Simplifying

TRIZ POWER TOOLS
Job # 4 Simplifying
Simplifying, Cost Reducing &

Overhauling to Increase Value
TRIZ Power Tools

Simplifying
January 2010 Edition
ISBN 1-934805-30-0
978-1-934805-30-5
TRIZ Power Tools by Collaborative Coauthors
228 Pages
Copyright 2010 by Collaborative Authors, All rights reserved
Published in the United States by Third Millennium Publishing, located on the INTERNET at
http://3mpub.com
For paperback or digital copies go to http://www.3mpub.com/TRIZ
All proceeds from book sales are donated to Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief
Third Millennium Publishing

PO Box 14026
Tempe, AZ 85284-0068
mccollum@3mpub.com
ii
Acknowledgements
This book is the work of a collaborative group of coauthors.
Coauthors
Editors
Illustrators
Larry Ball
Erika Hernandez
Larry Ball
David Troness
Larry Ball
David Troness
Kartik Ariyur
David Troness
Jason Huang
Paul Dwyer
Don Rossi
S. Robert Lang
Other Authors, Theoreticians, Practitioners Whose Writings or Teachings have Impacted This
Work
Genrich Altshuller
Yuri Salamatov
Lane Desborough
Ellen Domb
Victor Fey
Clayton Christensen
Roni Horowitz
Eugene Rivin
Renee Mauborgne
John Terninko
Darrell Mann
Kim Chan
Alla Zusman
Sergei Ikovenko
Boris Zlotin
Simon Litvin
Lev Shulyak
Peter Ulan
iii
iv
The Algorithm
(Table of Contents)
Simplifying Systems ....................................................................................................................... 1

Represent the System in Functional Form ...................................................................................... 5
Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements ............................................................................. 13
Simplify By Removing Large Groups of Elements ...................................................................... 27
Simplify by Idealizing Individual Functions ................................................................................ 39
Pick the Functions to Idealize.................................................................................................... 43
Idealize Useful Functions .......................................................................................................... 45
The Ideal Product for Useful Functions ................................................................................. 45
The Ideal Modification for Useful Functions ......................................................................... 55
Is it Time for a New Physical Phenomenon? ......................................................................... 69
The Ideal Physical Phenomenon for Useful Functions .......................................................... 75
Discovering New Physical Phenomena.................................................................................. 95
The Ideal Tool for Useful Functions .................................................................................... 101
Idealize Informing Functions................................................................................................... 111
The Ideal Observer for Informing Functions ....................................................................... 113
The Ideal Subject of Measurement....................................................................................... 115
The Ideal Modification for Informing Functions ................................................................. 123
Is it Time for a New Physical Phenomenon? ....................................................................... 129
The Ideal Physical Phenomenon for Informing Functions................................................... 135
The Ideal Chain of Objects for Informing Functions ........................................................... 161
Idealize Harmful Functions ..................................................................................................... 167
The Ideal Product for Harmful Functions ............................................................................ 167
v
The Ideal Modification for Harmful Functions .................................................................... 169

The Ideal Tool for Harmful Functions ................................................................................. 185
Simplify by Eliminating Individual Elements ............................................................................ 189
Simplify by Consolidating System Elements ............................................................................. 195
Simplify by Modularizing ........................................................................................................... 207
Recursively Simplify .................................................................................................................. 209
Create a Compelling Aesthetic Interface .................................................................................... 211
Appendix: Working With Functions .......................................................................................... 213
Appendix: Table of Fields ......................................................................................................... 221
vi
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplifying Systems
While many people who will read this book are keenly attuned to the need to simplify systems,
some have only a vague notion of why this step is important. It is tempting to think that once
you have created an offering, the next task is to work the bugs out and get it to market.
However, making your offering as simple as possible may be one of the most important steps to
marketability. It is tempting to consider a product only from the operational point of view.
However, the burdens of the offering are often hidden. How much of the cost of a system is
bound up in its complexity? Each part has to be designed, procured, tested, assembled tested,
transported, stored, maintained and ultimately disposed of. There are dollar and time costs
associated with each of these jobs and this is multiplied by the number and the complexity of the
parts. Ultimately, the system has to be produced at sufficient cost to create a profit. With the
high percentage of new offering failures, the simple subtraction of a few elements can make or
break a product introduction. What we are considering may be much more than the elimination
of a few elements. With proper attention to simplification, the savings will mount over time and
the offering will have a better chance to win in the market place.
If you are a systems engineer, you will likely find something of great value as systems
engineering has few tools beyond trade studies for simplifying systems. You will also notice
that the tools blend with current systems engineering tools.
The key to understanding
why we want to simplify is
found in the concept of
value.
For
a
rough
explanation of the concept of
value, please refer to the
expression at the right. This
expression is not meant to be
an
exact
mathematical
reality. It serves to make the
point that as a system or an
object in the system takes on
more useful functions and
Simplifying Systems
More
functions
done better
Effect of Useful Functions
Value =
Effect of Harmful Functions
Includes $, Time,
Weight and Harmful
Interactions
TRIZ Power Tools
drops its burdensome functions and attributes, it increases in value in the eyes of the market and
the business that provides it.
In the book What Will Make It Exciting, the increase in the numerator is considered. There, we
identified new functions that would enhance the offering and simplify the customers job. In the
book Creating It we created an offering piece-by-piece as we added functions in the most ideal
way possible. Unfortunately, harmful functions and attributes arise every time an element is
added. This increases the denominator and thus reduces the value of the offering. In this book,
we are focusing on decreasing the denominator; we ask how we can decrease the burdens of the
offering by removing burdensome elements. As a practical note, removing elements will usually
introduce new problems. (Even in the physical world, no good deed goes unpunished.) In order
to solve these and other existing problems, we continue to the part of the algorithm contained in
the book Fixing It. Here we assume that the collection of object that represents our simplified
offering must be further increased in value by removing its bad marks.
Most of the tools presented in this book were not generated by TRIZ theorists or practitioners.
Value Engineering has its roots in General Electric during WWII. Because of the war, there
were shortages of skilled labor, raw materials, and component parts. Lawrence Miles and Harry
Erlicher looked for acceptable substitutes. They noticed that these substitutions often reduced
costs, improved the product, or both. What started out as a product of necessity, turned into a
systematic process they called Value Analysis. 1 TRIZ theorists and practitioners adopted
these tools which are a natural extension of Substance-Field Modeling.
At the completion of the algorithm found in this book, the offering will consist of a group of
objects considerably simpler than the original parts. Problems will likely remain that need to be
worked out in the book Fixing It.
Lets begin now with the first step of the algorithm.
Identify if there is a Requirement to Simplify

