]</a> Richey
also expresses the breadth of her subsequent appeal:
<blockquote class="templatequote">
The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to
make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically
ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, a
dored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced
with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices,
her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wo
nder.
<div class="templatequotecite">Stephen Richey<a href="#cite_note-Richey-33">[33]</a></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_Emm
anuel_Fremiet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped

ia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg/170px-Joan_of_Arc_Emmanue
l_Fremiet.jpg" width="170" height="310" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wiki
media.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg/255px-Jo
an_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/7/79/Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg/340px-Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg
2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="3740" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_of_Arc_Emmanuel_Fremiet.jpg" class
="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_(Fr%C3%A9miet)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (Frmiet)">Gilde
d bronze equestrian statue of Joan of Arc</a> at <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Pyrami
des" title="Place des Pyramides">Place des Pyramides</a> in Paris, by <a href="/
wiki/Emmanuel_Fr%C3%A9miet" title="Emmanuel Frmiet">Emmanuel Frmiet</a>, 1874</div
>
</div>
</div>
From <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine
de Pizan</a> to the present, women have looked to Joan as a positive example of
a brave and active woman.<a href="#cite_
note-89">[89]</a> She operated within a religiou
s tradition that believed an exceptional person from any level of society might
receive a divine calling. Some of her most significant aid came from women. King
Charles VII's mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, confirmed Joan's virginity and
financed her departure to Orlans. Joan of Luxembourg, aunt to the count of Luxemb
ourg who held custody of her after Compigne, alleviated her conditions of captivi
ty and may have delayed her sale to the English. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of
_Burgundy" title="Anne of Burgundy">Anne of Burgundy</a>, the duchess of Bedford
and wife to the regent of England, declared Joan a virgin during pretrial inqui
ries.<a href="#cite_note-90">[</sp
an>90]</a>
Three separate vessels of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy"
>French Navy</a> have been named after her, including a <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%
27Arc_(R_97)" title="Jeanne d'Arc (R 97)" class="mw-redirect">helicopter carrier
</a> which was retired from active service on 7 June 2010. At present, the contr
oversial <a href="/wiki/French_far-right" title="French far-right" class="mw-red
irect">French far-right</a> political party <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Fr
ance)" title="National Front (France)">Front National</a> holds rallies at h
er statues, reproduces her likeness in party publications, and uses a tricolor f
lame partly symbolic of her martyrdom as its emblem. This party's opponents some
times satirize its appropriation of her image.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Frenc
h civic holiday in her honour is the second Sunday of May.
Joan of Arc has been depicted in works by: <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare
" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_V
I,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">Henry VI, Part 1</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vo
ltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(po
em)" title="The Maid of Orleans (poem)">The Maid of Orleans</a>), <a href="/
wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a> (<
a href="/wiki/The_Maid_of_Orleans_(play)" title="The Maid of Orleans (play)">The
Maid of Orleans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi"
>Giuseppe Verdi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco
">Giovanna d'Arco</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyot
r Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Maid_o
f_Orleans_(opera)" title="The Maid of Orleans (opera)">The Maid of Orleans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> (<a href="/
wiki/Personal_Recollections_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Personal Recollections of Joa
n of Arc">Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jean_An
ouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Jean Anouilh</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Lark_(play)"
title="The Lark (play)">L'Alouette</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" tit
le="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stoc

kyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Berna
rd Shaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan (play)">Sain
t Joan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwe
ll Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Lorraine" title="Joan of Lorraine">Jo
an of Lorraine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor
Dreyer">Carl Theodor Dreyer</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Joan_of_Arc"
title="The Passion of Joan of Arc">The Passion of Joan of Arc</a>), <a href=
"/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Robert Bresson</a> (<a href="/w
iki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="The Trial of Joan of Arc">The Trial of Joan
of Arc</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rivette" title="Jacques Rivette">Jacque
s Rivette</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Maiden,_Part_1:_The_Battles" title="Jo
an the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles">Joan the Maiden, Part 1: The Battles</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Maiden,_Part_2:_The_Prisons" title="Joan the Mai
den, Part 2: The Prisons">Joan the Maiden, Part 2: The Prisons</a>), <a href
="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a> (<a href
="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_b%C3%BBcher" title="Jeanne d'Arc au bcher">Jeanne d'Arc
au bcher</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard C
ohen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(Leonard_Cohen_song)" title="Joan of Arc
(Leonard Cohen song)">Joan of Arc</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvre
s_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">Orchestral Manoeuvres i
n the Dark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark
_song)" title="Joan of Arc (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark song)" class="mw-r
edirect">Joan of Arc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Orleans_(The_Waltz_Jo
an_of_Arc)" title="Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)">Maid of Orleans</a>).
<h2>Visionsedit</a
>]</h2>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanne_d%27_Arc
_(Eugene_Thirion).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jeanne_d%27_Arc_%28Eugene_Thirion%29.jpg/170px-Jeanne_
d%27_Arc_%28Eugene_Thirion%29.jpg" width="170" height="239" class="thumbimage" s
rcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jeanne_d%27_Arc_%28Eu
gene_Thirion%29.jpg/255px-Jeanne_d%27_Arc_%28Eugene_Thirion%29.jpg 1.5x, //uploa
d.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Jeanne_d%27_Arc_%28Eugene_Thirion%2
9.jpg/340px-Jeanne_d%27_Arc_%28Eugene_Thirion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" d
ata-file-height="1082" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanne_d%27_Arc_(Eugene_Thirion).jpg" c
lass="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Jeanne d'Arc, by Eugne Thirion (1876). Late 19th century images such as th
is often had political undertones because of French territorial cessions to Germ
any in 1871. (Chautou, Church of Notre Dame)</div>
</div>
</div>
Joan of Arc's religious visions have remained an ongoing topic of interest. S
he identified <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Saint Margaret th
e Virgin" class="mw-redirect">Saint Margaret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Al
exandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a>, and <a href="/wik
i/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael</a> as the sour
ce of her <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelations</a>, althoug
h there is some ambiguity as to which of several identically named saints she in
tended.
Analysis of her visions is problematic since the main source of information o
n this topic is the condemnation trial transcript in which she defied customary
courtroom procedure about a witness' oath and specifically refused to answer eve
ry question about her visions. She complained that a standard witness oath would
conflict with an oath she had previously sworn to maintain confidentiality abou
t meetings with her king. It remains unknown to what extent the surviving record
may represent the fabrications of corrupt court officials or her own possible f
abrications to protect state secrets.<a
href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some historians si
destep speculation about the visions by asserting that her belief in her calling
is more relevant than questions about the visions' ultimate origin.</a>
A number of more recent scholars attempted to explain her visions in psychiat
ric or neurological terms. Potential diagnoses have included <a href="/wiki/Epil
epsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">m
igraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>,
and <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> None of the putative diagnoses have gained consensus support
, and many scholars have debunked them by arguing that she didn't display any of
the objective symptoms that can accompany the mental illnesses which have been
suggested, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Philip Mackowiak dismissed the possibility
of schizophrenia and several other disorders (temporal lobe epilepsy and ergot
poisoning) in a chapter on Joan of Arc in his book "Post-Mortem" in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]
</a>
Dr. John Hughes rejected the idea that Joan of Arc suffered from epilepsy in
an article in the academic journal Epilepsy & Behavior.
Two experts who analysed the hypothesis of temporal lobe tuberculoma in the m
edical journal Neuropsychobiology expressed their misgivings about this c
laim in the following statement:
It is difficult to draw final conclusions, but it would seem unlikely that wi
despread tuberculosis, a serious disease, was present in this "patient" whose li
fe-style and activities would surely have been impossible had such a serious dis
ease been present.<a href="#cite_note-97
">[97]</a>
</blockquote>
In response to another such theory alleging that her visions were caused by b
ovine tuberculosis as a result of drinking <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title=
"Pasteurization">unpasteurized</a> milk, historian Rgine Pernoud wrote that if dr
inking unpasteurized milk could produce such potential benefits for the nation,
then the French government should stop mandating the pasteurization of milk.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98<spa
n>]</a>
Joan of Arc gained favor in the court of King Charles VII, who accepted her a
s sane. He would have been familiar with the signs of madness because his own fa
ther, Charles VI, had suffered from it. Charles VI was popularly known as "Charl
es the Mad", and much of France s political and military decline during his reig
n could be attributed to the power vacuum that his episodes of insanity had prod
uced. The previous king had believed he was made of glass, a delusion no courtie
r had mistaken for a religious awakening. Fears that King Charles VII would mani
fest the same insanity may have factored into the attempt to disinherit him at T
royes. This stigma was so persistent that contemporaries of the next generation
would attribute to inherited madness the breakdown that England s King <a href="
/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> was to suffe
r in 1453: Henry VI was nephew to Charles VII and grandson to Charles VI. The co
urt of Charles VII was shrewd and skeptical on the subject of mental health.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99<spa
n>]</a><a href="#cite_note
-100">[100]</a> Upon Joan s arrival at Chinon th

