Utilization of rice bran in diets for

domestic fowl and ducklings

DAVID J. FARRELL"
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Nutrition, University of
New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 2351, Australia
~

~~

~~~~~

Rice bran constitutes about 10% of brown rice and is used as an animal feed.
There are 40-45 million tonnes of rice bran produced annually, mainly in the
Far East and South- east Asia. In these areas hull adulteration can occur, reducing the quality of the bran. This can now be detected by a simple colormetric
method. Rancidity is a major problem due to the high oil content of the bran.
Rapid hydrolysis of the oil is followed by oxidation with the changes being
accelerated in warm, humid conditions. The effects on nutritive value and
acceptability are unclear. An analysis of Australian produced rice bran (on a
dry matter basis) gives a mean crude protein concentration of l50g/kg, ether
extract of 220 g/kg and neutral detergent fibre of 220 g/kg. The amino acid profile is generally superior to that of cereal grains. Digestibility of the oil is
much less in young chickens than in adult birds resulting in a 28-35% lower
metabolizable energy (ME) depending on cultivar. Equations for predicting
the ME of rice bran for birds at different ages, and chemical components from
rice hull content of rice bran are given. Digestibility of amino acids in rice
bran is also lower for young chickens than adult birds. Inclusion of rice bran
in chicken diets in excess of 20% frequently depresses growth, but higher levels can be tolerated by ducklings. Results with ducklings suggest that the composition of the basal diet to some extent influences the response of birds when
rice bran is included in the diet. The inclusion of animal protein elicits an
improved performance compared with that of an all-vegetable based diet.
Defatted rice bran (DFRB) gives the same performance as full fat bran when
equalized for ME. Laying birds can tolerate high levels of rice bran. Although
some reports indicate successful inclusion of well above 600 g/kg, a practical
upper limit of 450 g/kg seems to be accepted. Defatted rice bran at 250 g/kg diet
resulted in leg problems, increased mortality and reduced egg output. Shell
grit alleviated the problem. So far, attempts to improve the nutritive value of
rice bran through addition of feed enzymes have had limited success. Feed
phytase has been successful in releasing phosphorus from phytate in rice bran
which is present at up to 50 g/kg dry matter. Improving the nutritional value
of rice bran by heat treatment is probably not economical, although extrusion
cooking will stabilize the oil before extraction and is used to stabilize rice bran
for human food. Feed enzymes may be effective when a suitable combination
is found.
Keywords: Chickens; ducklings; rice bran; feed enzymes; chemical analyses; antigrowth
factors; fat-extracted bran; byproduct
*Present address: Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland
4072, Australia.
0World's Poultry Science Association 1994

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D J . Farrell
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) was first cultivated some 7000 years ago in east China and
India (Lu and Chang, 1980). It is the staple food of two-thirds of the worlds
population with 90% of the worlds production of over 425 million tonnes grown
in the Asian region (Saunders, 1986).
White rice is milled from brown rice as very little brown rice is consumed.
Milling removes the outer layers of the rice caryopsis producing white rice which
is almost entirely endosperm. The approximate product fractions from standard
milling in Australia are shown in Figure 1.
The byproduct of white rice milling is referred to as rice pollard in Australia
and includes the true bran and polishings. Throughout this paper the term rice
bran is used to describe the byproduct remaining after the milling of brown rice
to give white rice. (It is synonymous with Australian rice pollard). Rice bran is
about 10%of brown rice and may contain 20-25% of the total protein, 80% of the
oil, more than 70% of the minerals and vitamins and up to 10% of the starch
endosperm (Houston, 1972). Since little rice bran is consumed by humans, as a
result of the process of converting brown to white rice there is an enormous
wastage of important nutrients in the 4 0 4 5 million tonnes of rice bran produced
annually, mainly in the Far East and South-east Asia, and used largely as animal
feed. Variation in the chemical composition of rice bran may occur in older rice
mills due to adulteration with rice hulls, which have virtually no nutritional value
for poultry (Farrell and Warren, 19821, and to the nature of the milling process
(see Table 1).
Since the bran often has little economic value, a high degree of milling is not
practised in many countries unless the white rice is used to meet special needs,
e.g. export market. Frequently as little as 40% of the maximum yield of bran is
recovered (Saunders, 1986). A major problem with rice bran for poultry is therefore its variation in chemical composition which may be associated with