the System
Many problems will not require system simplification. For instance, you have an immediate
situation where there is a customer problem or complaint. It may be preferable to skip to the part
where problems are solved. (Included in the problem solution step are considerations which can
allow for simplification of the system in order to fix the problem.)
On the other hand, there may be a requirement to revitalize or cost-reduce a product. Better yet,
the process of simplification often creates products which simplify the lives of the consumers.
1
See the Wikipedia entry at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineering,. as well as the Lawrence D. Miles Value
Engineering Reference Center at http://wendt.library.wisc.edu/miles/index.html.
2
Simplifying Systems
TRIZ Power Tools
This step can have a delighting effect on the customer and differentiate the offering even more
than increases in performance.
Lets consider situations where simplification may or may not be required.
ExampleCustomer Complaint
You have a new product that has been fielded long enough that customer
complaints are coming in.
Is There a Requirement to Overhaul, Simplify, Cost Reduce or Enhance
the Uniqueness of the System? Usually, simplification is a strategic
consideration as when business leaders consider a product to be noncompetitive. In this case, we have an urgent situation that requires
immediate attention. It is doubtful that this should invoke simplification.
ExampleCreating a New Product

You have just created the specification for a new product. Should the
simplification algorithm be invoked?
the Uniqueness of the System? This case probably does not bear
consideration, but here is an opportunity to point out that there is a natural
sequence of the major steps. Simplification is only possible when there is
architecture to simplify. Since there is only a specification for a new
product, it is likely that there would be an opportunity for simplification
after it has been created. (Creating offerings is the subject of the foregoing
book.)
ExampleHigh Cost Product

Your product is on store shelves but people are not buying it? Analysis
shows that the competitive alternative is less expensive than yours.
the Uniqueness of the System? This step is probably a good place to
invoke simplification. There will be a number of benefits. The product
will cost less and it will be more exciting to use, since simplification
involves removing various customer burdens.
Simplifying Systems
TRIZ Power Tools
TRIZ Power Tools
Represent the System

in Functional Form
Simplification is primarily about the reduction of offering parts. We want to find ways to get
along with fewer parts. In order to simplify, it is important to understand why each part is
required. Function modeling will give us a clearer picture of why objects are currently required
in the system. It is interesting to note that most system objects are used to provide support to the
main objects that do the actual work. Those parts that perform the actual work are essential.
The use of functional models can also enlighten us to the burdens that each object brings to the
system. It is precisely these burdens that we need to remove.
Draw a Function Diagram of the System

Functional modeling is about objects and why they are required. Simplifying the System begins
with a detailed Functional Model of the System. The functional diagram gives a snapshot of all
the elements and what they do without reference to time or sequence of operation.
Example Dispensing
Tape
Step 1: Break the System into functional
elements. At this point, do not include
super-System elements. (This will be
discussed in the next step). The
functional elements of tape dispensing
include the spindle, base, blade and
person.
Represent the System in Functional Form
Base
Person
Blade
Spindle
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Add Super-System elements and identify the System product.

You can tell which elements are super-System elements because you do
not have the authority to eliminate super-System elements. They may
already exist in the environment, but you have no authority over their
existence. Include only those super-System elements that interact with the
System. One of these super-System elements is the System product. This
is the element that the System modifies or serves. The Super-System
elements in this case are
the table and the tape.
Blade
These elements interact
Tape
Person
with the System, but are
not part of the System.
Table
The tape is the System
System
Base
product, which is a
Spindle
Product
type of super-System
element.
Step 3: Introduce Modification Links. Include
useful, flawed and harmful links. Verify that all
rules for forming functions have been followed.
(The rules for properly forming functions are
included in the appendix). You can see the
modification links in the figure below, e.g. the table
supports the base, the spindle supports the tape and
the person cuts the tape, though inconsistently.
Useful
Harmful
Flawed
One curious function is that the tape holds itself.

Recall that the tape adheres to itself as it comes off
of the roll. While this might not seem clever, actually, it may have
resolved a very difficult conflict at one time. Consider that an adhesive is
fixed to one side of the tape. How do we move the tape about without it
becoming stuck to everything in sight? How do we keep it from becoming
contaminated with dust and dirt? A mediator is required to keep the tape
safe. This mediator could have been supplied by some foreign material,
but the idea of allowing the tape to protect itself satisfied the requirements,
so long as the adhesive did not stick well to the opposite side of the tape.
Additionally, this provides a convenient means of positioning the tape for
the purpose of tearing.
TRIZ Power Tools
Following is the final function diagram of the tape dispensing system.

Holds
Table
Spindle
Supports
Tape
Positions
Supports
Supports
Cuts
Pulls/
Rotates
Supports
Base
Blade
Person
Positions
ExampleAcid Container
Metallic Test cubes are immersed in hot acid for long periods of time to
test the corrosive resistance of the metals. The cubes are placed in a
corrosion resistant container which is then placed in an oven. The action
of the acid is sufficient to corrode the cubes, but there is a problem. The
container that contains the cubes and acid is eventually corroded and has
to be replaced. The container is made from a very expensive material and
so the entire container is expensive.
Step 1: Break the System down into
functional elements. The functional
elements of the cube corrosion system
include the acid, oven and pan
Acid
Pan
Oven
Step 2: Add Super-System elements and identify the system product. The
Super-System elements in this case are the table, earth and cubes. The
cube is the system product.
Step
3:
Introduce
Acid
Modification
Links
Cubes
Pan
including useful, flawed and
harmful links. Verify that
all rules for forming
Table
Oven
functions
have
been
System
Earth
Product
followed. Note that this
time we have included the
harmful function of pan
corrosion. It is possible to discover system problems during this process
TRIZ Power Tools
because we consider the possibility of interactions between every element.