e royal counselor Jacques Glu cautioned,
One should not lightly alter any policy because of conversation with a girl,
a peasant ... so susceptible to illusions; one should not make oneself ridi
culous in the sight of foreign nations.
</blockquote>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigiles_misc_03
.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/c/c4/Vigiles_misc_03.jpg/220px-Vigiles_misc_03.jpg" width="220" height="161"
class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/
Vigiles_misc_03.jpg/330px-Vigiles_misc_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vigiles_misc_03.jpg/440px-Vigiles_misc_03.jpg 2x" data-f
ile-width="640" data-file-height="469" /></a>
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigiles_misc_03.jpg" class="internal" t
itle="Enlarge"></a></div>
Miniature from Vigiles du roi Charles VII. The citizens of <a href="/wiki
/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> hand over city keys to the Dauphin and Joan.<
/div>
</div>
</div>
She remained astute to the end of her life and the rehabilitation trial testi
mony frequently marvels at her astuteness:
Often they [the judges] turned from one question to another, changing about,
but, notwithstanding this, she answered prudently, and evinced a wonderful memor
y.<a href="#cite_note-101">[</spa
n>101]</a>
</blockquote>
Her subtle replies under interrogation even forced the court to stop holding
public sessions.<a href="#cite
_note-Pernoud-70">[70]</a>
Some psychiatrists have also urged that a distinction should be made between
different types of experiences. Ralph Hoffman, professor of psychology at Yale U
niversity, argues that visionary and creative states, including "hearing voices"
, are not necessarily signs of mental illness.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>
<h2>Alleged relics dispr
oven[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=14" tit
le="Edit section: Alleged relics disproven">edit</a>]</h2>
In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription "Remains fo
und under the stake of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orleans." They consisted of a char
red human rib, carbonized wood, a piece of linen and a cat femur explained
as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches. They are now in
the Museum of Art and History in Chinon. In 2006, <a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w
iki/Philippe_Charlier" class="extiw" title="fr:Philippe Charlier">Philippe Charl
ier</a>, a forensic scientist at <a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_R
aymond-Poincar%C3%A9_(Garches)" class="extiw" title="fr:Hpital Raymond-Poincar (Ga
rches)">Raymond Poincar Hospital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garches" title="Garches">Gar
ches</a>) was authorized to study the relics. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"
title="Radiocarbon dating">Carbon-14 tests</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Spect
roscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> analyses were performed, and the
results<a href="#cite_note-Na
ture-103">[103]</a> determined that the remains
come from an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mum
my" title="Mummy">mummy</a> from the sixth to the third century B.C. The charred
appearance was the result of the embalming substances, not from combustion. Lar
ge amounts of pine pollen were also found, consistent with the presence of resin
used in mummification and some unburned linen was found and was determined to b
e similar to that used to wrap mummies. The famous perfumers <a href="/wiki/Guer
lain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patou" title="Jean P
atou">Jean Patou</a> said that they could smell vanilla in the remains, also con
sistent with mummification. Apparently the mummy was part of the ingredients of
medieval <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeia</a> a
nd it was relabeled in a time of French nationalism.
<h2>Revisionist theories</sp
an>[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit
section: Revisionist theories">edit</a>]</h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alterna
tive_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical in
terpretations of Joan of Arc">Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of
Arc</a></div>
The accuracy of the standard accounts of the life of Joan of Arc has been que
stioned by revisionist authors.
<h2>See also[<a href="/w/index.php?title
=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit
</a>]</h2>
<div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0
.5em 1em">
<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"
>
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="ima
ge"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7
/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" width="31" height="28" class
="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christ
ianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-wi
dth="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:b
old"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianit
y portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align:middle">
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloriole_blur.svg" class="imag
e"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/
48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" width="32" height="28" class="n
oviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_bl
ur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons
/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32
" data-file-height="28" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:b
old"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI
of France</a> - King of France at the time of Joan s birth</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifteen_Decisive_Battles_of_the_World" title="The Fift
een Decisive Battles of the World">The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World</a>
, an 1851 book describing 15 <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">military
engagements</a> which, in the opinion of the soon-knighted author, Sir <a href="
/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Edward Shepherd Cre

asy</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Macro-historical" title="Macro-historical">signific
ant impact on world history</a>. The Siege of Orlans is included.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Cezelli" title="Franoise de Cezelli">Franoise
de Cezelli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois" title="Jean de Dunois">Jean de Dunois</a> - C
ommander at Orleans and in the French Royal army when Joan was there</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Jean II, Duke of Alenon"
>Jean II, Duke of Alenon</a> - Commander in the French Royal army</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais" title="Gilles de Rais">Gilles de Rais</a> - C
ommander in the French Royal Army</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_(DuBois)" title="Joan of Arc (DuBois)" class="mwredirect">Joan of Arc</a>, a sculpture in Washington, D.C.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flan
ders</a> - Countess who led an army earlier in the Hundred Years War</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearles
s</a> - Duke of Burgundy during Joan s childhood</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>
- Duke of Burgundy when Joan was fighting for Charles VII</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_warriors_in_folklore" title="List of women warr
iors in folklore">List of women warriors in folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Lorraine_prophecies" title="Maid of Lorraine propheci
es">Maid of Lorraine prophecies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Anjou" title="Marie of Anjou">Marie of Anjou</a> - W
ife of Charles VII</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pierronne" title="Pierronne">Pierronne</a> - Mystic who met J
oan of Arc</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon" title="Yolande of Aragon">Yolande of Arago
n</a> - Mother of the French Queen</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_C%C3%A9sar_Vermare" title="Andr Csar Vermare">Andr Csa
r Vermare</a> - Sculpted a famous statue of Joan of Arc</li>
</ul>
 
<div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Joan_of_Arc" ti
tle="Name of Joan of Arc">Name of Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depic
tions_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc">Cultural depict
ions of Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Cano
nization of Joan of Arc">Canonization of Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alterna
tive_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical in
terpretations of Joan of Arc">Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of
Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_sexuality_and_gender_identity_of_Joan_of_
Arc" title="Cross-dressing sexuality and gender identity of Joan of Arc" class="
mw-redirect">Cross-dressing sexuality and gender identity of Joan of Arc</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc_bibliography" title="Joan of Arc bibliography" class="m
w-redirect">Joan of Arc bibliography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" t
itle="Hundred Years War" class="mw-redirect">Hundred Years War</a></div>
 
<h2>Footnotese
dit</a>]</h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -we
bkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</
a> An exact date of birth (6 January 141
2) is uniquely indicated by Perceval de Boulainvilliers, councillor of king Char
les VII, in a letter to the duke of Milan. Regine Pernoud s Joan of Arc By He
rself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrmy
, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying tha
t she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January". However, Marius Sepet has a
lleged that Boulainvilliers letter is mythographic and therefore unreliable in
his opinion (Marius Sepet, "Observations critiques sur l histoire de Jeanne d Ar
c. La lettre de Perceval de Boulainvilliers", in Bibliothque de l cole des char
tes, n77, 1916, p. 439-447, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="htt
p://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12454p/f439.image">http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:
/12148/bpt6k12454p/f439.image</a> ; Gerd Krumeich, "La date de la naissance
de Jeanne d Arc", in De Domremy... Tokyo: Jeanne d Arc et la Lorraine, 2
013)</li>
a> <a rel="no
follow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/seaso
n_saint_timeline.html">"Chemainus Theatre Festival - The 2008 Season - Saint Joa
n - Joan of Arc Historical Timeline"</a>. Chemainustheatrefestival.ca. Retrieved 30 November 2012
.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikip
edia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=Chemainus+Theatre+Festival+-+The+2008+Seas
on+-+Saint+Joan+-+Joan+of+Arc+Historical+Timeline&rft.genre=book&rft_id=
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemainustheatrefestival.ca%2Fseason_saint_timeline.html&rf
t.pub=Chemainustheatrefestival.ca&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3
Abook" class="Z3988"> </li
>
a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external tex
t" href="http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calenda
r/holydays.aspx">Church of England Holy Days</a></li>
a> Her name was written in a variety of
ways, particularly prior to the mid-19th century. See Pernoud and Clin, pp. 22022
1. Her signature appears as "Jehanne" (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external tex
t" href="http://www.stjoan-center.com/Album/part47.html">www.stjoan-center.com/A
lbum/, parts 47</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www
.stjoan-center.com/Album/part49.html">49</a>; it is also noted in Pernoud and Cl
in).</li>
<li id="cite_note-birthdate-5"><a href="#cite_
ref-birthdate_5-0">^</a> Modern biograph
ical summaries often assert a birthdate of 6 January for Joan, which is based on
a letter from Lord Perceval de Boullainvilliers on 21 July 1429 (see Pernoud s
Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells o
f her birth in Domrmy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the
true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January").
</li>
<li id="cite_note-justice.gouv.fr-6"><a href="
#cite_ref-justice.gouv.fr_6-0">^</a> 
Le Procs de Jeanne d Arc, in Srie "Les grands procs de l histoire", Ministre de
la Justice (France), 6 July 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/proces-historiques-10411
/le-proces-de-jeanne-darc-24376.html">http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-pat
rimoine-10050/proces-historiques-10411/le-proces-de-jeanne-darc-24376.html</a></li>
a> Rgine Pernoud, "Joan of Arc By Herself
And Her Witnesses", pp. 179, 220-222</li>
<li id="cite_note-ward-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wa
rd_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ward_8-1">b
</a> Andrew Ward (2005) <a rel
="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0421212/">Joan of Arc</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Inter
net Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li>
a> Dirk Aren