depressed performance of poultry.
Tangendjaja and Lowry (1985) stated that hull adulteration appears to be the
most important constraint to the utilization of rice bran in Indonesia particularly
when the hull content is greater than 100 g/kg of the rice bran.

Rough rice (paddy)

(1000 g)

Hulls
(200 g)

Brown rice
(800 g)
I

White rice
(700 g)

Head rice
(480 g)

Broken rice
(220 g)

,
I

Polishings
(30 9)

Seconds
(80 g)

ScreAnings
(100 9)

True bran
(70 g)

Brewers
(40 g)

Figure 1 The different fractions of paddy rice as a result of milling. After Warren (1985)

116 Worlds Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowland ducklings: D.J. Favvell
Table 1 Chemical composition (%) of brown rice and variation in the chemical composition of
bran. with degree of milling. From Houston (1972)and Barber and De Barber (1980).

Product

Millin h
(a/kJ

Protein

Fat

Ash

Cellulose

Starch

0-30
30-60
60-90
90-100
100- 110

9.6
13.2
18.2
16.7
14.0
13.8
8.0

2.5
20.2

1.5
10.8
13.1
10.0
7.2
7.3
0.6

1.5
7.9

82.0
22.2
24.9
36.3
56.4
55.4
87.2

Brown rice
1st cone
2ndcone
3rd cone
4th cone
Polisher
White rice

"

19.2
12.3
10.7
0.7

4.6
2.4
2.9
0.5

Includes bran, polish and embryos.

Increment of degree of milling (g bran/100 g brown rice).

These workers developed an inexpensive and rapid method for estimating the
hull content of rice bran using a solution containing phloroglucinol. This reagent
gives different intensities of colour change in relation to hull content. Visual scoring by panelists gave excellent agreement with the actual level of hulls from 0 to
400 g/kg in the rice bran.
Other major disadvantages with rice bran are its high oil and phytic acid contents. Oil stability is good in unmilled rice. Once milled there is an immediate
and rapid hydrolytic release of free fatty acids, and a further breakdown by the
action of lipoxygenase shown to be present in rice bran (Shaheen et al., 1975).
Storage temperature and humidity of rice bran are important factors in determinating the rate of hydrolysis of the oil. Shaheen et al. (1975) reported that 60% of
the oil was affected at 4 weeks after milling and another report showed 50%to be
affected within 6 weeks (Warren and Farrell, 1990a). Further deterioration of
these fatty acids can occur resulting in extreme hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity and poor livestock acceptability, although Hussein and Kratzer (1982)reported no difference in the metabolisable energy (ME) between fresh and rancid rice
bran measured in adult cockerels. These workers showed considerable depression (>18%)in the growth rate of chicks when given diets containing 600g rancid
rice bran/kg compared to fresh bran. Free fatty acid content was 43% and 16%
respectively although the former was for bran stored for 3 months at 23.5C.
Gunawan and Tangendjaja (1988) found that chick growth was depressed when
rice bran (600g/kg diet) was stored at 25Cfor 12 days, then no further decline in
growth rate was observed to 50 days of storage. However storage reduced ME of
the rice bran by 148 kJ/kg per week.
Cabel and Waldroup (1989) demonstrated that 250 ppm of ethoxyquin was
effective in reducing rancidity development in rice bran for up to 4 weeks even
when the temperature and humidity were high. Tangendjaja et al. (1981) concluded that oxidation of rice bran oil was less important than hydrolysis as a
cause of oil instability. This may be due to the natural antioxidants in the bran.
In some countries in south-east Asia bran is pelleted shortly after milling to
enhance storage life (R.I. Hutagalung, personal communication, 1993).
Extraction of the rice bran for its edible oil is practised in a few countries,
notably Japan, Korea and India where it can occur shortly after milling (Saunders,
1986)giving a stable defatted bran. Saunders (1986)concluded that the extrusion
cooking process (Randallet al., 1985)was the only viable method of stabilizing the
oil in rice bran, although microwave treatment is worth considering (Xian and
Farrell, 1991) if costs can be reduced to economic levels.
Extrusion cooking must be applied to the rice bran as soon as possible after
milling. The rice bran is heated to 130-140C and then held at 97-99C before
World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994 117

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
cooling. The oil is stabilized for 30-60 days without an appreciable increase in
free fatty acids (Randall et al., 1985).
About 90% of the phosphorus in rice bran is in the form of phytic acid or phytate (McCall et al., 1953). Not only is this phosphorus only 18%available (Corley
et al., 1980) but several other minerals in rice bran may be complexed with phytate. Nelson et al. (1968) reported 50 g phytate/kg Californian rice bran. Warren
and Farrell (1990a) reported 3 0 4 0 g phytate/kg depending on cultivar and season for Australian rice bran. Kratzer et al. (1974)maintained that rice bran did not
interfere with trace mineral availability, but this is contrary to the findings of
Warren and Farrell (1990d) with laying hens and Deolankar and Singh (1979)
with growing chickens.

Chemical composition and metabolizability of components