Harmful and useful but flawed modification links should be included.
Pulls
Earth
Acid
Corrodes
Cubes
Positions
Corrodes
Supports
Table
Supports
Pan
Oven
Business ExampleYear End Review

The yearly performance review process
is very time-consuming, especially when
you have a large number of direct
reports.
Step 1: Break the system down into
functional elements.
The functional
elements of the year-end review system
include the manager, tutorial system,
reminder system, and recording system.
Step 2:
Add super-system
elements and identify the system
product.
No super-system
elements are mentioned.
The
system product is the employee.
Manager
Tutorial
System
Recording
System
Reminder
System
Manager
Tutorial
System
Recording
System
Employee
Reminder
System
Step 3: Introduce Modification

Product
System
Links. Include useful, flawed and
harmful links. Verify that all rules for forming functions have been
followed. Human systems often have a number of interesting and
surprising functions. Transaction systems, such as a checkout at a grocery
store, are particularly interesting because they involve functions that we
take for granted. When we ask what gets modified, it is often related to
changed concepts in the mind such as who owns what. At a checkout line,
for instance, the question of who owns the item changes from the store
owning the item to the buyer owning the item. We say that we bought the
item, but in reality the item never changes; only our concept of who owns
it changes, both in the mind of the buyer and seller. In the case of the year
8
TRIZ Power Tools
end review, information is exchanged between the manager and the

employee. We say that they inform each other. Both individuals must
contemplate, both before and after the review. This contemplation
changes their perception of what has happened during the year and what is
expected to happen the next year. In effect, both the manager and the
employee change themselves. We could say that the manager motivates or
de motivates the employee, but this would be misleading. The manager
does not have direct power to do this. Information flows, and the
employee then changes the motivated or de-motivated register in his
or her mind. Creating this diagram reminds us that motivating the
employee is the primary function of the system. We show these functions
as flawed, harmful, useful or excessive depending on specific the situation
at hand. In this case, we are showing an interview where the employee is
poorly motivated. This could have been shown as a harmful or flawed
function. Here it is shown as a flawed contemplation function.
Following is the system function diagram.
Contemplates
Contemplates
Informs
Manager
Informs
Explains
Employee
Organizes
Notifies
Reminds
Tutorial
System
Notifies
Recording
System
Reminder
System
TRIZ Power Tools
Discover More Functions by Mapping the

Product Life-Cycle Jobs
It is easy to imagine products and services at the point of use. This is the moment that these
systems were created for. However, there are many more functions that the system performs and
many more functions that are performed on the system. Most offerings need to be prepared for
operation or stored after operation. Functions are required for each of these actions. As we shall
see, many more potential functions are required along the way. These functions need to be
included in our consideration of the functional life of our product or service.
Method
Step 1: Consider the main jobs that this system does for the market
segment by considering each stage of the Product Life-Cycle Map on the
following page.
Step 2: Each color in the chain represents a new market. Identify the
market or stakeholder by box color. Each market has a stake in the
success of the product. As each market becomes more satisfied, the
offering becomes more viable.
Step 3: Identify the main people involved in each job (suggestions
supplied on the Product Life-Cycle Map)
Step 4: Identify jobs that must be done before and after.
10
TRIZ Power Tools
Product LifeCycle Jobs

MassTransport
Loaders
Forklifts
Pallets
Trucks
Planes
MassStorage
Loaders
Forklifts
Pallets
StorageFacility
Use /
Operation
Already
Identified
On Chart
Control /
Monitoring
Operator
MonitoringEquipment
Propose /
Contract
Engineering
Sales
Marketing
Packaging
Operators
Packaging Machines
Design
Designers
Engineers
Testing
Technicians
Test Equipment
Disposition
For Sale
Sales People
Forklifts
Shelves
Displays
Order
Purchase
or Disposition
Sales People
Customer
Sales Table
Carts
Fueling /
Energizing
Operator
User
Technician
Contractor
Fueling Means
Fuel
Customer
Testing
Customer
Contractor
Technician
TestEquipment
Protecting
System
Operator
SecurityOperators
MaintenancePersonnel
Covers
Protecting
Users
Operators
Protection Gear
Fixing
Messes
Operator
Technician
Special Personnel
MaintenanceEquipment
Maintenance
Operator
Technicians
MonitoringEquipment
Consumables
Storage
Storage Location
Cases
Covers
Nearby Objects
Operator
Dealing With
Failure
Operator
MonitoringEquipment
AlternativeSystems
Repair
Operator
Technicians
Repair
Equipment
Consumables
Parts
Recycling
Operator
Teardown Person
Special Tools
Documentation
Engineers
Documentation
Fabrication
Operators
Technicians
FabricationMachines
Customer
Transport
User
Contractor
Transport Means
Assembly
or Setup
Contractor
User
Technician
Protecting
Others
Bystanders
Cleaning People
Users of Other
Equipment
Guards
Stowing
Operator
Stowing Location
Cases / Covers
Disposal
Operators
Containers
Tools
11
TRIZ Power Tools
Process Map the Offering

Whether you are describing a process or a product, you are describing what happens in time.
Products are a collection of objects that operate in time. The reader of a process map benefits
from seeing a process broken down into increasingly finer steps. A process map represents a
snapshot of the sequence of functions with little reference to causality and may not include all of
the possible elements of the system or super-system.
ExampleDispensing Tape
Step 1: Describe each step of the process in functional terms. We begin
by walking through the process in time, as a series of functions.
Step 2: Describe the process as a process map or storyboard. It might start
with person positions base and then the second step could be person
positions tape and so on.
Person
Person
Positions
Positions
Base
Tape
Person /
Blade
Person
Positions
Cuts
Tape
Tape
Step 3: For increased understanding of critical steps, break down process

steps into finer detail. In this case, we break down person/blade cuts
tape into more detailed steps.
Step 4: Look for functional problems that you have not noticed before. It
may not have occurred to us before that a person usually twists or
positions the tape to start the cutting process.
Person /
Blade
Cuts
Tape
12
Breaks
Down To
Person
Unrolls
Tape
Person
Twists
Tape
Blade
Cuts
Tape
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Burdensome
Functions and
Elements
With the functional model of the system in view, we are now ready to identify the functions that
burden the system and super-system. There are many types of burdens. Elements are considered
low-value because they are overly expensive relative to the function that they perform.
Functions can waste time, space, energy and material. The system can be tedious to operate.
Elements can be harmful (though they perform a useful function). The irony is that we do not
recognize burdens. This happens for two reasons. In the first place, each time that a system is
improved, the new system may be such an improvement over the previous system, that we do not
think of any new requirements that the system puts upon us to be a burden. Secondly, we
become used to carrying the burden.
As an example, consider the fact that video stores have been around for years. In the beginning,
we were not sensitive to the various burdens that video stores placed upon us. Selection was
expansive and the relative cost to rent a video was minimal. This offering was a great
improvement over buying and owning our own video library which often contained unwanted
videos.
As time progressed, the rental behavior became entrenched. Each time we rent a video there is a
time demand of traveling to the store, walking about, standing in a line and then returning home.
There is the burden of using a vehicle to perform this task. This task incurs the cost of gas, wear
and tear on the vehicle, pollution of the environment and the cumulative infrastructure required
to move us about. This example is just one of many that demonstrate how we, as consumers,
become used to carrying (and compensating for) burdens without begrudging them.
All products have unnoticed burdens. Eventually, these burdens are recognized and an emerging
business moves to provide the function in new ways that avoids placing these burdens on the
Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements
13
TRIZ Power Tools
consumer. Would it not be auspicious if we could identify and remove the long-accepted
burdens and reap the rewards of delighting them?
14
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Low Value Elements