d Berents, D. E. H. de Boer, Marina Warner (1994). Joan of Arc: Reality and M
yth. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_B
ook_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/w
iki/Special:BookSources/9065504125" title="Special:BookSources/9065504125">90655
04125</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wik
ipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+Reality+and+Myth&rft.
date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9065504125&rft.pages=8&rft.pub
=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class=
"Z3988"> </li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^
</a> John Aberth, From the Brink of t
he Apocalypse, Routledge, 2000 <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415927153
" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-92715-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spec
ial:BookSources/9780415927154" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415
-92715-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.c
o.uk/books?id=4xyp-SscNBkC&pg=PA85">p. 85</a></li>
</a> DeVries, pp. 2728.</li>
</a> <a rel="
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/richardII/charles
VI.html">"Charles VI"</a>. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 March 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoa
n+of+Arc&rft.btitle=Charles+VI&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.history.ac.uk%2FrichardII%2FcharlesVI.html&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical
+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><sp
an style="display:none;"> </li>
</a> Pernoud
, Regine; Clin, Narue-Veronique (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rwNkZ6j0MawC&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q
&f=false">Joan of Arc: Her Story</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89.
<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standar
d Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312227302" t
itle="Special:BookSources/9780312227302">9780312227302</a>.<span title="c
tx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rf
t.au=Clin%2C+Narue-Veronique&rft.aufirst=Regine&rft.aulast=Pernoud&r
ft.au=Pernoud%2C+Regine&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+Her+Story&rft.date=199
9&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwN
kZ6j0MawC%26pg%3DPA189%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9780312227302&
amp;rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </sp
an></li>
</a> Sackville-West, Vita. <a href="/wik
i/Saint_Joan_of_Arc_(Sackville-West)" title="Saint Joan of Arc (Sackville-West)"
>Saint Joan of Arc</a>, p. 21.</li>
</a> <a rel="
nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burgundytoday.com/historic-plac
es/history-of-burgundy/dukes-of-burgundy.htm">"The Glorious Age of the Dukes of
Burgundy"</a>. Burgundy Today. Retrieved <spa
n class="nowrap">9 March 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2
004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=The+Gl
orious+Age+of+the+Dukes+of+Burgundy&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw
ww.burgundytoday.com%2Fhistoric-places%2Fhistory-of-burgundy%2Fdukes-of-burgundy
.htm&rft.pub=Burgundy+Today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ab
ook" class="Z3988"> </li>

</a> Sizer, M
ichael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umi
ch.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002/--calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacre
s-of-1418?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris M
assacres of 1418"</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&
amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Michael&a
mp;rft.aulast=Sizer&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Calamity+of+V
iolence%3A+Reading+the+Paris+Massacres+of+1418&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=b
ook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fw%2Fwsfh%2F0642292.0035.002%2F-calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacres-of-1418%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3D
fulltext&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><spa
n style="display:none;"> </li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, p. 167.</l
i>
</a> DeVries, p. 24.</li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, pp. 188189.
</li>
</a> DeVries, pp. 24, 26.</li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, p. 10.</li
>
</a> Jacques d Arc (1380 1440) was a far
mer at Domrmy who held the post of doyen a local tax-collector and or
ganizer of village defenses. He had married Isabelle de Vouthon (1387 1468), als
o called "Rome", in 1405. Their other children were Jacquemin, Jean, Pierre and C
atherine. Charles VII ennobled Jacques and Isabelle s family on 29 December 1429
, an act which was registered by the Chamber of Accounts on 20 January 1430. The
grant permitted the family to change their surname to "du Lys".</li>
</a> The French portion of the duchy, ca
lled the Barrois mouvant, was situated west of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_R
iver" title="Meuse River" class="mw-redirect">Meuse River</a> while the rest of
the duchy (east of the Meuse) was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire
" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The duchy of Bar was later in
corporated to the province of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" title="Lorraine (
duchy)">Lorraine</a> and the village of Domrmy renamed Domrmy-la-Pucelle, in honor
of Joan of Arc. See Condemnation trial, p. 37.<a rel="nofollow" class="external
autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html">[1
]</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</li>
i>
</a> Pernoud
, Regine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books
?id=8cNBUC1HXFIC&pg=PA30">Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses</a
>. p. 30.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen
.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Regine&rft.aulast=Pernoud&r
ft.au=Pernoud%2C+Regine&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc+By+Herself+and+Her+Witnesses&
amp;rft.genre=book&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8cNBUC1HXFIC
%26pg%3DPA30&rft.pages=30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Aboo
k" class="Z3988"> </li>
</a> Condemnation trial, pp. 5859.<a rel=
"nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basi
s/joanofarc-trial.html">[2]</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nullification-30">^ <a href="#c
ite_ref-Nullification_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nu
llification_30-1">b</a> Nullification trial testimony of Jean de Metz.<a rel="nofollow" class="exte
rnal autonumber" href="http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null04.html">[3]</a>.
Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> Pernoud, Regine. Joan of Arc By
Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 35.</li>
</a> Oliphant, ch. 2.<a rel="nofollow" c
lass="external autonumber" href="http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html
">[4]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richey-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref
-Richey_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richey_33-1"><su
p>b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richey_33-2">c
</a> Richey, p. 4.</li>
</a> Pernoud, Regine. "Joan of Arc By He
rself And Her Witnesses", pp. 35-36.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vale.2C_M.G.A._1974.2C_p._55_35-1">b</a> Vale, M.G.A., Charles VII , 1
974, p. 55.</li>
</a> Vale, M.G.A., Charles VII , 1974,
p. 56.</li>
</a> Historians often refer to this man
by other names. Many call him "Count of Dunois" in reference to a title he recei
ved years after Joan s death, since this title is now his best-known designation
. During Joan s lifetime he was often called "Bastard of Orlans" due to his condi
tion as the illegitimate son of Louis of Orleans. His contemporaries viewed this
"title" as nothing but a standard method of delineating such illegitimate offsp
ring, but it nonetheless often confuses modern readers because "bastard" has bec
ome a popular insult. "Jean d Orlans" is less precise but not anachronistic. For
a short biography see Pernoud and Clin, pp. 180181.</li>
</a> Barrett, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne
d Arc", p. 63.</li>
</a> Barrett, W.P. "The Trial of Jeanne
d Arc", p. 221.</li>
</a> Pernoud, Rgine. "Joan of Arc By Hers
elf and Her Witnesses" pp. 63, 113.</li>
i>
</a> DeVries, pp. 7483</li>

</a> Fraioli, Deborah. "Joan of Arc, the
Early Debate", pp. 87-88; 126-127.</li>
</a> Nullification trial testimony of Je
an, Duke of Alenon.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www
.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null07.html">[5]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</spa
n></li>
</a> Lucie-Smith, pp. 156160.</li>
</a> Pernoud, Regine. "Joan of Arc By He
rself And Her Witnesses" (1982), p. 137.</li>
</a> These range from mild associations
of intrigue to scholarly invective. For an impassioned statement see Gower, ch.
4.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/f
iles/16933/16933.txt">[6]</a> (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Milder examples are P
ernoud and Clin, pp. 7880; DeVries, p. 135; and Oliphant, ch. 6.<a rel="nofollow"
class="external autonumber" href="http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.ht
ml">[7]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, pp. 258-259.</spa
n></li>
<li id="cite_note-barbara_geiger1-53">^ <a href="
#cite_ref-barbara_geiger1_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_re
f-barbara_geiger1_53-1">b</a> Geiger,Barbara (April 2008). "A Friend
to Compiegne". Calliope Magazine 18 (8): 3234.<span title="
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&r
ft.atitle=A+Friend+to+Compiegne&rft.au=Geiger%2CBarbara&rft.aulast=Geige
r%2CBarbara&rft.date=April+2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rf
t.jtitle=Calliope+Magazine&rft.pages=32-34&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%
3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"> </li>
</a> Pernoud, Rgine. Joan of Arc: Her
Story, p. 96.</li>
</a> "Joan of Arc, Saint". Encyclopdia
Britannica, 2007. Encyclopdia Britannica Online Library Edition, 12 Septembe
r 2007 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.library.eb.c
om.ezproxy.ae.talonline.ca/eb/article-27055">http://www.library.eb.com.ezproxy.a
e.talonline.ca/eb/article-27055</a>>.</li>
</a> Rgine Pernoud & M-V Clin: Jea
nne d Arc, Fayard, Paris, 2 May 1986, p. 182.</li>
</a> Champion s description is included
in Barrett s translation of the trial transcript: Barrett, W.P. The Trial of

Joan of Arc, p. 390.</li>
</a> Barrett, W.P. The Trial of Joan
of Arc, p. 390.</li>
elf and Her Witnesses", pp. 165-167.</li>
</a> Judges investigations 9 January&#1
60; 26 March, ordinary trial 26 March 24 May, recantation 24 May, relapse tr
ial 2829 May.</li>
elf and Her Witnesses", p. 269.</li>
</a> The retrial verdict later affirmed
that Cauchon had no authority to try the case. See Joan of Arc: Her Story
, by Rgine Pernoud and Marie-Veronique Clin, p. 108.</li>
</a> Peters, Edward. Inquisition,
p. 69.</li>
</a> Nullification trial testimony of Fa
ther Nicholas Bailly.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://
www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null03.html">[8]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> Taylor, Craig, Joan of Arc: La P
ucelle, p. 137.</li>
</a> Deposition of Nicholas de Houppevil
le on 8 May 1452 during Inquisitor Brehal s first investigation. See: Pernoud, Rg
ine. "The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitati
on 1450 - 1456", p 236.</li>
</a> See: Pernoud, Rgine. "The Retrial of
Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450 - 1456", p 2
41.</li>
</a> Condemnation trial, p. 52.<a rel="n
ofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/
joanofarc-trial.html">[9]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pernoud-70">^ <a href="#cite_re
f-Pernoud_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pernoud_70-1">
b</a> Pernoud and C
lin, p. 112. In the twentieth century <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title=
"George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> found this dialogue so compelling
that sections of his play <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan
(play)">Saint Joan</a> are literal translations of the trial record. See Sh
aw, "Saint Joan". Penguin Classics, Reissue edition (2001). <a href="/wiki/Speci
al:BookSources/0140437916" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-043791-6
</a></li>
i>
</a> Condemnation trial, pp. 314316.<a re
l="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ba
sis/joanofarc-trial.html">[10]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>