Because of differences in milling of rice bran and content of hulls, it is very difficult to provide reliable analytical data. Since the milling techniques in Australia
are extremely uniform due to the removal of the maximum amount of rice bran
and thereby production of a constant product (K. Hutton, Rice Growers
Cooperative Ltd., Leeton, NS W, personal communication, 1992), chemical composition is reasonably stable. Results given in Table 2 show a mean crude protein
Table 2 Proximate analysis (g/kg DM) of Australian rice cultivars, minerals and some
indispensable amino acids (g/kg) (Warren and Farrell, 1990d).

Dry matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Fibre
Neutral detergent
Acid detergent
Lignin
Minerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Mangnesium
Zinc
Ironn

Mean (range)

SEM

918 (900-933)
153 (182-141)
220 (204-223)
105 (78-112)

3.1
5.6
4.2
3.8

45
45
22
35

215 (201-222)
107 (94-116)
38 (29-52)

6.0
4.5

4
4
4

0.39 (0.27-0.51)
17.1 (16.2-18.1)
6.9 (6.1-7.7)
49.0 (44.2-53.9)
42.8 (37.9-48.1)

0.01
0.42
0.55
3.1
2.4

21
10
21
21
12

Australian
Amino acid

Pelate

Arginine
12.4
5.6
Isoleucine
Leucine
10.1
8.5
Lysine
2.4
Methionine
Phenylalanine 5.0
5.4
Threoine
5.1
Tyrosine
Valine
7.6

South east Asia

Starbonnet

Calrose

Average
(n=10)

Good
sampleb
(n=15)

Poor
sampleb
(n=15)

15.9
6.6
11.5
9.1
4.3
5.9
6.4
6.0
8.8

12.3
5.1
11.7
8.2
2.4
7.6
5.3
5.9
11.4

11.6
5.1
10.3
8.2
2.8
6.5
5.8
4.6
7.7

11.8
4.3
10.4
7.0
3.0
6.9
5.6
4.9
7.7

9.4
4.0
8.5
5.9
2.5
5.6
4.6
3.9
6.4

pg/g dry matter

Creswell(1987)

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Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
Table 3 Coefficients of apparent metabolizability of dry matter and other nutrients, apparent
retention of N, and metabolizability of energy from three different rice brans when fed to adult
cockerels and to chickens (Warren and Farrell, 1990~).

Dry matter
Cockerels
Chickens
Energy
Cockerels
Chickens
Starch
Cockerels
Chickens
Ether extract
Cockerels
Chickens
NDF
Cockerels
Chickens
Metabolisable energy
(MJ/kg DM)
Cockerels
Chickens

Culrose
FFRB

Starbonnet
FFRB

Calrose
DFR B

1983

1983

1981

Mean

SEM

0.576Aa
O.41SB

0.606Aa
0.46g8

0.38gb
0.457

0.523A
0.448B

0.065
0.055

0.68SAa
0.433B

10.693Aa
0.504B

0.496b
0.474

0.625A
0.470B

0.049
0.066

0.989
0.951

0.943
0.979

0.966
0.986

0.966
0.970

0.020
0.036

0.939A
0.307B

0.92SA
O.42SB

0.933A
0.366B

0.035
0.112

0.178
0.144

0.218
0.127

0.094
0.119

0.164
0.130

0.067
0.029

14.70Aa
9.55Ba

14.97&
10.83Bb

9.36Ab
7.26Bc

12.9gA

9.22B

0.33
0.49

Values with different superscripts in a row (a-c) or column (A,B) are significantly different (p<0.05).
FFRB, full fat rice bran; DFRB, defatted rice bran

content of 153g/kg and ether extract of 220g/kg. Neutral detergent fibre is much
higher than for wheat and maize. Zinc and phosphorus are reasonably high but
much of the phosphorus is in the form of phytic acid phosphorus with reduced
availability. Tangendjaja et al. (1981) showed that incubation of rice bran at 55C
reduced phytic acid content of rice bran by 80%.
The profiles of some indispensable amino acids show a good balance, generally better than in cereal grains, but none is present in high amounts (Table 2).
Amino acid profiles of 15 good samples of rice bran from south-east Asia generally agree well with the Australian average (Table 2) but those of the 15 poor samples are inferior (Creswell, 1987). Analyses of a large number of rice bran samples determined during 1981 in Indonesia (J. Diment, personal communication)
gave mean (range) values (g/kg) for crude protein, fat and neutral detergent fibre
NDF of 126 (76-197), 150 (80-230) and 250 (150460) respectively. Using analyses of 12 rice brans determined by Diment it was possible to predict some individual chemical components (%) from rice hull content (%):
Crude protein = 13.7 - 0.108 hulls, rsd = 0.525, r2 = 0.90,
Fat = 16.5 - 0.172 hulls, rsd = 1.427,r2 = 0.76,
Neutral detergent fibre = 22.1 + 0.566 hulls, rsd = 3.175, r2 = 0.87.
Comparisons of the metabolizability of chemical components in rice, defatted
and full fat rice bran, based on diets containing 400 g/kg, were determined in
adult cockerels and young broiler chickens aged between 15 and 20 days (Warren
and Farrell, 1990b). The results corrected for the contribution of the basal diet are
given in Table 3 . Only starch and neutral detergent fibre did not differ in their

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

119

Utilization of rice bran in diets fur domestic fowl and ducklings: DJ. Fawell
metabolizability due to age of bird; dry matter and energy were similar for the
sample of defatted rice bran. Ether extract metabolizability was significantly
lower for young chickens than for adult birds; as a consequence ME was also
lower by 35% and 28% for Calrose and Starbonnet cultivars respectively. These
large differences may help to explain the wide variation in values reported for
ME in rice bran; the NRC (1984)gives a value of only 8.79 MJ/kg. Normand and
Ory (1984) concluded from in vituo studies that water-soluble hemicellulose in
rice bran reduced lipase activity. Previously Normand et al. (1981) had found