Low value elements are immediate candidates for elimination from the system. While we might
not immediately eliminate them, we should know them for what they are so that when the
opportunity presents itself, we can confidently eliminate them.
ExampleDispensing Tape
Step 1: Identify the cost of each element. We start with indicating the
cost of each of the objects, e.g. the cost of spindle is 5 cents, etc.
Holds
$.05
Supports
Spindle
Table
Tape
Positions
Supports
Cuts
Supports
$.03
Pulls/
Rotates
Supports
Base
Person
Blade
$.50
No need to calculate
Positions
Step 2:
Calculate the cumulative
Function Rank:
Basic or Productive = 3
function rank of each element by adding
Auxiliary or Enabling = 1
up the rank for each function that is
Harmful =0
performed by the element according to
the
rule
in
the
Base: 2 auxiliary functions = 2 x 1 = 2
accompanying box: The
Blade: 1 basic function = 1 x 3 = 3
base has two auxiliary
Spindle: 1 basic function = 1 x 3 = 3
functions associated with it.
Person: Already a candidate for elimination
Since auxiliary functions
are worth 1 point, the base
gets a rank of 2, etc.
Step 3: Calculate the value of each element
according to the rule in the left box: Each
cumulative rank calculated in the previous
step is divided by the cost of each element in
the system.
Step 4: Identify the elements
with low value.
These
elements are candidates for
Cumulative Rank
Value
Cost
Base: 2 / .5 = 4
Blade: 3 / .03 = 100
Spindle: 3 / .05 = 60
Person: Already a candidate for elimination
15
TRIZ Power Tools
elimination or combination with other elements. People in the system

should always be candidates for elimination unless the person receives
benefits by remaining in the system such as exercise or entertainment. For
the tape dispensing system, the base has the lowest value and is a good
candidate for elimination. The person is always a good candidate for
elimination.
Identify Time Burdensome Functions

Of all resources, human talent and time is the most precious. It is easy to
get used to using time to perform functions and lose track of how much
time it takes. This is especially true for functions that we do periodically,
such as weekly tasks. Mowing the lawn each week becomes a routine, but
think of the total time spent over the course of years! This same
realization emerges even in business practices where we should be more
sensitive to time use. We simply get used to spending this time or we learn to compensate for the
squandered time.
On the other hand, the use of time is sometimes desirable. Some functions are most ideally done
for a long time or a set time such as exercise.
Business ExamplePerformance
Reviews
The year-end performance review process is very time-consuming,
especially when you have a large number of direct reports. What are
specific functions that are especially burdensome? Following is the
function diagram.
Contemplates
Contemplates
Informs
Manager
Informs
Employee
Explains
Organizes
Reminds
Tutorial
System
16
Reminds
Recording
System
Reminder
System
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 1: Measure the cumulative time for each function and identify high
time functions: One way to do this is to step through each element and
ask how much time is spent interacting with each element: The function
that requires the most time is the time that the manager must put thoughts
together. The manager must contemplate on the performance of the
employee and the many other factors considered during the review.
Contemplates
Informs
Contemplates
Manager
Informs
Employee
Organizes
Explains
Reminds
Tutorial
System
Reminds
Recording
System
Reminder
System
Step 2: Identify repetitive procedures: The entire process is repetitive for

each individual employee.
Step 3: Identify batch processes: Each group of employee represents a
batch or each mid-year review or year-end review represents a batch.
Identify Functions that Waste

Materials
Leaks of material are another example of waste that is often taken for granted.
Waste products, such as garbage, are a good example of leaks in the system. Most chemical
processes create waste products. It is often possible to minimize the waste or put it to good use.
The elimination of wasted materials can make a cumulative difference in the overall profit or
loss of a process.
17
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleSawing Wood
The cutting of wood is necessary, but the waste of cutting reduces the
available thickness of wood and makes it necessary to re-measure each
time the wood is cut.
Step 1: Identify functions that consume materials. It may be necessary to
consider useful functions and ask whether there are additional functions
required to describe the waste: Sawdust is generated when cutting occurs.
Cuts
Measure
Guides
Table
Saw
Moves
Positions
Informs
Guides
Cuts
Person
Wood
Produces
Vacuum
Cleaner
Changes
Length
Provides
Calculates
Measure
Pushes
Moves
Sawdust
Broom
Step 2: What is the least material that must be thrown away in order to
perform this function. Waste is relative to this ideal level. Very little or
no material should be consumed, therefore much is wasted in the existing
setup.
Step 3: Identify additional functions required to deal with the issues of
waste: Special equipment is installed to remove the sawdust. That which
is not removed by this special equipment is later removed with a broom.
18
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Functions that Directly

Waste Money
Here we consider the case where money is spent but no value is
returned. This is a burden on the user and must decrease with time.
This type of burdensome function will usually show up as a flawed
transactional function.
Business ExampleCell Phone Minutes

Step 1: Identify transactional functions where money is spent. I sign up
for 600 minutes per month on my cell phone.
Step 2: Without looking at the function diagram, ask yourself if there are
obvious situations where the user is spending money without receiving
value. I often dont use even 300 minutes, thus wasting the cost of 300
minutes without receiving any value. Notice in this situation that the
consumer feels compelled to compromise. The customer continues to do
this because of the high penalty when 300 minutes is overrun. The
additional cost of wasting the unused minutes is usually lower than the
cost of overrunning. Thus the consumer is forced to compromise.
Step 3: Verify that the functional diagram includes the transactional
functions related to the expenditure and waste of money. Note that
enriches is an excessive function and denotes the waste of money.
Informs
Cell Phone
Users
Consumer
Enriches
Supports
Com
Equip
Supports
/ Maintains
Provider
Step 4: Are there additional burdens that occur because of this waste of
money? None mentioned here.
19
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Functional Objects that Waste Space

Often, the use of space is ignored, especially if a lot of room is available.
However, there are situations where excess room is not available and space is a
premium. Also, any space that is required to perform a function is always a
burden regardless of the available space. Someone must always deal with
objects that require a lot of space.
ExampleDesk for Organizing

My spouse would like a desk for organizing household bills and
information, but we really dont have room for one that will be big
enough.
Step 1: Identify functions that require a lot of space relative to the least
amount of space required to perform the function.
Desk
Holds /
Hides
Sends
Collectors
Bills
Moves
Enriches
Holds /
Protects
Mail Box
20
Family
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Functions that Waste Energy