</a> Condemnation trial, pp. 342343.<a re
l="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ba
sis/joanofarc-trial.html">[11]</a>. (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Also nullificat
ion trial testimony of Brother Pierre Migier, "As to the act of recantation, I k
now it was performed by her; it was in writing, and was about the length of a <a
href="/wiki/Pater_Noster" title="Pater Noster" class="mw-redirect">Pater Noster
</a>."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stjoan-cent
er.com/Trials/null09.html">[12]</a> (Retrieved 12 February 2006) In modern Engli
sh this is better known as the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord s Pra
yer">Lord s Prayer</a>, Latin and English texts available here:<a rel="nofollow"
class="external autonumber" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/">[13]<
/a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-stjoan-center.com-74">^ <a href
="#cite_ref-stjoan-center.com_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cit
e_ref-stjoan-center.com_74-1">b</a> Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon.<a rel="n
ofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/#
nullification">[14]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> According to medieval clothing expe
rt Adrien Harmand, she wore two layers of hosen or "pants" ("trousers" in Britis
h-English) attached to the doublet with 20 fastenings. The outer pants were made
of a boot-like leather. "Jeanne d Arc, son costume, son armure."<a rel="nofollo
w" class="external autonumber" href="http://lerozier.free.fr/chausses.htm">[15]<
/a>(French). Retrieved 23 March 2006.</li>
</a> See Pernoud, p. 220, which quotes a
ppellate testimony by Friar Martin Ladvenu and Friar Isambart de la Pierre.</spa
n></li>
</a> Nullification trial testimony of Je
an Massieu.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stjoan
-center.com/Trials/null02.html">[16]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li
>
</a> "Summa Theologica", II - II, Q 169,
Art. 2, ad. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ne
wadvent.org/summa/3169.htm">[17]</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2014</li>
</a> From "De Quadam Puella". For a disc
ussion of this, see footnote 18 on p. 29 of "Joan of Arc: The Early Debate" (200
0), by Deborah Fraioli.</li>
</a> Condemnation trial, p. 78.<a rel="n
ofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/
joanofarc-trial.html">[18]</a> (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Retrial testimony of
Brother Sguin, (Frre Sguin, fils de Sguin), Professor of Theology at Poitier
s, does not mention clothing directly, but constitutes a wholehearted endorsemen
t of her piety.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.st
joan-center.com/Trials/null05.html">[19]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.
</li>
</a> Fraioli, "Joan of Arc: The Early De
bate", p. 131.</li>
</a> In February 2006 a team of forensic
scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess bone and skin
remains from a museum at <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a> and r
eputed to be those of the heroine. The study cannot provide a positive identific
ation but could rule out some types of hoax through carbon dating and gender det
ermination.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.c
o.uk/2/hi/europe/4711784.stm">[20]</a> (Retrieved 1 March 2006) An interim repor
t released 17 December 2006 states that this is unlikely to have belonged to her
.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id
/16257470/">[21]</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2006.</li>
</a> Pernoud, p. 233.</li>
</a> <a class="external text" href="http
://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Deuteronomy&verse=22:5&src=!
">Deuteronomy 22:5</a></li>
</a> Nullification trial sentence rehabi
litation.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stjoan-c
enter.com/Trials/null13.html">[22]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, pp. 247264.
</li>
</a> DeVries in "Fresh Verdicts on Joan
of Arc", edited by Bonnie Wheeler, p. 3.</li>
</a> English translation of Christine de
Pizan s poem Le Diti de Jeanne d Arc by L. Shopkow.<a rel="nofollow" clas
s="external autonumber" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~sotl/portfolios/shopkow/jo
an.htm">[23]</a> (Retrieved 12 February 2006) Analysis of the poem by Professors
Kennedy and Varty of Magdalen College, Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="externa
l text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616120159/http://www.smu.edu/ijas
/cdepisan/intro.html">Archived</a> 16 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Ma
chine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
</a> These tests, which her confessor de
scribes as <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a> investigations, are not
reliable measures of virginity. However, they signified approval from matrons o
f the highest social rank at key moments of her life. Rehabilitation trial testi
mony of Jean Pasquerel.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http:
//www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null07.html">[24]</a> Retrieved 12 March 2006.</s
pan></li>
</a> Front National publicity logos incl
ude the tricolor flame and reproductions of statues depicting her. The graphics
forums at tapes magazine include a variety of political posters from the 2
002 presidential election.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ht
tp://www.etapes.com/index.php?num=84&rub=forum&forum=1&p=0">[25]</a>
(French) Retrieved 7 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205045109/http://www.etapes.com/in
dex.php?num=84&rub=forum&forum=1&p=0">Archived</a> December 5, 2014
at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</
a></li>
</a> Condemnation trial, pp. 3637, 4142, 4
849. Retrieved 1 September 2006.</li>
</a> In a parenthetical note to a milita
ry biography, DeVries asserts:

<blockquote>
"The visions, or their veracity, are not in them
selves important for this study. What is important, in fact what is key to Joan
s history as a military leader, is that she (author s emphasis) believed
that they came from God," p. 35.
</blockquote>
</li>
</a> Many of these hypotheses were devis
ed by people whose expertise is in history rather than medicine. For a sampling
of papers that passed peer review in medical journals, see 
d Orsi G, Tinuper P (August 2006). <a rel="nofoll
ow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S152
5-5050(06)00175-2">""I heard voices..."
: from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epi
lepsy of Joan of Arc"</a>. Epilepsy Behav 9 (1): 1527. <a href="/wi
ki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="
nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2006.04.020
">10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubM
ed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="extern
al text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750938">16750938</a>.<span
title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+A
rc&rft.atitle=%22I+heard+voices...%22%3A+from+semiology%2C+an+historical+rev
iew%2C+and+a+new+hypothesis+on+the+presumed+epilepsy+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.au=d
%27Orsi+G%2C+Tinuper+P&rft.aulast=d%27Orsi+G%2C+Tinuper+P&rft.date=Augus
t+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fr
etrieve%2Fpii%2FS1525-5050%2806%2900175-2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ye
beh.2006.04.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16750938&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle
=Epilepsy+Behav&rft.pages=152-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"> </s
pan> (idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features) 
Foote-Smith E, Bayne L (1991). "Joan of Arc". 
Epilepsia 32 (6): 8105. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" titl
e="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" hr
ef="//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x">10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.
tb05537.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class
="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www
.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1743152">1743152</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88
-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=Joan
+of+Arc&rft.au=Foote-Smith+E%2C+Bayne+L&rft.aulast=Foote-Smith+E%2C+Bayn
e+L&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.
1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1743152&rft.issue=6&rf
t.jtitle=Epilepsia&rft.pages=810-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3A
mtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=32" class="Z3988">&#160
; (epilepsy) 
Henker FO (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" clas
s="external text" href="http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lww
gateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0038-4348&volume=77&issue=12&spag
e=1488">"Joan of Arc and DSM III"</a>. South. Med. J. 77 (12): 148
890. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">
doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F000
07611-198412000-00003">10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubM
ed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a re
l="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6390693">
6390693</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.w
ikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=Joan+of+Arc+and+DSM+III&rft.au=Hen
ker+FO&rft.aulast=Henker+FO&rft.date=December+1984&rft.genre=article
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wkhealth.com%2Fpt%2Fpt-core%2Ftemplate-journal%2Fl
wwgateway%2Fmedia%2Flandingpage.htm%3Fissn%3D0038-4348%26volume%3D77%26issue%3D1
2%26spage%3D1488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-198412000-00003&
rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6390693&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=South.+Med.+J.&
rft.pages=1488-90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft
.volume=77" class="Z3988"> (vari
ous psychiatric definitions) 
Allen C (AutumnWinter 1975). "The schizophrenia of
Joan of Arc". Hist Med 6 (34): 49. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11630627">11630627</a>
.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.or
g%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=The+schizophrenia+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.au=Allen
+C&rft.aulast=Allen+C&rft.date=Autumn-Winter+1975&rft.genre=article&
amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11630627&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.jtitle=Hist+
Med&rft.pages=4-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp
;rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"> (s
chizophrenia)</li>
</a> Mackowiak, Philip; "Post-Mortem: So
lving History s Great Medical Mysteries", ACP Press, 2007</li>
</a> Hugh
es, J. R. (2005). "Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?". Epilep
sy & Behavior 6 (2): 11539. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifi
er" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2004.11.011">10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.
011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-r
edirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710295">15710295</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-200
4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=Did+all+
those+famous+people+really+have+epilepsy%3F&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hug
hes%2C+J.+R.&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&r
ft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2004.11.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F157102
95&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.pages=115-39&amp
;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=6" class="Z39
88"> </li>
</a> Nore
s JM, Yakovleff Y (1995). "A historical case of disseminated chronic tuberculosi
s". Neuropsychobiology 32 (2): 7980. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_
identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="e
xternal text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000119218">10.1159/000119218</a>. <a
href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMI
D</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/7477805">7477805</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=i
nfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=A+historical+case+of+d
isseminated+chronic+tuberculosis&rft.aulast=Nores+JM%2C+Yakovleff+Y&rft.
au=Nores+JM%2C+Yakovleff+Y&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft_id=in
fo%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000119218&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7477805&rft.issue=2&
amp;rft.jtitle=Neuropsychobiology&rft.pages=79-80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=32" class="Z3988"> </li>
</a> Pernoud, p. 275.</li>
</a> Pernoud and Clin, pp. 3, 169, 183.</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100"
>^</a> Nullification trial testimony of
Dame Marguerite de Touroulde, widow of a king s counselor: "I heard from those t
hat brought her to the king that at first they thought she was mad, and intended
to put her away in some ditch, but while on the way they felt moved to do every
thing according to her good pleasure."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumb
er" href="http://www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null05.html">[26]</a> Retrieved 12
February 2006.</li>
>^</a> Nullification trial testimony of
Guillaume de Manchon.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://
www.stjoan-center.com/Trials/null09.html">[27]</a> Retrieved 12 February 2006.</li>
>^</a> Hoffman, "Auditory Hallucinations
: What s It Like Hearing Voices?" in HealthyPlace.com, 27 September 2003. Access
ible online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.h
ealthyplace.com/Communities/Thought_Disorders/schizo/articles/hearing_voices.htm
">[28]</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2006. He lists Joan of Arc s case as a possibl
e example of an "hallucinated voice", without elaborating on the term.</l
i>
<li id="cite_note-Nature-103"><a href="#cite_r
ef-Nature_103-0">^</a> Declan Butler. (4 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external t
ext" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7136/full/446593a.html">"J
oan of Arc s relics exposed as forgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(magazine)
" title="Nature (magazine)" class="mw-redirect">Nature</a> 446 (7136)
: 593. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifie
r">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F
446593a">10.1038/446593a</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=
info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.atitle=Joan+of+Arc%27s+relic
s+exposed+as+forgery&rft.au=Declan+Butler.&rft.aulast=Declan+Butler.&amp
;rft.date=4+April+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.
com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv446%2Fn7136%2Ffull%2F446593a.html&rft_id=info%3Ado
i%2F10.1038%2F446593a&rft.issue=7136&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=593
&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=446" clas
s="Z3988"> </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>References[<a href="/w/index.php?t
itle=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References
">edit</a>]</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVri
es">DeVries, Kelly</a> (1999). Joan of Arc: A Military Leader. Stroud, Gl
oucestershire: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Num
ber" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spe
cial:BookSources/0-7509-1805-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1805-5">0-7509
-1805-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" c
lass="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/42957383">42957383</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoa
n+of+Arc&rft.au=DeVries%2C+Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.aulast=DeVrie
s&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+A+Military+Leader&rft.date=1999&rft.genr
e=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42957383&rft.isbn=0-7509-1805-5&rft.p
lace=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=inf
o%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&#16
0;</li>
<li>Famiglietti, Richard C. (1987). Royal Intrigu
e: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 13921420. AMS studies in the Middle Ages
, 9. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" tit
le="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Boo
kSources/0-404-61439-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-61439-6">0-404-61439-6<
/a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia
.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Famiglietti%2C+Richard+C.&rft.aufirst=Richard+
C.&rft.aulast=Famiglietti&rft.btitle=Royal+Intrigue%3A+Crisis+at+the+Cou
rt+of+Charles+VI+1392%E2%80%931420&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.
isbn=0-404-61439-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.series=A
MS+studies+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%
3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Lucie-Smith, Edward (1976). Joan of Arc.
Bristol: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="I
nternational Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSour
ces/0-7139-0857-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-0857-2">0-7139-0857-2</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%
3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Lucie-Smith&rft.au=Lucie
-Smith%2C+Edward&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book
&rft.isbn=0-7139-0857-2&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft
_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Oliphant, Mrs. (Margaret) (November 2003) [1896]
. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/book/je
anne-d-arc.html">Jeanne d Arc: Her Life and Death</a>. Heroes of the Nati
ons. IndyPublish.com. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="
International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSou
rces/978-1404310865" title="Special:BookSources/978-1404310865">978-1404310865</
a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.
org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+%28Margaret%29&rft.aulast=Oliphant&am
p;rft.au=Oliphant%2C+Mrs.+%28Margaret%29&rft.btitle=Jeanne+d%27Arc%3A+Her+Li
fe+and+Death&rft.date=November+2003&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Fbook%2Fjeanne-d-arc.html&rft.isbn=978-1404310865&
rft.pub=IndyPublish.com&rft.series=Heroes+of+the+Nations&rft_val_fmt=inf
o%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&#16
<li>Pernoud, Rgine; Marie-Vronique Clin (1999). <a rel
="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312214421/#rea
der-link">Joan of Arc: Her Story</a>. translated and revised by Jeremy du
Quesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler. New York: St. Martin s Press. <a href="
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Num
ber">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312214425" title="Spec
ial:BookSources/9780312214425">9780312214425</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OC
LC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.o
rg/oclc/39890535">39890535</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_i
d=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rf
t.aulast=Pernoud&rft.au=Marie-V%C3%A9ronique+Clin&rft.au=Pernoud%2C+R%C3
%A9gine&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+Her+Story&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=
book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2F0312214421%2F%23reader-link&a
mp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39890535&rft.isbn=9780312214425&rft.place=New
+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3A
mtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Bishop, Jacqueline. Joan Of ARC. p.
2006.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedi
a.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Jacqueline&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&a
mp;rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.btitle=Joan+Of+ARC&rft.genre=book&rft.pages
=2006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Lowell, Francis Cabot (1896). Joan of Arc
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id
=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Francis+Cabot&r
ft.aulast=Lowell&rft.au=Lowell%2C+Francis+Cabot&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc&a
mp;rft.date=1896&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mi
fflin+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><spa
n style="display:none;"> </li>
<li>Larkin, Sarah (1951). Joan of Arc. New Yo
rk: Philosophical Library.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=inf

o%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Larkin
%2C+Sarah&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc&rft.date=1951&amp
;rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft
_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
</ul>
<h2>Further reading[<a href="/w/i
ndex.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section:
Further reading">edit</a>]</h
2>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:
30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<dl>
<dt>Biographies</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" hr
ef="http://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf">The First Biography of Joan of Ar
c with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account</a> (PDF). trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire.<spa
n title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+
Arc&rft.au=Anon&rft.aulast=Anon&rft.btitle=The+First+Biography+of+Jo
an+of+Arc+with+the+Chronicle+Record+of+a+Contemporary+Account&rft.genre=book
&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smu.edu%2Fijas%2Ftexts%2Fjoan.pdf&rft_val_fmt=i
nfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">&#
<li>Barrett, W.P., ed. (1932). The trial of Jeann
e d Arc. New York: Gotham house. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&
#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13141
52">1314152</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2F
en.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=The+trial+of+Jeanne+d%27Arc&rf
t.date=1932&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1314152&rft.place
=New+York&rft.pub=Gotham+house&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%
3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Brooks, Polly Schoyer (1999). Beyond the Myth
: The Story of Joan of Arc. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. <a href="/wiki/In
ternational_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISB
N</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-397-32422-7" title="Special:Book
Sources/0-397-32422-7">0-397-32422-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC
</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/
20319268">20319268</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3
Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Polly+Schoyer&rft
.aufirst=Polly+Schoyer&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Myth%3A+T
he+Story+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Ao
clcnum%2F20319268&rft.isbn=0-397-32422-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=
Houghton+Mifflin+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="
Z3988"> </li>
<li>de Quincey, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="ext
ernal text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7mjnc10.txt">The Engl
ish Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&a
mp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=de+Quincey%2C+T
homas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=de+Quincey&rft.btitle=The+Englis
h+Mail-Coach+and+Joan+of+Arc&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gute
nberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext04%2F7mjnc10.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%
3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li
>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole Fr
ance">France, Anatole</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://
www.gutenberg.org/etext/1948">The Life of Joan of Arc</a>.<span ti

tle="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&
amp;rft.aufirst=Anatole&rft.au=France%2C+Anatole&rft.aulast=France&r
ft.btitle=The+Life+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww
.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F1948&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Aboo
k" class="Z3988"> , 19th century
French classic</li>
<li>Gower, Ronald Sutherland. <a rel="nofollow" clas
s="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt">Joan
of Arc</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fe
n.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Sutherland&rft.au=Gower
%2C+Ronald+Sutherland&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc&rft.ge
nre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F16933%2F16933.txt&a
mp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Meltzer" title="Fr
anoise Meltzer">Meltzer, Francoise</a> (2001). For Fear of the Fire: Joan of A
rc and the Limits of Subjectivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Bo
ok Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-51982-1" title
="Special:BookSources/0-226-51982-1">0-226-51982-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" tit
le="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/46240234">46240234</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp
;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Francoise&am
p;rft.aulast=Meltzer&rft.au=Meltzer%2C+Francoise&rft.btitle=For+Fear+of+
the+Fire%3A+Joan+of+Arc+and+the+Limits+of+Subjectivity&rft.date=2001&rft
.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46240234&rft.isbn=0-226-51982-1&
rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3
Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Pernoud, Rgine (1955). The Retrial of Joan of
Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 14501456. trans. J.M. C
ohen. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">O
CLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oc
lc/1338471">1338471</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%
3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rft.aulas
t=Pernoud&rft.au=Pernoud%2C+R%C3%A9gine&rft.btitle=The+Retrial+of+Joan+o
f+Arc%3B+The+Evidence+at+the+Trial+For+Her+Rehabilitation+1450%E2%80%931456&
rft.date=1955&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1338471&rft.pla
ce=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </spa
n></li>
<li>Pernoud, Rgine (1994). <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_
Arc_By_Herself_and_Her_Witnesses" title="Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesse
s">Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses</a>. trans. E. Hymans. London: S
carborough House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="Inte
rnational Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources
/0-8128-1260-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8128-1260-3">0-8128-1260-3</a>. <a
href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external t
ext" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31535658">31535658</a>.<span title="ct
x_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft
.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rft.aulast=Pernoud&rft.au=Pernoud%2C+R%C3%A9gine&am
p;rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc+By+Herself+and+Her+Witnesses&rft.date=1994&rft.
genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31535658&rft.isbn=0-8128-1260-3&r
ft.place=London&rft.pub=Scarborough+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3
Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Pernoud, Rgine; Clin, Marie-Vronique (1999). Jo
an of Arc: Her Story. trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams. New York: St. Martin s
Griffin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International
Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22