that the amounts of bile acids gradually increased with the concentration of
hemicellulose extracted from rice bran. ME (MJ/kg) of rice bran on a dry matter
basis can be predicted from age of bird (days) from 1-28 days of age using the
following linear regression equation (Martin and Farrell, 1993, unpublished
data):
ME = 9.26 + 0.23 age, rsd = 0.884, y2 = 0.82, n = 16.
Defatted rice bran should theoretically give higher concentrations of all components and in direct proportion to the amount of oil removed. Because of the
high fibre content of defatted rice bran, apparent dry matter metabolizability was
low in adult and young birds (Table 3 ) . The only difference due to the age of the
bird was the 29% lower ME value for chickens compared with adult cockerels.

Rice bran in growing chicken diets

Full fat rice bran
There are substantial published data showing a significant decline in performance with increasing inclusion of rice bran in the diet of broiler chickens . There
is some disagreement as to the level of inclusion of rice bran at which this decline
commences. From 21 to 49 days of age Warren and Farrell (1990b) showed that
feed intake did not decline significantly until the rice bran content of the diet
exceeded 200g/kg. The decline thereafter to 500 g/kg was 0.08g feed/bird per
day for each l g of rice bran per kg feed. In the same experiment the decline in
growth rate was 0.05 g bird/day with each 1 g of rice bran included per kg diet.
Experiments undertaken in the USA by Martin (1983) showed a curvilinear
decrease in growth rate in broilers to 56 days of age with increasing inclusion of
rice bran (0-500 g/kg) in the diet. Performance did not decline until the diet contained 100 g rice bran/kg, so the curvilinear response was possibly due to the
inclusion of values for 0 and 50g rice bran/kg. The rate of decline to 56 days of
age of 0.011g/day per 1g inclusion of rice bran/kg diet is much less than that
found by Warren and Farrell (1990b) but is in agreement with the results of
Creswell and Nasroldin (unpublished data, 1976) possibly due to the strain of
bird or the nature of rice bran fed. Kratzer et al. (1974) also showed a decline in
broiler performance over the range of 0-600 g rice bran/kg diet.
There is some disagreement on feed conversion ratios (FCR). Although it is
agreed that FCR is usually poorer with increasing dietary inclusion of bran, the
point at which this occurs varies. Warren and Farrell(1990b)observed no change
to 400g rice b r a d k g diet in some experiments , whilst in others a poorer FCR
was recorded at 200g/kg. Martin (1983) observed an improvement in FCR for
broilers grown to 21 days when rice bran with 50 g/kg diet, but not overall to 56
days of age. Deolankar and Singh (19791, on the other hand, showed no significant trend in FCR when broilers were fed untreated rice bran at levels of

120 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D.J. Favrell
Table 4 Averages of bodyweight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratios (FCR) and carcass
weight of male (M) and female (F) village chickens over 13 weeks (Zanuddin et al., 1985)

Rice
bran
(%no)
0
20
40

60
80

Weight gain
(kglbird)
M
F
1.418f
7 .264e
1.222'
0.917C
0.351"

Feed intake
(glbiudno)

11.102d
1.O5Od
1.022Cd
0.739b
0.282a

FCR

5.488E
5.315e
5.162'
4.58@
3.251b

4.74@
4.669d
4.639d
4.174'
2.552a

M
3.87a
4.75a
4.23"
5.02'
9.97b

Carcass yield(%)
M
F

F
4.31a
4.47fl
4.55a
5.31a
9.48b

73.2
73.0
70.5
69.0
60.2

76.5
71.6
71.9
67.1
56.0

Values with a common superscript are not significantly different (p0.05).

0530g/kg for 1 0 4 9 days. However, all groups grew slowly and gained less
than 1kg per bird over this period. Creswell et al. (1977) also showed no change
in FCR of diets with added rice bran at a level of 100-600g/kg in a study with
layer strain chicks in Indonesia. Pelleting of diets containing rice bran was shown
by Creswell and Nasroldin (unpublished results, 1979) to significantly improve
both growth rate and FCR by 11%and 10% respectively; however, Warren and
Farrell (1990b) could not confirm this finding with defatted rice bran. Kratzer
and Payne (1977) showed a depression in growth when rice bran-based diets
were pelleted.
Zanuddin et al. (1985) examined the performance of slow growing village
chickens in Indonesia on diets containing 0-8OOg rice bran/kg with the sexes
kept separately (Table 4). Bodyweight gain was less for males on rice bran diets
than for the controls (fed no rice bran), but for females it was similar up to 400 g
rice bran/kg diet. Intake declined for both sexes only at 600g rice bran/kg diet,
while FCR was poorer at 800 g bran/kg.
There is opportunity to target the cell wall contents with feed enzymes, particularly the arabinoxylans. E. Martin and D.J. Farrell (unpublished results, 1992)
Table 5 Production performance of broiler chickens (4-22 days) on diets with 0%,20% and 40%
rice bran without (0) or with two different enzyme (E)mixtures (+, ++) (Martin and Farrell, 1992,
unpublished results).
E

20

40

LSD
(p=0.05)

48.5
49.9
49.6

47.9
46.5
47.2

41.0
40.0
40.9
40.6

3.21

24.0
24.7
23.4
24.0

1.23

1.71'
1.62b
1.75'
1.66h