Many modern conveniences save time at the expense of energy waste. We almost always use
more energy than is required because energy is cheap. The unfortunate consequence is the
cumulative energy and its costs. It is necessary to advertise appliances as being green in order
to draw attention to the energy costs. Without this, the consumer might never notice the waste of
energy.
ExampleLeaf Blower
Step 1: Consider functions that expend energy and look for energy waste.
Compare the energy used to the least energy required. In this case, the
debris must be
moved a horizontal
20 ft
5 ft
distance of 20 feet
and up 5 feet to be
placed in a garbage
can or storage
receptacle.
The
least energy that is required to perform this function is the potential energy
change. (Weight times the height). It is very small and certainly much
smaller than the energy which will be expended with a leaf blower. (The
energy expended to move the 20 ft is extremely small as well. In a vacuum
this is zero. In air, there is a small resistance caused by the air.)
Therefore, this function wastes a great deal of energy. This is represented
in the following diagram by the excessive movement of air and the
minimal movement of the leaves compared to the energy going into the
air. The authors leaf blow is 1/3 horsepower!
Moves
Air
Electricity
Leaves
Lifts
Moves
Powers
Positions
Blower
Person
21
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Harmful Functions

Some of the most obvious burdens are those imposed by harmful
functions. Wear and tear of crucial parts cost consumers billions of dollars
a year. Food is wasted due to spoilage. Costly and time-consuming
repairs are required because of harmful functions. The irony is that most harmful functions are
caused by elements that also perform useful functions.
ExampleAcid Corrosion in Pan

Returning to our example of the acid corroding the pan that contains the
acid and the cubes, we can readily identify the harmful function of the acid
corroding the pan. Note that the acid also performs a useful function on
the cubes.
Pulls
Earth
Acid
Corrodes
Cubes
Positions
Table
Supports
Corrodes
Supports
Oven
Pan
PracticeSunscreen
Sunscreen is used to prevent the harmful effect of the sun which causes
skin damage. Create a function diagram which shows the functions of the
sunscreen. Identify harmful functions.
PracticeManagement by Objectives
Instituting a Management by Objectives program can have benefits
related to setting and tracking performance against goals. On the other
hand, this approach can lead to employees striving to satisfy the goal
rather than what the company really needs, especially when priorities
change over the course of time. Create a function diagram which
describes this situation. Identify harmful functions.
22
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Remedial or Preventative Functions

Almost any useful function can be thought of as fixing a problem or potential problem that
something else causes. For instance, a function may be required because something else does not
do its job well enough or because another object is harmful.
ExampleCutting Tape
Step 1: Identify functions that fix or remediate the results of other harmful
functions or a function that is not carrying its weight: Consider cutting the
tape as a remedial action. It fixes the tape length which is too long.
Holds
Table
Spindle
Supports
Tape
Positions
Supports
Cuts
Supports
Supports
Pulls/
Rotates
Blade
Cuts
Person
Base
Positions
Step 2: Identify functions that are solely there to prevent something from
happening: No such functions are observed.
Practice ProblemBook Lights

Book lights are popular because the normal lighting in a room is not
sufficient for reading. Create a function diagram which shows remedial
functions performed by a book light.
23
TRIZ Power Tools
Identify Functions that Cause Human

BurdensHuman Factors
If humans must be involved in the job, there should be a persistent drive
towards minimizing their burdens. There is a discipline called Human
Factors which seeks to minimize human burdens. While we may not become experts in this, we
should do all that we can to understand human burdens from the viewpoint of human factors.
This is especially important if there is a requirement to operate the product or service for
extended periods of time. A very nice tool for considering human factors comes from the NASA
workload rating sheet.
Example Sawing Wood

Continuing with the example of sawing wood on a table saw, we can see
that a person is required for many of the operations. We are also acutely
aware that this could potentially be a dangerous situation.
Step 1: Experience or simulate the required actions to use the offering.
The author has a table saw which is particularly dangerous because it is a
very old model and does not include a blade guard to protect the user.
Lets consider the cutting process. First, reference is made to a drawing
that tells how much cutting is required on the board. The cutting guide is
then adjusted to give the required cut. A sacrificial cut may be made on a
piece of scrap lumber to verify the position of the guide. The board is then
placed on the saw and pushed through the cutting blade which cuts the
board. Particular attention is paid that the board is always against the
guide during cutting. It may be necessary to push the board with other
long pieces of wood to ensure that fingers are never close to the blade.
Once the board is through, it is necessary to verify whether cut-off pieces
are lodged between the blade and the guide. These can be kicked back
by the rotating blade. Finally, the saw is turned off and the blade is
watched to ensure that loose pieces cannot be kicked back towards
humans in the area.
Step 2: Consider the Mental Demand required for thinking, deciding,
calculating, remembering, looking and searching. If data gathering is
required, consider these three levels of gathering data. Ambient: Takes
no special effort to gather data. Natural: Takes no special effort to
interpret data. Continuous: Takes no special effort to update data. In the
case of sawing wood, there is often a requirement to calculate what the
measure of a cut should be. Also, there is the requirement to keep focus
on maintaining the board against the guide.
24
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: Consider the Physical Demand required for pushing, pulling,

turning, controlling and acting. Is it easy versus demanding, slow versus
brisk, slack versus strenuous, restful versus laborious? Usually this is not
a strenuous activity unless the board is very large.
Step 4: Consider the Temporal Demand. This is the time pressure, pace or
rate required using the offering. Is it slow versus leisurely or rapid versus
frantic? For home use, this pace is usually not demanding. However, I am
aware of accidents that have occurred because people push themselves and
stop watching.
Step 5: Consider the Effort required. How hard are they required to work
(mentally and physically)? This is considered over the length of the job
rather than the mental and physical demand per operation. The overall
effort is low.
Step 6: Consider the Level of Performance. How successful was the task
or goal? How satisfied were the participants with the performance? The
outcome is often unsatisfying as the cuts can be inexact. This is due to
poor measurement, planning and to inadequate guiding of the board.
Cuts
Measure
Guides
Table
Saw
Moves
Positions
Informs
Guides
Cuts
Person
Wood
Produces
Vacuum
Cleaner
Changes
Length
Provides
Calculates
Measure
Pushes
Moves
Sawdust
Broom
25
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 7: Consider the Level of Frustration: How insecure, discouraged,

irritated, stressed and annoyed were the participants? Were they secure,
gratified, content, relaxed or complacent? It is an anxious operation to cut
wood on my saw. This is primarily due to the potential for getting badly
injured and having to watch the cutting operation very closely.
Step 8: Consider the Emotional burden: Look at the current design. Does
it inspire awe? Does it make you suspicious of the product? Is it
aesthetically pleasing? The saw produces a low emotional response of
fear. The typical saw is rather boxy and has very little emotional appeal.
26
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify By Removing
Large Groups of
Elements
Once we have identified a burdensome function, we are ready to consider means of removing it.
This section gives methods for simplifying the system by removing large groups of elements. It
is hoped that the rationale for removing large groups of elements and functions before idealizing
individual functions or removing individual burdensome elements will be apparent to the reader.
Remove the Need for Burdensome