730-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22730-2">0-312-22730-2</a>. <a href="/wi
ki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href
="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39890535">39890535</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39
.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Clin%
2C+Marie-V%C3%A9ronique&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rft.aulast=Pernoud&r
ft.au=Pernoud%2C+R%C3%A9gine&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+Her+Story&rft.dat
e=1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39890535&rft.isbn=0-31
2-22730-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft_val_
fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Richey, Stephen W. (2003). Joan of Arc: The W
arrior Saint. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_B
ook_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/w
iki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98103-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98103-7"
>0-275-98103-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofo
llow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52030963">52030963</a>
.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.or
g%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft.aulast=Richey&rft.au=Rich
ey%2C+Stephen+W.&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+The+Warrior+Saint&rft.date=20
03&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52030963&rft.isbn=0-275-98
103-7&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aof
i%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </sp
an></li>
<li>Spoto, Donald (2007). Joan : the mysteri
ous life of a heretic who became a saint. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.
<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standar
d Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-081517-5" t
itle="Special:BookSources/0-06-081517-5">0-06-081517-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC"
title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.
worldcat.org/oclc/84655969">84655969</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004
&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Donald&a
mp;rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.au=Spoto%2C+Donald&rft.btitle=Joan+%3A+the+myste
rious+life+of+a+heretic+who+became+a+saint&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&
amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84655969&rft.isbn=0-06-081517-5&rft.place=Sa
n+Francisco&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake
v%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </
li>
</ul>
<h3>Primary sources[<a href="/w/i
ndex.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section:
Primary sources">edit</a>]</h
3>
<ul>
<li>The trial of Joan of Arc : being the ver
batim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript. trans. Scot, W.
S. London: Folio Society. 1956. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1182797">1
182797</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wi
kipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=The+trial+of+Joan+of+Arc+%3A+being+the+
verbatim+report+of+the+proceedings+from+the+Orleans+manuscript&rft.date=1956
&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1182797&rft.place=London&amp
;rft.pub=Folio+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" clas
s="Z3988"> </li>
</ul>
<h3>Historiography and
memory[
<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=21" t
itle="Edit section: Historiography and memory">edit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li>Fraioli, Deborah (2002). Joan of Arc: The Ear
ly Debate. London: Boydell Press,. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Boo
k_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wik
i/Special:BookSources/0-85115-880-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-880-3">0
-85115-880-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofoll
ow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48680250">48680250</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%
3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Fraioli%2C+Deborah&rft.aula
st=Fraioli&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+The+Early+Debate&rft.date=2002&
rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48680250&rft.isbn=0-85115-880-3&a
mp;rft.place=London&rft.pub=Boydell+Press%2C&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffm
t%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </s
pan></li>
<li>Heimann, Nora (2005). Joan of Arc in French A
rt and Culture (17001855): From Satire to Sanctity. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a hr
ef="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book
Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5085-5" title="
Special:BookSources/0-7546-5085-5">0-7546-5085-5</a>.<span title="ctx_ver
=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufi
rst=Nora&rft.au=Heimann%2C+Nora&rft.aulast=Heimann&rft.btitle=Joan+o
f+Arc+in+French+Art+and+Culture+%281700%E2%80%931855%29%3A+From+Satire+to+Sancti
ty&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7546-5085-5&rft.place
=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abo
ok" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Heimann, Nora; Coyle, Laura (2006). Joan of A
rc: Her Image in France and America. Washington, DC: Corcoran Gallery of Art
in association with D Giles Limited. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book
_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki
/Special:BookSources/1-904832-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-904832-19-9">1904832-19-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2F
en.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Laura&rft.aufirst=Nora&am
p;rft.au=Heimann%2C+Nora&rft.aulast=Heimann&rft.btitle=Joan+of+Arc%3A+He
r+Image+in+France+and+America&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=
1-904832-19-9&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Corcoran+Gallery+of+Art
+in+association+with+D+Giles+Limited&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amt
x%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Russell, Preston (2005). Lights of Madness: I
n Search of Joan of Arc. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, Pub. <a href="/wiki
/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">
ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929490-24-0" title="Special:B
ookSources/1-929490-24-0">1-929490-24-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2
004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Prest
on&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.au=Russell%2C+Preston&rft.btitle=Lights+of
+Madness%3A+In+Search+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rf
t.isbn=1-929490-24-0&rft.place=Savannah%2C+GA&rft.pub=Frederic+C.+Beil%2
C+Pub&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Tumblety, Joan. "Contested histories: Jeanne d Arc and the front national."
The European Legacy (1999) 4#1 pp: 8-25.</li>
</ul>
<h3>In Frenche
dit</a>]</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Alexandre_Le_Brun_de_Cha
rmettes" title="Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes">Le Brun de Charmettes,
Philippe-Alexandre</a> (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ht
tp://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr">Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc

</a> (in French). Paris: ED. Artus Bertrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCL
C">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/8443774">8443774</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=i
nfo%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Philippe-Alexandre&am
p;rft.aulast=Le+Brun+de+Charmettes&rft.au=Le+Brun+de+Charmettes%2C+PhilippeAlexandre&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Jeanne+d%60Arc&rft.date=1817&rft.ge
nre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredejeanne01l
ebr&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8443774&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=ED.+Artu
s+Bertrand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><s
pan style="display:none;"> </li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Alexandre_Le_Brun_de_Cha
rmettes" title="Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes">Le Brun de Charmettes,
Philippe-Alexandre</a> (1821). Smith, Audin, ed. L`ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL
EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS (in French). Paris.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2
004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Phili
ppe-Alexandre&rft.aulast=Le+Brun+de+Charmettes&rft.au=Le+Brun+de+Charmet
tes%2C+Philippe-Alexandre&rft.btitle=L%60ORLEANIDE%2CPOEME+NATIONAL+EN+VINGT
-HUIT+CHANTS&rft.date=1821&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft_va
l_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Pernoud, Rgine (1995). Jeanne d Arc: La Reconq
ute de la France (in French). Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/International_Standar
d_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href=
"/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-040230-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-040230
-4">2-07-040230-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="n
ofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39883861">39883861<
/a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia
.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gine&rft.aulast=Pernoud&rft.au
=Pernoud%2C+R%C3%A9gine&rft.btitle=Jeanne+d%27Arc%3A+La+Reconqu%C3%AAte+de+l
a+France&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F398838
61&rft.isbn=2-07-040230-4&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2
Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> 
</li>
<li>Le procs de condamnation et le procs de rhabilit
ation de Jeanne d Arc. L histoire en appel. trans. Oursel, Raymond. Paris: di
tions Denol. 1959. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofoll
ow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1823703">1823703</a>.</s
pan><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A
Joan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=Le+proc%C3%A8s+de+condamnation+et+le+proc%C3%A8s+de+r
%C3%A9habilitation+de+Jeanne+d%27Arc.+L%27histoire+en+appel.&rft.date=1959&a
mp;rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1823703&rft.place=Paris&rf
t.pub=%C3%89ditions+Deno%C3%ABl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ab
ook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Quicherat, Jules-tienne-Joseph, ed. (1965) [184118
49]. Procs de condamnation et de rhabilitation de Jeanne d Arc dite la Pucelle.
Publis pour la premire fois d aprs les manuscrits de la Bibliothque nationale, suiv
is de tous les documents historiques qu on a pu runir et accompagns de notes et d c
laircissements. (in French) 15. New York: Johnson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC
" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www
.worldcat.org/oclc/728420">728420</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&am
p;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.btitle=Proc%C3%A8s+
de+condamnation+et+de+r%C3%A9habilitation+de+Jeanne+d%27Arc+dite+la+Pucelle.+Pub
li%C3%A9s+pour+la+premi%C3%A8re+fois+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+manuscrits+de+la+Bibliot
h%C3%A8que+nationale%2C+suivis+de+tous+les+documents+historiques+qu%27on+a+pu+r%
C3%A9unir+et+accompagn%C3%A9s+de+notes+et+d%27%C3%A9claircissements.&rft.dat
e=1965&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728420&rft.place=New+Y
ork&rft.pub=Johnson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&
rft.volume=1%E2%80%935" class="Z3988"> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:
30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<dl>
<dt>Related history</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Allmand, C. (1988). The Hundred Years War: En
gland and France at War c. 1300 1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University P
ress. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International St
andard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31923
-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31923-4">0-521-31923-4</a>.<span tit
le="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&a
mp;rft.au=Allmand%2C+C.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.btitle
=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+England+and+France+at+War+c.+1300%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+1
450&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-31923-4&rft.plac
e=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2F
fmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Davis, H.W.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/mdvlp10.txt">Medieval Europ
e</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wik
ipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.au=Davis%2C+H.W.C&rft.aufirst=H.W.C&rft
.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%
3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext04%2Fmdvlp10.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3A
ofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Guizot, Franois Pierre Guillaume. <a rel="nofollo
w" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt">A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times</a> 3.<s
pan title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+o
f+Arc&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Pierre+Guillaume&rft.au=Guizot%2C+Fran%C
3%A7ois+Pierre+Guillaume&rft.aulast=Guizot&rft.btitle=A+Popular+History+
of+France+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww
.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F11953%2F11953.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Ake
v%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=3" class="Z3988">&#160
;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Haaren" title="John He
nry Haaren">Haaren, John Henry</a>; Poland, A.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="extern
al text" href="http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html">Famous Men of the Middle Ages</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&a
mp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=John+Henry
&rft.au=Haaren%2C+John+Henry&rft.aulast=Haaren&rft.au=Poland%2C+A.B.
&rft.btitle=Famous+Men+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http
%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Ffamous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html&rft_val_fm
t=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Lacroix, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10940/10940.txt">Manners, Custom
and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period</a>.</spa
n><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJo
an+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+Paul&rft.aulast=Lacroix
&rft.btitle=Manners%2C+Custom+and+Dress+During+the+Middle+Ages+and+During+th
e+Renaissance+Period&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.or
g%2Ffiles%2F10940%2F10940.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Aboo
k" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Lingard, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-1.html">The History
of England</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Lingard&am
p;rft.au=Lingard%2C+John&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England&rft.genre=boo
k&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.authorama.com%2Fhistory-of-england-1.html&rft_
val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Perroy, Edouard (1965). The Hundred Years War
. trans. W.B. Wells. New York: Capricorn Books.<span title="ctx_ver=Z
39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirs
t=Edouard&rft.aulast=Perroy&rft.au=Perroy%2C+Edouard&rft.btitle=The+
Hundred+Years+War&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&am
p;rft.pub=Capricorn+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" c
lass="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Pollard, A.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/hstng10.txt">The History of
England: A Study in Political Evolution</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39
.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=
A.F.&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.au=Pollard%2C+A.F.&rft.btitle=The+Histor
y+of+England%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Evolution&rft.genre=book&rft_id=htt
p%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext04%2Fhstng10.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%
3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">
</li>
<li>Power, Eileen Edna. <a rel="nofollow" class="ext
ernal text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13144/13144.txt">Medieval Pe
ople</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.
wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.aufirst=Eileen+Edna&rft.aulast=Power&amp
;rft.au=Power%2C+Eileen+Edna&rft.btitle=Medieval+People&rft.genre=book&a
mp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13144%2F13144.txt&rft_val
_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li>
<li>Vauchez, Andr (1997). Sainthood in the Later M
iddle Ages. trans. Jean Birrell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a h
ref="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Boo
k Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44559-0" title=
"Special:BookSources/0-521-44559-0">0-521-44559-0</a>.<span title="ctx_ve
r=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoan+of+Arc&rft.auf
irst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Vauchez&rft.au=Vauchez%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.
btitle=Sainthood+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&a
mp;rft.isbn=0-521-44559-0&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Universi
ty+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><spa
n style="display:none;"> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>External links[<a href="/w/ind
ex.php?title=Joan_of_Arc&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ex
ternal links">edit</a>]</h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em
0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-a
lign:center;">
<div style="clear:both;">Find more about 
Joan of Arc 
at Wikipedia s <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipe
dia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.joan-of-arc.org
/">Joan of Arc Archive</a> - Online collection of Joan of Arc-related materials,
including biographies and translations.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathe
n/08409c.htm">"Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)</a> <a
href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encycl
opedia</a> entry from the 1919 edition.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints
/saint.php?saint_id=295">Catholic Online Saints</a> - short biography from Catho
lic Online Saints.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdj
oan.htm">Garden of Praise - Joan of Arc</a> - Garden of Praise brief biography f
or children.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jean-claude.colrat.page
sperso-orange.fr/index-angl.htm">Joan of Arc s Companions-in-arms</a> - English
version of page about soldiers who served alongside Joan of Arc.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms
?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=115658726523943724797.00047c4d04ab4d36b169
f&t=h&z=11">Joan of Arc s Loire Valley Battles</a> on <a href="/wiki/Goo
gle_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/musee.
jeannedarc/indexanglais.htm">Joan of Arc Museum</a> - Website for a museum in Ro
uen, France located near the place she was executed.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrap.fr/archeologi
e-preventive/Ressources/Reportages-videos/Derniers-reportages/p-10444-Le-systeme
-de-defense-medieval-a-Orleans.htm">INRAP Page on Orleans fortifications</a>&#1
60;: Article on the archaeological excavation of a portion of Orleans fortifica
tions dating from the siege in 1428-1429.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualglobetrotting.co
m/map/a-cross-on-the-site-of-joan-of-arc-execution/view/?service=0">Location of
Joan of Arc s Execution</a> - Google Maps satellite map of the square in Rouen a
nd monument marking the site of her execution.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms
?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=206255119095185724769.0004afaa377f3a076b
a2f">Locations in Joan of Arc s campaigns and life</a> - Google Maps feature sho
wing locations from her birth until her death.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medailles-jeannedar
c.fr">Mdailles Jeanne dArc</a> - Exonumia: Medallions of Joan of Arc.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicsaints.info/sai
nt-joan-of-arc/">Catholic Saints page about Joan of Arc</a> -Brief biography and
hagiographic information from Catholic Saints.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000questions.net/e

n/jeanne/index.html">The Real Joan of Arc: Who Was She?</a> - Long analysis of v
arious issues and controversies, from 1000 Questions.</li>
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<div class="portal" role="navigation" id= p-lang aria-l
abelledby= p-lang-label >
<h3 id= p-lang-label >Languages</h3>
<div class="body">
<ul>
<li class="interlanguage-link in
terwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a hr
ef="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_van_Arkel" title="Johanna van Arkel Afrikaan
s" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link inter
wiki-als"><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc
Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlangu
age-link interwiki-ab"><a href="//ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD
%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang=
li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle"
title="featured article"><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D
8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="
Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">
</a></li><li
uage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuana_d%27Arco" title=
"Chuana d Arco Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragons</a></li><li class="inte
rlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuana_d%27Arcu"
title="Xuana d Arcu Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li cl
ass="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janna_d%2
7Ark" title="Janna d Ark Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azrbaycanca</a></li
><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E
0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9
5" title="
Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">
</a></li><li class="interlangua
-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jea
nne d Arc Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bn-lm-g</a></l
i><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"

title="good article"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D
0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba"
s="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B
0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%27%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Belarusian" lang="be" h
="be"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-ol
edia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA"
title=" () " lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">
wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%27%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Bulgarian" lan
" hreflang="bg"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar
pedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Bavarian" lang="bar" href
lang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href=
"//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Orleanska" title="Ivana Orleanska Bosnian" lang="
bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><
a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janed_Ark" title="Janed Ark Breton" lang="br" hr
eflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a hre
f="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_d%27Arc" title="Joana d Arc Catalan" lang="ca"
hreflang="ca">Catal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="
//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_z_Arku" title="Jana z Arku Czech" lang="cs" hreflan
g="cs">etina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Welsh" lang="cy" hreflan
g="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Danish" lang="da" hrefla
ng="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc German" lang="de" hre
flang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="
//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Estonian" lang="et"
hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href=
"//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82
_%CE%9B%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title=" Geek" lg="
clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-eml">< ef="//eml.ikipedi.og/iki/%C5%9
Av%C3%A0_%27d_Ac" ile="v 'd Ac Emilio-Romgolo" lg="eml" eflg="em
l">Emili e umgl</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-es">< ef="/
/es.ikipedi.og/iki/Ju_de_Aco" ile="Ju de Aco Spis" lg="es"
eflg="es">Espol</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-eo bdge-Q1743
7796 bdge-feuedicle" ile="feued icle">< ef="//eo.ikipedi.og
/iki/Jo_de_Ako" ile="Jo de Ako Espeo" lg="eo" eflg="eo">E
speo</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-eu">< ef="//eu.ikip
edi.og/iki/Jo_Ac-eko" ile="Jo Ac-eko Bsque" lg="eu" eflg="
eu">Eusk</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-f">< ef="//f.i
kipedi.og/iki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" ile="
Pesi" lg
</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-if">< ef="//if
" eflg="f">
.ikipedi.og/iki/Jo_of_Ac" ile="Jo of Ac Fiji Hidi" lg="if" efl
g="if">Fiji Hidi</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-fo">< ef
="//fo.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'Ac Foese" lg="fo"
eflg="fo">Foysk</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-f">< e
f="//f.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'Ac Fec" lg="f"
eflg="f">Fis</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-fy">< e
f="//fy.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'Ac Wese Fisi"
lg="fy" eflg="fy">Fysk</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-g
">< ef="//g.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'Ac is" l
g="g" eflg="g">Geilge</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-gl
">< ef="//gl.ikipedi.og/iki/Xo_de_Aco" ile="Xo de Aco Glici"
lg="gl" eflg="gl">Glego</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieikig">< ef="//g.ikipedi.og/iki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%B3%E8%B2%9E%E5%BE%B7" i
le=" G Ciese" lg="g" eflg="g"></></li><li clss="ielguge-l
eiki-ko">< ef="//ko.ikipedi.og/iki/%EC%9E%94_%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%A
C" ile="
Koe" lg="ko" eflg="ko">
</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik i
iki-y">< ef="//y.ikipedi.og/iki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%A4
%27%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AF" ile=" ' Amei" lg="y" eflg="y"></></li
uge-lik ieiki-i">< ef="//i.ikipedi.og/iki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A