0.08

Rice bran (%no)

Feed intake (g/day)

++
++,+
Growth rate (g/day)

+
++

+,++

FCR

0
f

++
++,+

31.9
32.7
33.2
1.52
1.52
1.50

30.3
29.7
29.6
1.58
1.56
1.60

LSD, least significant difference. Values with different superscripts (a,b) are significantly
different (p<0.05)

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Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
Table 6 Effect of a feed lipase and an enzyme mixture (cocktail) on the performance of male
broiler chickens grown from 4 to 23 days of age on a diet without or with 400 g rice bradkg
(Martin and Farrell, 1993, unpublished results)

Enzyme

Growth rate (glday)

Rice bran
0 glkg

0
Lipase (0.23 g/kg)
Lipase (0.45 g/kg)
Cocktail (1.5 g/kg)
Cocktail (1.5 g/kg)
+ lipase (0.45 g/kg)
LSD (p=0.05)

Rice bran
400 glkg

20.1
24.0
20.8
22.5
21.6
1.67

Feed intake (glday)

FCR

Rice bran
0 glkg

Rice bran
400 glkg

Rice bran
0 glkg

Rice bran
400 xlkg

18.5
18.1
18.1
20.2

35.4
38.9
36.7
37.4

31.7
31.3
31.2
34.0

1.76
1.62
1.77
1.66

1.72
1.75
1.80
1.68

20.2

37.4

32.5

1.73

2.57

1.65
0.13

LSD, least significant difference

used two different enzyme mixtures in an attempt to improve the nutritive value
of rice bran in broiler starter diets. The summarized results are shown in
Table 5. Only FCR was improved by one of the cocktails (+) when adlled singly
or in combination (+,++) to diets with 400 g rice bran only (Table 5). There was a
small decline in production performance with inclusion of 200g rice bran/kg.
The decline was more substantial when 400 g rice bran/kg was included.
When a feed lipase, with or without a mixture, was sprayed on to a sorghumsoyabean meal diet with 400g rice bran/kg feed in which the rice bran replaced
sorghum, there was frequently a response in growth rate and feed intake in broiler
chickens but only on the diet without rice bran (Table 6).
Defatted rice bran
Warren and Farrell (1990b) showed that substitution of defatted rice bran at
70-210 g/kg in a basal diet improved growth and FCR of broilers from 3-13 days
of age. When all diets were balanced to be equal in nutrients, growth rate and
FCR differed from the controls according to harvest and inclusion rate. When
rice bran (350 g/kg) from three harvests was examined there were no differences
in chick performance. Generally, defatted rice bran is equal to full fat rice bran in
chicken diets, particularly when diets are equalized for ME by adding oil.
Kratzer et al. (1974) found that removal of the lipids in rice bran with hexane or
methanol gave similar depressed performance to the unextracted bran in chick
growth experiments when rice brans were included at 600 g/kg diet.

Rice bran in layer diets

Full fat rice bran
Laying hens can tolerate higher dietary inclusions of rice bran than broiler
chickens. An upper limit of 450g/kg diet has been confirmed by Majun and
Payne (1977), Din et al. (19791, Srichai and Balnave (1981) and Balnave (1982).
Egg production, shell thickness and yolk colour were adversely affected at 600 g
rice bran/kg (Majun and Payne, 1977). On the other hand, Hamid and Jalaludin
(1987) in Malaysia and Karunajeewa and Tham (1980) in Australia reported a
decline in egg production and an increase in mortality on diets containing much
less rice bran than 450 g/kg diet (Karunajeewa and Tham, 1980). Since rice bran
is high in linoleic acid, egg weight often increases in diets containing rice bran
(Balnave, 1982).

122 World's Poultry Science Journal,Vol 50, July1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: D.J. Farrell
Hamid and Jalaludin (1987) included rice bran 125-385g/kg in layer diets at
two crude protein levels (125 and 151g/kg) and two energy levels (10.2 and 11.3
MJ/kg). Egg mass, egg size and egg production measured over 12 weeks were
depressed on the diet with 385 g rice bran/kg even though it contained the same
level of crude protein (122g/kg) as did the diet with 185g rice bran/kg but less
ME. The authors concluded that a low ME diet and a crude protection level of
150g/kg could support an egg production of 71%.
Piliang et al. (1982) reported no differences in performance of layers on diets
with rice bran contents of 740 and 910 g/kg diet compared with controls.
Supplementation with zinc carbonate was a key factor in maintaining this high
production.

Defatted rice bran

Lodhi and Ichhponani (1975) compared rice polishings and defatted rice bran
in layer diets at 200 and 400 g/kg without affecting laying performance. Egg size
was reduced on the defatted rice bran diets, and egg mass would therefore have
declined compared to other treatments. Warren and Farrell (1990b) included
250g defatted rice bran/kg from two harvests in layer diets and showed a
depression in egg production of one strain but not in the other on these diets compared with control diets, but not when data were combined for the two strains.

Availability of nutrients in rice bran

There is disagreement as to the effects of rice bran on nutrient availability, especially of minerals. Kratzer et al. (1974) concluded that 'there is no interference of
the rice bran with trace minerals in the diet'. This is contrary to the results of