Functions or Low Value Elements
Many elements or subsystems are required to compensate for other
elements that are not doing their job. There is a function that is
flawed or harmful and this fact has become obscure to us. The
element that is not doing its job is being hidden by compensating
elements. If we can discover this weakness and correct it, then the
elements that compensate can be removed. That makes this particular
method of simplifying systems very powerful. Most useful functions
can be framed as compensating functions. For instance, the grass must be mowed because it is
not doing its job. If it were, it would grow to the perfect length like eyebrows or eyelashes and
then fall out. We can thus view mowing the lawn as a compensating function.
Simplify By Removing Large Groups of Elements
27
TRIZ Power Tools
Let us return to the problem of the container that holds the cubes and the
acid. Recall that the acid corrodes the pan which requires replacement.
Most people would start by looking for materials that are less expensive or
ways to reduce the acid damage. This is done without considering that the
pan may not be necessary. If we do not require the pan, then we can
completely side-step compensating for acid damage. By using the
following process, we can find the problem that the pan compensates. If
this problem is solved (not compensated) then we remove the necessity for
the pan, and potentially other elements of the system.
Step 1: Start with the burdensome function and show the existence of
elements as inputs: The burdensome function that we are considering is
the harmful effect of the acid on the container.
Acid Exists
Pan Exists
Acid
Corrodes
Pan
28
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Show why the objects exist if they are created by a providing
function: In this case, the creation or providing of the acid and pan are not
considered because both are required to make the current system work.
They are not produced products or unwanted waste, for instance. We will
bypass this step on this iteration.
Step 3: Turn the existence knob for all elements and then show ?? in the
resulting functions to indicate that no element performs these required
functions: In this case, there is nothing to corrode the cubes and nothing to
position the acid. In effect we have said the acid is required to corrode
the cubes and the pan is required to position the acid relative to the
cubes. It seems like a lot of effort to say it this way, but notice that we
have also considered the possibility of solving the problem by turning a
seldom turned knob, existence. This opens the possibility of solving the
problem by resolving the contradiction that something must and must not
exist. Also, we have remained consistent with a simple set of rules linking
functions through the use of attributes.
??
Acid Doesnt
Exist
Acid Exists
Pan Doesnt
Exist
Pan Exists
Corrodes
Cubes
Acid
Corrodes
Pan
??
Positions
Acid
29
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 4: Show the resulting problems that occur if the functions are not
performed because the elements do not exist: In this case, there is no
corrosion of the cubes, the primary reason that the acid is required, and the
acid goes everywhere but where the cubes are. Clearly, the primary
function is not performed for both reasons. There is either no acid, or the
position of the acid is inadequate to corrode the cubes and goes into the
oven. This opens the potential that the problem could be resolved by
using other functions.
Corrosion of
Cubes is absent
??
Acid Doesnt
Exist
Acid Exists
Pan Doesnt
Exist
Pan Exists
Corrodes
Cubes
Acid
Corrodes
Pan
??
Positions
Acid
Location of Acid
is ineffective or
harmful
S
30
TRIZ Power Tools
tep 5: Show object attributes that lead to the harmful or missing effects of
the missing functions: To conserve space, we will not address additional
attributes that cause corrosion of the cubes to be absent. As for the
location of the acid being ineffective or even harmful, there are a number
of object attributes that influence this. First, the pull of gravity forces the
acid away from the cubes and the acid is in liquid form and flows easily
under the force of gravity. The attraction of the acid to the cubes is low.
And the weight of the acid is high.
Corrosion of
Cubes is absent
??
Acid Doesnt
Exist
Acid Exists
Pan Doesnt
Exist
Pan Exists
Corrodes
Cubes
Force of
Gravity is High
Acid
Corrodes
Pan
Acid is Liquid
Cube Attraction
is Low
??
Positions
Acid
Weight of Acid
is High
Location of Acid
is Ineffective or
Harmful
31
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 6:
Continue building the causal diagram in this manner,
remembering to use existence as an attribute for each function: We will
only show one more addition in order to make the next step more concrete
and offer up questions that can lead to important insights. We will add the
harmful action of the earth on the acid which occurs due to the pull of
gravity.
Corrosion of
Cubes is absent
??
Acid Doesnt
Exist
Acid Exists
Pan Doesnt
Exist
Pan Exists
Corrodes
Cubes
Earth
Force of
Gravity is High
Pulls
Acid
Corrodes
Acid
Pan
Acid is Liquid
Cube Attraction
is Low
??
Positions
Acid
Weight of Acid
is High
32
Location of Acid
is ineffective or
harmful
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 7: Once the diagram is completed, (or as it is being created), resolve

the various problems to remove the initial problem. This will often
remove large groups of elements: There is more detail on this in the book
on solving problems, but there are primarily three means of removing the
problems.
---First, we consider idealizing functions. We do this, because there is the
greatest opportunity to remove elements and simplify the system.
---Second, we can change attributes that do not lead to negative
consequences. These are generally rarer, but due to advantages of a
thorough causal analysis, these are sometimes discovered.
---Third, we can resolve discovered contradictions. This has the additional
advantage of making both the initial problem and the alternative problem
path more controllable.
Here are a few examples of problems and solutions that may simplify the
system.
---How can the acid be positioned without a pan? Here we might consider
different physical phenomenon for positioning acid, such as surface
tension, vibration, gravity.
---How can the cubes be corroded without acid? Here we would consider
possibly gaining the same effect by the use of materials that can reduce the
cubes, but have no corrosive action on the pan.
---How can the earths pull be made useful? Here we would consider
using orientation of the acid to the cubes. Clearly, the acid on top of the
cubes has less difficulty with flowing away. Perhaps there is a way to
shape the cubes (a cup shape for instance) that allows the pull of gravity to
work in favor of positioning the acid. This would not require a pan.
---How may the acid be both liquid and solid? The liquid acid will not
affect solid acid. Perhaps solid acid forms a barrier.
---How may the liquid acid become light? Perhaps acid foam may be
used.
Here is the important point: The solution of many of these problems
removes the need for the pan or the acid, making the system simpler.
33
TRIZ Power Tools
Merge with the Super-System