4%A8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" ile="
g="i" eflg="i">
</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-">< ef="//
.ikipedi.og/iki/v_Olesk" ile="v Olesk Coi" lg="
" eflg="">Hvski</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-ilo"><
ef="//ilo.ikipedi.og/iki/Ju_i_Ako" ile="Ju i Ako loko" lg=
"ilo" eflg="ilo">loko</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-id"
>< ef="//id.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'Ac doesi
" lg="id" eflg="id">Bs doesi</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik
ieiki-i">< ef="//i.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" ile="Jee d'
Ac eligu" lg="i" eflg="i">eligu</></li><li clss="iel
guge-lik ieiki-is">< ef="//is.ikipedi.og/iki/J%C3%B3_f_%C3%96
k" ile="J f k celdic" lg="is" eflg="is">slesk</></li><li cls
s="ielguge-lik ieiki-i bdge-Q17437798 bdge-goodicle" ile="goo
d icle">< ef="//i.ikipedi.og/iki/Giov_d%27Aco" ile="Giov d
'Aco li" lg="i" eflg="i">lio</></li><li clss="ielguge
-lik ieiki-e">< ef="//e.ikipedi.og/iki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9
3%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" ile=" ' 'Hebe" lg="e" eflg="e"></></li><li
lguge-lik ieiki-jv">< ef="//jv.ikipedi.og/iki/Jee_d%27Ac" i
le="Jee d'Ac Jvese" lg="jv" eflg="jv">Bs J</></li><li clss="
ielguge-lik ieiki-k">< ef="//k.ikipedi.og/iki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B
3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E
0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" ile="
Kd" lg="k" eflg="k">
</></li><li
k ieiki-kc">< ef="//kc.ikipedi.og/iki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%
B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" ile=" Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hrefla
lass="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9
F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E2%80%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83
%98" title=" Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka"></a></li><li class="interl
kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80
%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk"></a></li><
-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jean
ne d Arc Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlang
uage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="
Jeanne d Arc Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurd</a></li><li class="interlangua
ge-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B
D%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Western Mari" lang="mrj" href
"> </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/
Ioanna_Arcensis" title="Ioanna Arcensis Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a
></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/%C5%BDanna_d%27Arka" title="anna d Arka Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latvi
eu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb
">Ltzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt
.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDana_d%27Ark" title="ana d Ark Lithuanian" lang="lt" hre
flang="lt">Lietuvi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="
//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zana_d%27%C3%86rco" title="Zana d rco Ligurian" lang="li
j" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a
href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Limburgish" la
ng="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-h
u"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Hung
arian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link inte
rwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%
D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title=" Macedonian"
="mk"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.
i/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org
/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC
%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="
Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="
ass="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C
%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" titl
e="
Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" ti
tle="
Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">
</a></li><li class="interlangu
terwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc
Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-l
ink interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_d%27Arc" title="Joana
d Arc Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirands</a></li><li class="interlangu
age-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80
%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%8
0%90%E1%80%BA" title="
Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">
</a></li><li
i-na"><a href="//na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Nauru
" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link i
nterwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Ar
c Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-lin
k interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="
//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E
3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title=" Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja"></a></li>
ge-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%
D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce
lass="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d
%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokml</a
></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn
">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//
nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Novial" lang="nov
" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a h
ref="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_d%27Arc" title="Joana d Arc Occitan" lang="oc
" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a h
ref="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janna_d%CA%BCArk" title="Janna dArk Uzbek" lang="uz"
hreflang="uz">Ozbekcha/</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href=
pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E
0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="
Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">
</a></
language-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8
6_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="
Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="
li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Gioana_d%27Arch" title="Gioana d Arch Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">P
iemontis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Low German" lang="nds" hr
eflang="nds">Plattdtsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a hre
f="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Joanna dArc Polish" lang=
"pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_d%27Arc" title="Joana d Arc Portuguese" lan
g="pt" hreflang="pt">Portugus</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"
><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioana_d%27Arc" title="Ioana d Arc Romanian" la
ng="ro" hreflang="ro">Romn</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a
href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%
83" title=" Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue"></a></li><li class="interl
"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%9
9%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"></a></li><l
link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D
0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah"
ass="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_o_
Arc" title="Joan o Arc Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class=
"interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuvanna_d%
27Arcu" title="Giuvanna d Arcu Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a>
</li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wik
i/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%94%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%86%E0%
B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="
Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_o
f_Arc" title="Joan of Arc Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple
English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikip

edia.org/wiki/Jana_z_Arku" title="Jana z Arku Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Sl
ovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Ivana_Orleanska" title="Ivana Orleanska Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflan
g="sl">Slovenina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//c
kb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="
Central
dish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">
</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwik
="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%8
0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title=" Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang=
i class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeann
e_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrv
atski / </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wiki
Jeanne_d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</
a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommen
dedarticle" title="recommended article"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_
d%E2%80%99Arc" title="Jeanne dArc Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></l
i><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
uana_ng_Arko" title="Juana ng Arko Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a><
/li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki
/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%A
E%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="
Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang=
ass="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0
%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%E2%80%99%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Tatar" lang="tt
g="tt">/tatara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//th.wiki
ia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B
8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title=" Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th"></a></l
erlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" t
itle="Jeanne d Arc Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Trke</a></li><li class="interl
anguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D
0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%27%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA" title=" Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="u
lass="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D
9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="
Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur"
><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je
anne_d%27Arc" title="Jeanne d Arc Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Ting Vit</a>
</li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classic
al.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%B3%E8%B2%9E%E5%BE%B7" title=" Classical Chine
e" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical"></a></li><li class="interlanguage-l
ink interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_han_Arko" title="Juan
a han Arko Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlang
uage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9
F_%D7%93%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title=" ' Yiddis" lg="yi" eflg="yi"></
ielguge-lik ieiki-z-yue">< ef="//z-yue.ikipedi.og/iki/%E8%81
%96%E5%A5%B3%E8%B2%9E%E5%BE%B7" ile=" Coese" lg="z-yue" eflg="z-yue">
></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-b-smg">< ef="//b-smg.ikipe
di.og/iki/%C5%BD_d%27Ak" ile=" d'Ak Smogii" lg="b-smg" efl
g="b-smg">emik</></li><li clss="ielguge-lik ieiki-z">< ef="
//z.ikipedi.og/iki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%B3%E8%B2%9E%E5%BE%B7" ile=" Ciese" lg
"z" eflg="z"></></li><li clss="uls-p-lg-dummy">< ef="#"></></li>
</ul>
<div clss='fe-pole fe-pole-lg'><s
p clss="b-lgliks-edi b-lgliks-lik">< ef="//.ikid.og/iki
/Q7226#sieliks-ikipedi" ile="Edi ielguge liks" clss="bc-edipge
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<div id="fooe" ole="coeifo">
<ul id="fooe-ifo">
<li id="fooe-ifo-lsmod"> Tis pge s ls modified o 27 Augus 2015,
16:22.</li>
<li id="fooe-ifo-copyig">Tex is vilble ude e < el="licese" ef
="//e.ikipedi.og/iki/Wikipedi:Tex_of_Ceive_Commos_Aibuio-SeAl
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ddiiol ems my pply. By usig is sie, you gee o e < ef="//ik
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d demk of e < ef="//.ikimedifoudio.og/">Wikimedi Foudio
, c.</>, o-pofi ogizio.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="fooe-plces">
<li id="fooe-plces-pivcy">< ef="//ikimedifoudio.og/iki/Pivcy_p
olicy" ile="ikimedi:Pivcy policy">Pivcy policy</></li>
<li id="fooe-plces-bou">< ef="/iki/Wikipedi:Abou" ile="Wikipedi:Ab
ou">Abou Wikipedi</></li>
<li id="fooe-plces-disclime">< ef="/iki/Wikipedi:Geel_disclime"
ile="Wikipedi:Geel disclime">Disclimes</></li>
<li id="fooe-plces-coc">< ef="//e.ikipedi.og/iki/Wikipedi:Coc
_us">Coc Wikipedi</></li>
<li id="fooe-plces-developes">< ef="ps://.mediiki.og/iki/Speci
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< ef="//ikimedifou
dio.og/"><img sc="/sic/imges/ikimedi-buo.pg" scse="/sic/img
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d="88" eig="31" l="Wikimedi Foudio"/></>
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< ef="//.mediiki
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Joan of Arc Texts

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<!

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&amp

e_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span><

nd" title="Radegund">St. Radegund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Li

order-top: blue dotted 2px;">&#160;</span>&#160;Raid of Jeanne d'Arc to <a href=

e_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</spa

429.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons

alle_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t

<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Trial

such as the theologian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gers

temporal punishment for sin) by making a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgr

<div class="thumb tright">

anuel_Fremiet.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped

le="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stoc

-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> Upon Joan s arrival at Chinon th

/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Edward Shepherd Cre

a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Dirk Aren

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^

</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVries, pp. 7483</span></li>

in Barrett s translation of the trial transcript: Barrett, W.P. <i>The Trial of

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^

ry biography, DeVries asserts:</span>

rk: Philosophical Library.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=inf

www.gutenberg.org/etext/1948"><i>The Life of Joan of Arc</i></a>.</span><span ti

Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22

tp://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr"><i>Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc

thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1000questions.net/e

(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sour

<div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labe

type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this te

i><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle"

uge-lik ieiki-i">< ef="//i.ikipedi.og/iki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A

English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikip

<lik el="sylesee" ef="ps://e.ikipedi.og//lod.pp?debug=flse&mp

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi

order-top: blue dotted 2px;"> </span> Raid of Jeanne d'Arc to <a href=

rk: Philosophical Library.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=inf

Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22

uge-lik ieiki-i">< ef="//i.ikipedi.og/iki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A

<lik el="sylesee" ef="ps://e.ikipedi.og//lod.pp?debug=flse&mp