Warren and Farrell(1990d)who found that osteoporosis occurred in laying hens
Table 7 Apparent digestibility coefficients for growing chickens ( n = 2 ) and adult cockerels h = 4 )
of some essential and non-essential amino acids from rice brans produced in Australia (Warren
and Farrell, 1991)
Adult cockerels

Growing chickens
Essential
Thr
Val
Met
Ile
Leu
Phe
His
LYS
'4%
Mean
Non-essential
ASP
Ser
Glu
GlY
Ala

Tyr

Mean

Mean

SEM

Mean

SEM

0.60
0.54
0.58
0.59
0.70
0.58
0.66
0.63
0.56
0.60

0.102
0.113
0.164
0.108
0.066
0.154
0.082
0.113
0.135
0.044

0.70
0.79
0.93
0.76
0.82
0.80
0.89
0.87
0.90
0.83

0.061
0.054
0.008
0.055
0.030
0.033
0.036
0.030
0.028
0.024

0.63
0.60
0.75
0.58
0.71
0.61
0.64

0.13
0.13
0.08
0.22
0.10
0.13
0.059

0.77
0.73
0.85
0.73
0.81
0.84
0.81

0.048
0.046
0.032
0.074
0.031
0.026
0.033

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

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Utilizationof rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
on diets with 250g defatted rice bran/kg and adequate concentrations of minerals when shell grit, offered free choice, was omitted for 6 weeks. Further observations confirmed that rice bran increased the excretion of calcium significantly
and of phosphorus and magnesium non-significantly when added in incremental amounts (0500g/kg) to the diets of growing chickens and adult cockerels
(Warren and Farrell, 1991). However, the cultivar Starbonnet appeared to be less
deleterious than Calrose despite similar chemical composition. Piliang et al.
(1982) observed a response in egg production by layers to the addition of zinc
carbonate to diets containing 820g rice bran/kg. Feather defects were also eliminated by the zinc supplement.
Deolankar and Singh (1979) used radiolabelled calcium and iron to demonstrate a lower distribution in various organs of both elements on rice bran compared with maize-based diets. The authors concluded that these effects were due
to a reduced absorption of these elements. Subsequent studies by Singh et al.
(1987) confirmed previous observations and concluded that the calcium content
of the femur in chickens was much lower when rice bran replaced corn in diets
containing 10 g/kg calcium.
Diment and Heryanto (unpublished results, 19841, using a two stage enzymatic in vitvo method to determine crude protein digestibility, found values of
71 % to 74% for 11 rice bran cultivars. Values found for maize, soyabean and
casein were 75%, 82% and 92% respectively. This suggests that the method used
gave reliable comparative results.
There are very few studies on the digestibility of amino acids in rice bran. Nitis
(1973) used excreta to determine their apparent digestibility and reported values
that were often similar or slightly lower than in soyabean meal. Raharjo and
Farrell (1984) found that the determination of amino acid digestibility using
excreta analysis was unreliable compared with measurements made at the
terminal ileum.
Warren and Farrell (1991) used ileal cannulae in adult cockerels and ileal contents from slaughtered chickens (5 weeks of age) to determine amino acid
digestibility in rice bran. Digestibility was substantially lower in chickens than
cockerels (Table 7). In chickens defatted rice bran had lower amino acid
digestibilities than the full fat rice bran. This may have been associated with
cultivar rather than with oil content. In adult cockerels there were differences
due to harvest in overall amino acid digestibility between two defatted rice brans
tested. Comparisons made between two cultivars of full fat rice bran showed
frequent differences between individual amino acids, Starbonnet cultivar
being superior.
Table 8 Inclusion of rice bran with (+) and without (-) a microbial phytase (g/kg) in diets with 5
ducks per replicate ( n = 3 ) grown from 19-40 days (Farrell and Martin, 1993).
0% Rice bran

Weight gain (g/d)

Feed intake (g/d)
FCR
Tibia ash
(g)
(%)

30% Rice bran

60% Rice bran

LSD
(p<0.05)

78.3
211
2.70

77.8
194
2.49

74.4
193
2.60

71.8
178
2.48

67.3
178
2.64

2.71
6.00
0.111

2.84
52.0

2.61
52.2

2.39
51.6

2.10
50.5

2.27
50.4

0.160
0.97

85.5
211
2.47
2.82
53.4

LSD, least significant differences

124 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowland ducklings: 0.1.Farrell

Nitis (1973) determined the limiting amino acids in rice bran using chick
growth assay. Lysine was first limiting while methionine, threonine and leucine
were equal second.

Rice bran in duckling diets

Unlike chickens, it is thought that ducklings can tolerate high levels of rice bran
in the diet without depressing performance. Tangendjaja et al. (1985) showed
that Alabio ducklings could tolerate up to 750g/kg rice bran without a depression in growth rate or FCR. Subsequently Tangendjaja et al. (1986) found that
450 g rice bran/kg did not depress duck performance compared with the control
diet. Alabio ducklings are kept for egg production and in these studies ducklings
were aged 6-8 weeks at the start of these experiments. No observations were
made on meat-type ducklings of younger age. Farrell and Martin (1993) have
recently undertaken a series of experiments with ducks and chickens examining