Sometimes, it is the most advantageous to give up functions of the system
and turn them over to the super-system. Note that this is an exception to
the rule that the slave must not serve the master. There are some
conditions where integration yields much higher performance than
modularity.
Super-System
System
ExampleRefrigerator
Combines with Home
Step 1:
Look for functions
performed in the super-system that
are
identical
with
functions
performed in the system: Both the
house and the refrigerator have
insulation.
The function of
insulation is to reduce the flow of
heat.
Step 2: Transfer these functions to
the super-system: The Refrigerator merges with the home. The House
provides the insulation for the refrigerator.
Now the insulation has
essentially become quite thick, thus making the system more efficient.
Change to Passive Control

The highest form of control is passive control. Systems ideally use one
field for operation and control. Consider consolidating the sensing, control
and actuating elements into one element that does all of these functions. What this means is that
the substances involved are capable of sensing a field and then use the field to create muscle
force to actuate. Fields that actuate and signal are generally towards the middle of the Table of
Fields (Appendix: Thermal, magnetic, vibration, etc).
34
TRIZ Power Tools
The system is usually operated close to tripping a critical point. For reference, here are some
examples of critical points:
Sheer strength
Ultimate strength
Tip angle
Static friction
Adhesive failure point
Zero buoyancy
Triple point
Surface tension
Resonant frequency
Freezing point
Boiling point
Curie temperature
Spring preload
Spark point
Combustion temperature
35
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleGreenhouse Temperature
Control
Consider the example of a cooling system for a greenhouse. Use of
passive control will invariably lead to fewer parts.
Step 1: Is an active
feedback control scheme
being used? The existing
system uses a sensor,
controller and actuator
to open the window
when needed.
Cooling
Air
Greenhouse
Air
Cools
Conducts
Heats
Sensor
Window
Signals
Step 2:
Identify a
Moves
physical
phenomenon
Actuator
Controller
which uses the same
Energizes
field for sense and
actuation. Ideally, the
variable that is being measured has a field associated with it: We would
like the window to open itself when needed. With a Bi-Metal Actuator
(two metals with different thermal coefficients of expansion), we still use
the same field (heat) and use it to open the window directly.
Step 3: Identify the critical point of the physical phenomena at which

small changes in input cause large changes in output. Move this critical
point to the desired control point. Now, small changes in input cause large
changes in output: In this case there is no intrinsic critical point such as
the boiling point or the Curie point. We need to
create a critical point by establishing a spring
Bi-Metal
preload in the bi-metallic strip. Normally the biActuator
metal strip pushes hard against the window
holding it closed.
36
TRIZ Power Tools
When the temperature increases

enough to release the preload,
the window begins to open.
This pretension in the spring
can be set to an established
level to create a critical point.
Cooling
Air
Greenhouse
Air
Cools
Conducts
Window
Moves
Heats
BiMetal
Now we have a system that is more reliable, has fewer parts and costs less.
Recursively Remove Large Groups of Functions

Continue the process of looking for opportunities to simplify by removing large groups of
functions. Move on to the next step when you feel that you have done all that you can.
37
TRIZ Power Tools
38
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify by Idealizing
Individual Functions
If, for instance, we are talking about a device to paint the internal
surface of a pipe The ideal result, in this case, must be
formulated differently: Paint comes by-itself into a tube and byitself evenly covers the tubes internal surface. (Italics added).
Notice that this formulation precludes other final states which are potentially more ideal. For
instance, what if the pipe does not require painting at all or it comes already painted? These are
also viable solution paths. One should not conclude that Altshuller did anything wrong. A
proponent of the one IFR might conclude that Altshuller just didnt go far enough in this
instance. If Altshuller had only considered the condition that the painting was not required, he
would then be precluding the less ideal state of the paint coming inside the tube by itself.
This highlights an interesting question for TRIZ theorists. Is there an advantage to having
multiple ideal paths in which some are more ideal than others? As solution paths proliferate,
some classical TRIZ practitioners become uncomfortable. For one thing, we move further and
further from the cherished notion of the solution. Some would say that this puts us back to the
primitive state of having many solution paths and ultimately many options to pick from, which
seems uncomfortably close to trial and error problem solving.
The need for multiple solution paths comes from a practical aspect of solving problems and
inventing. We cannot know what problems must be confronted as we continue down any
particular solution path. For instance, it may turn out that manufacturing the tube such that it
does not require painting might require a lot of research into material corrosion. We may feel
confident that with our skills, the solution will ultimately be reached, but the availability of time
and money resources could doom this research-based approach! It might turn out that using paint
on the inside of the tube is very acceptable and will keep the initial problem at bay for many
years.
Why Use Functions to State and Improve the IFR?
Idealize Functions
39
TRIZ Power Tools
By their very nature, functions state changes that occur in time or results. If we use a function to
describe the final state of an objects attributes, then we are describing a result. It is only
natural that further stating this in a more ideal way takes us to a Functional Ideal Final Result.
What is interesting is that many of the Standard Solutions and other TRIZ tools were already
stated in functional language. Suggestions for how we might find a more ideal functional part
come from a restructuring and reinterpretation of the parts of the Standard Solutions that deal
with eliminating, redefining or replacing system parts (object resources). Combining the IFR,
parts of the Standard Solutions and functional nomenclature leads to the functional IFR. Thus,
there was a ready supply of ways to describe the final state by the use of these idealized
functions.
Just as a method can be proposed to work the bucket problem backward, so a path is proposed to
work towards ideal final state of an inventive situation. This is effectively accomplished in the
following steps:
Step 1: Identify an ideal product.
Step 2: Identify an ideal modification (Step 1 and 2 give the ideal
result. The path to this result is stated in the next two steps).
Step 3: Identify potential ideal physical phenomena to deliver the
function.
Step 4: Identify an ideal tool to deliver the physical phenomena.
(This completes the traditional IFR by stating a means to the ideal
result.)
Step 5: Idealize the Attributes of the Objects and Fields. (Now we
start to consider the ideal attributes of new objects. When we
added objects for the product and tool, we created mental models
of these parts of the system. This added problems that now need to
be addressed.)
Step 6: Resolve the resulting contradictions. (This step considers
the ideal distribution of the properties of the object, further
solidifying mental images of the system into more ideal states).
We can use these steps regardless of whether we are dealing with a useful, harmless or informing
(measuring or detecting) function.
In the introduction to this book, the concept of Hierarchy of Decisions was introduced. The
Hierarchy of Decisions moves from abstract to concrete. One part of this hierarchy is repeated
over and over, the idealization of functions. Whether we are creating a system, overhauling a
system or fixing a problem with the system, we use tools to focus in on one function at a time.
40
TRIZ Power Tools
When we create a system, we add a function at a time. When we overhaul the system, we
identify burdensome functions that must be changed. When we fix a problem, we home in like a
surgeon to identify problematic functions and the associated object attributes. In each case, we
are focusing on a function which we would like to make as ideal as possible. This focus on
functions has the benefit of always driving the system to be as simple as possible.
Idealize Functions
41
TRIZ Power Tools
42
TRIZ Power Tools
Pick the Functions to