the inclusion level of rice bran and the use of microbial feed enzymes. Shown in
Table 8 are the results of adding phytase at 1000 units/kg to the diets of finishing
ducks grown from 19-40 days are shown in Table 8. Diets contained only 1g/kg
of inorganic phosphorus, the remaining phosphorus coming from plant sources
in the diet.
Except for feed intake there was a significant response to enzyme addition.
FCR was improved by the addition of phytase at the three levels of rice bran
inclusion. Weight gain declined with increasing inclusion of rice bran (Table 8).
At 600g/kg inclusion growth rate declined by 17%with enzyme and 20% without enzyme compared with the control. Tibia ash (g) showed a response to phytase with 300g/kg rice bran inclusion only, and at zero inclusion only for percentage tibia ash.
In another recent study Martin and Farrell(1993)grew meat-type ducklings on
a diet with ingredients of plant origin only. Rice bran replaced grain sorghum in
the basal diet at 200 and 400 g/kg crude protein levels and ME were similar.
Diets were with or without a feed phytase (1000 units/kg) and contained 1 or 3 g
Table 9 Production performance of groups of 5 ducklings grown from 2 to 19 days on diets with
(+) or without (4 a feed phytase (1000 dkg) with inorganic phosphorus at 0.1%or 0.3% of the diet
and with rice bran included at 0%,20% or 40% (Martin and Farrell, 1993).

Rice
bran

Inorganic Phytase
phosphorus
0.1
0.1

0
20
20
20
20

0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3

40
40

0.1
0.1

40
40

0.3
0.3

LSD (p=0.05)

Feed
Way)

FCR

(gk)

(8)

(% )

52.6
44.2

88.1
71.7

1.67
1.62

0.98
0.71

43.9
36.6

53.1
50.2
53.5
53.6

93.5
84.7
90.2
90.1

1.76
1.69
1.68
1.68

1.23
1.01
1.21
1.15

47.7
42.5
46.1
46.5

51.6
49.0

91.9
88.7

1.78
1.81

1.10
1.01

45.3
44.4

50.0
47.3

87.0
83.4

1.74
1.76

1.07
1.02

45.3
44.7

0.056

0.176

Growth rate
(glday)

2.26

3.62

Tibia ash

2.48

LSD, least significant difference

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

125

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
Table 10 The production performance of ducks (19-35 days) on diets with rice bran with (+) or
without (-) a feed enzyme cocktail (1g/kg) (E. Martin and D.J.Farrell, 1992 unpublished results)
0% Rice bran

Growth rate (g/day)

Feed intake (g/day)
FCR

91.2
217
2.38

89.9
218
2.41

30% Rice bran

+
97.8
222
2.27

60% Rice bran

+

95.0
215
2.27

LS D
(p=0.05)

88.5
216
2.44

88.8
214
2.41

7.50
17.4
0.179

FCR, feed conversion ratio.

inorganic phosphorus/kg from CaHPO,. Total phosphorus increased with

dietary inclusion of rice bran.
The most consistent response to phytase addition was on the basal diet
(Table 9). This contained the lowest amount of total and available phosphorus.
Although there was a consistent effect of dietary treatment (p<O.Ol) for all parameters, there were some interactions. For growth rate and feed intake there was
a diet x phosphorus interaction (p<O.Ol) on the rice bran based diets. Increasing
the level of inorganic phosphorus from l g / k g to 3g/kg gave an increase in
growth rate only on diets with 200 g/kg rice bran; on the diets with 400 g/kg rice
bran and 3 g/kg inorganic phosphorus there was a reduction in growth rate and
feed intake. The diet with 400 g/kg rice bran and 1g/kg phosphorus + enzyme
gave growth rate and FCR values that were not different (p0.05) from the best
performances observed here (Table 9). The addition of phytase gave a significant
increase in growth rate and feed intake but not FCR when the data were analysed
for those diets containing rice bran. Enzyme was also effective in improving
bone ash (p<0.05).
In another experiment with growing ducks (19-35 days) E. Martin and D.J.
Farrell (unpublished results, 1992) examined the addition of a feed enzyme cocktail designed to improve the nutritive value of rice bran. There were three levels
of rice bran (0,300 and 600g/kg) with and without enzyme, and three replicates
of five ducks per treatment. Unlike before, the diets contained some animal protein. The results are given in Table 10.
Effects of diet (p<0.05) on growth rate and FCR were observed, but there was
no indication of a positive benefit of enzyme addition. Inclusion of 600g rice
bradkg diet did not depress growth rate, feed intake nor FCR compared with
ducks on the diet without rice bran.
A very recent experiment with diets containing 0,200 and 400 g rice bran/kg,
with and without feed enzymes, and small amounts of meat and bone meal
(20-30 g) and 50g fish meal/kg gave similar growth rates in ducklings 3-17 days
of age irrespective of rice bran inclusion and without response to enzymes.
Combined unpublished results are given in Table 2 2 (Martin and Farrell, 1993).
These results are in contrast to previous data in which diets were based on allTable 11 Mean growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency (FCR) of ducklings grown from 3-17
days on diets with 0%,20% and 40% rice bran and some animal protein

Rice bran
(glkg)
0
200
400

Pooled SD
Significance

Growth rate
(gld)

Feed intake
(gld)

53.2
53.2
52.3

82.7
80.3
80.9

2.53
NS

(2.64)
(3.08)
(2.10)

FCR

(4.27)
(3.60)
(4.01)

3.94
NS

1.55
1.50
1.50
0.035
p<0.05
~~~

126

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

(0.04)
(0.03)
(0.03)

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowland ducklings: D.J. Farrell
vegetable ingredients (Table 8 ) and in which a depression in growth rate was
observed at high levels of rice bran inclusion.
Viscosity measured on digesta in the small intestine of ducklings and chickens
declined on diets with 0,200 and 400g rice bran/kg (Martin, 1993, unpublished
data). This suggests that the non-starch polysaccharides are unlikely to be of
importance in the utilization of rice bran.
Diment (1983) suggested that rice bran has a major advantage over maize in
duck diets in the humid tropics because, unlike maize, rice bran is not normally
contaminated with aflatoxin (Sutikno, 1990). Ducklings are particularly susceptible to this mycotoxin (Bryden, 1986).

Antinutritive factors and their removal from rice bran

It is generally accepted that rice bran contains factors which reduce feed intake
and depress poultry performance (Saunders, 1986). In addition, the breakdown
of the lipid fraction that occurs during storage causes rancidity. Removal of oil
from rice bran must be immediate or the bran stabilized before extraction to prevent deterioration of the oil. Trypsin inhibitors have been suggested as an important factor in rice bran (Kratzer et al., 1974) but they occur commonly in other
feeds and are readily inactivated by moist but not by dry heat (Deolankar and
Singh, 1979);their removal does not improve the growth rate of broilers. Kratzer
and Payne (1977)concluded that trypsin inhibitors in rice bran were not the cause
of depressed growth in chickens. Kratzer et al. (1974),on the other hand, showed
that autoclaving rice bran for 15 min did improve broiler growth and Majun and
Payne (1977) demonstrated a similar response in laying hens. Treatment of rice
bran with 0.1% H,SO,, 0.1% NaOH or 0.1% NaCl did not inactivate the inhibitor
(Deolankarand Singh, 1979). Extraction of rice bran with hexane or methanol did
not remove the growth inhibitor (Kratzer et al., 1974).
As discussed, the phytate content of rice bran is high and appears to be responsible for reducing availability of some minerals (Warren and Farrell, 1991). Other
components in rice bran may also have reduced availability as a consequence of
the high phytate content, but this has not been consistently demonstrated so far
from our results using a feed phytase (Table 9). Tangendjaja (1985) found that hot
water treatment of rice bran released substantial amounts of phosphorus from
phytate phosphorus giving improved feed intake, growth (31%) and bone ash
content in chickens compared with untreated bran. However, Tangendjaja et al.
(1985) were unable to confirm these results with Alabio ducklings.
Warren and Farrell(1990b)removed the soluble protein fraction from rice bran
with 0.9% NaC1; the extracted bran gave an improved chick performance.
Addition of the protein extract to the diet slightly reduced performance.
Diment (1984) postulated that a specific rice bran lectin was responsible for
depressed poultry performance. The addition of 3% crab meat containing chitin
to bind the lectin did not reduce the depressing effect of rice bran on growth.

Adulteration of rice bran with hulls

In many countries in Asia rice bran is often contaminated with hulls. Diment
(1984) reported a rice hull content of local brans in the Bogor, West Java area of
40-550 g/kg rice bran. Their effect was to dilute the diet with non-nutritive bulk.
Rice hulls are high in neutral detergent fibre (800 g/kg) and in ash which is largely silica (200 g/kg). Diment and Kompiang (unpublished, 1984) grew chickens
from 0 to 4 weeks of age on diets containing 300 g rice bran/kg with added rice

World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

127

Utilizationof rice bran in diets for domestic fowl and ducklings: 0.1.Farrell
hulls (0-280 g/kg), and on diets containing 200 g rice hulls/kg with added rice
bran (100-400 g/kg). Diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. In both cases increasing dietary rice bran with hulls held constant and
increasing rice hulls with rice bran held constant gave a consistent decrease in
growth rate and feed efficiency. These workers calculated the following relationship between liveweight gain (g/bird per 4 weeks) and neutral detergent
fibre (NDF) and rice bran (both as % of the diet):
Liveweight gain = 1310 - 13.1 NDF - 7.3 rice bran, Y = 0.97, n = 8.
From this equation they observed that 65% of the antinutritional factors in the
diets was due to neutral detergent fibre content and 35% to the level of rice bran.
There was no difference in growth rate or feed efficiency between the two diets
containing 300 g rice bran/kg with 0 g or 85 g rice hulls/kg; both differed from
the maize-based control diet without rice bran and hulls.
Further observations by Diment and Kompiang (1984) in which broiler chickens were given balanced diets containing 0-500 g rice bran and rice hulls at
10-290 g/kg showed both products to have a strong antinutritive effect on
growth rate. Effects were only statistically significant at inclusions of 100 g hulls
or 200 g rice bran/kg diet or more. In another experiment when the same brans
were incorporated in diets of different bulk densities, the bulkier diet gave a 10%
greater depression than the more compact diet (Diment et al., 1982).
When 8-week-old Alabio ducklings were offered diets containing 450 g rice
bran/kg of diet to which was added 0-300 g hulls/kg, growth rate and FCR
were poorer only on the diet with the highest inclusion of hulls (Tangendjaja et
al., 1985). In these experiments there may have been differences in the nutrient
content of diets, for example ME was not determined, only calculated.
Rice hulls may be used to reduce the energy content of diets for replacement
pullets and particularly broiler breeder males and hens. Recommended maximum inclusion of rice hulls is 150 g/kg for broiler breeders and 50 g/kg diet for
growing pullets above 8 weeks of age (K. Hutton, Leeton, NSW Coprice Feeds,
personal communication, 1993).

Conclusions
Rice bran is probably the most widely used cereal byproduct available. Chemical
composition is reasonably constant unless it is adulterated with hulls or milling
is insufficient to remove all of the bran. Rancidity may be a problem because of
high oil content particularly in hot, humid climates. However, the negative
effects on performance of rancid rice bran when added to poultry diets
are equivocal.
Rice bran can be used successfully in chicken and duckling diets. Dietary
inclusion levels of up to 200 g/kg can be tolerated by chickens without depressing performances, although there was indication of a small depression in at least
one experiment when rice bran was included at 200 g/kg. For ducklings the
maximum inclusion level appears to be below 600 g/kg and appears to depend
on protein source, i.e. vegetable or animal. This level is similar to that observed
in layer diets although there is some variation in the maximum inclusion of rice
bran among published experiments.
Feed enzymes, particularly phytase, have shown potential in improving the
nutritional value of rice bran as well as reducing antinutritional factors. There is
a need for more research in this area. In young chicks a feed lipase may have a

128 World's Poultry Science Journal, Vol 50, July 1994

Utilization of rice bran in diets for domestic fowland ducklings: D.J. Farrell
positive effect,but there appears to be a requirement for other enzymes to make
the oil accessible to the lipase. Improved availability of the oil will increase the
ME of the diet.

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