Idealize
If you have decided to perform a simplified causal analysis, the number of functions will usually
be limited and it is likely that all of the functions should be considered. It doesnt take that much
time to scan the tools to idealize the functions and come up with alternatives.
If you have performed the basic causal analysis, no functions are accounted for. If you have
made it this far then you can jump to Resolving Contradictions.
If you have performed the advanced causal analysis, we need to pick the functions that we will
idealize. Consider the functions in your diagram. They will usually fall under one of the
following classes.
Useful functions which can be broken into:
Preventative functions
Productive functions
Remedial functions
Informing (measuring or detecting) functions
Harmful functions
When considering useful functions, it is generally more important to prevent than to fix a
problem. A productive function occurs during the main system function. It is neither
preventative nor remedial. Also, functions (useful or harmful) that are closer to the system
product are generally more important to fix than supporting or auxiliary functions. If the main
functions are idealized, auxiliary functions are often not required.
Step 1: Identify useful or informing functions that are closer to the system
product with the following priority, first preventative, second productive
and third remedial. Since corrosion of the cubes is the main function that
we are trying to achieve and containing the acid is an auxiliary function,
we should first consider how the acid is being positioned to the cubes.
Step 2: Consider harmful functions that directly impact the problem
Pick the Functions to Idealize
43
TRIZ Power Tools
44
TRIZ Power Tools
Idealize Useful Functions

The first step to idealizing a useful function is to identify and isolate the final ideal state in
functional terms. We start by considering useful functions first, because informing functions are
actually a special case of useful functions and one major path of idealizing harmful functions is
to turn them into useful functions. Once they are turned into useful functions, they may be
idealized using the steps shown in this chapter.
One might ask Why idealize something that is already useful? We idealize useful functions,
because there are so many options to either avoid performing the function or there are so many
opportunities to eliminate elements from our system. When we eliminate the need for an
element, we also remove the need for auxiliary functions which support this function. Lets go
back to Altshullers example of painting pipes. If the need for painting pipes goes away, parts
that directly paint and supporting equipment are no longer required.
The Ideal Product for Useful

Functions
Regardless of whether the function already exists, we want to identify the most
ideal embodiment of the element that is being modified. Lets say that we are
trying to come up with a way for the police to stop a speeding car without
harming the occupants or other motorists. If we know a way to do this, for the
moment, we will ignore this and concentrate on only two elements: the
product and the modification that we are trying to achieve.
Slight Change
Car
The product is the car and the modification is stop. Now we begin setting up the IFR.
Knowing only these two parts of the function allows us to ask the important question: What is
the ideal product? The answer is surprising. The most ideal product is one that does not exist.
(The car should not exist), hence the tool and all attending auxiliary functions are not required.
Thus we come very close to the realization of the classical Ideal Final Result (IFR). We may not
require the product for a variety of reasons. It may be a transmission element that we can
bypass. (Is the car a transmission element? Not really.) It may be a waste element that does not
require existence in the first place. (Is the car considered waste? Not really.) A slight
modification of the product may make the modification unnecessary. (If the car could be easily
tracked, then I might not require stopping it) or the product may already come with the
45
TRIZ Power Tools
modification performed. (By the time that the police reach the car, the driver is compelled to not
want it anymore and it is already stopped).
If the product is required, then we ask the question: What minimum part must be modified. (Is it
the car that we want to stop? Maybe we only want to stop a part of the car such as the engine or
the occupant). If only a small part requires modification then the resources required to perform
the modification can also be minimized.
Finally, if the product is required, how can we get the most value for our effort? Lets make the
modification as far reaching as possible. If the product comes in natural groupings, lets modify
the whole group. If other objects nearby require the same modification then lets modify as many
things as possible. This increases the value that the user derives from performing the function.
(Perhaps the police signal all cars on the road to slowly decelerate thus making the situation safer
for everyone)
Identify and Isolate the Main Modification

If a system is being simplified, the function may already come with a tool. If a new function is
being created, the tool is not yet evident. We do not need the tool. It is a
burden to our reasoning. We take nothing for granted and start with just the
i
modification. For the moment, this is the most ideal form of the final result
that we know. However, this will soon change as we consider other more
desirable results.
For the moment, we must be unencumbered with a tool to perform the
function. The tool almost always comes with undesirable functions or
features. It may even be harmful to the product or other elements in the system. For now, we
will forget it and just talk about what we want to happen.
ExamplePet
Feeding System
I am interested in some sort of pet
feeding system that protects the food
from ants, roaches, birds and bacteria
46
Feeding
System
Stops
Insects
Birds &
Bacteria
Stops
Insects
Birds &
Bacteria
TRIZ Power Tools
No ModRemove Transmission Elements

The theory for this tool comes from the Laws of Evolution in Classical TRIZ. It
states that:
Transmissions paths are shortened and eventually eliminated
Energy transformations are reduced and finally eliminated.
Shortened or
Eliminated
Muscle and control elements use the same field.

When applying this law to the ideal product, it means that we
should consider bypassing traditional or existing transmission
elements and go directly to the object that requires
modification. If the product of the function that we are considering is a transmission element,
then we should consider whether it is required or if we can find some way to bypass it altogether.
ExampleLinkage Operated System

Many systems require rotary movement. Of these systems, a large number
convert linear motion to rotary motion through a linkage. The actuators in
these systems do not act directly on the working element.
Step 1: Is the product a transmission element? (Does the product
transmit, transform or convert energy?)
Some elements
masquerade as important functioning elements but are
transmission elements instead. The current system operated on a
linkage assembly to turn an object.
Step 2: Bypass the transmission element. The new system
directly rotates the element with a rotary actuator. The
actuator works directly on the element of interest without the
need for a transmission.
No ModNon-Existent Product
It is easy to lose track of whether the product is required in the first place. If the
product is harmful or even a waste product (such as sawdust or leaves) wouldnt it
make more sense to not have it around in the first place?
47
TRIZ Power Tools
Examplethe Collection of Leaves

The collection of leaves is a common problem.
Step 1: Is the product ever harmful or waste?
Unfortunately, it is considered waste in many
areas. (Actually, it is natures way of revitalizing
itself. But, for this problem, we will consider it
waste.)
Gather
Leaves
Waste
Step 2: Eliminate the product through the following methods:

Method 1: Directly eliminate the product. The leaves simply dont exist.
Since we may not know how this occurs directly, it creates a
contradiction: The leaves must and must not exist.
Method 2: Eliminate the sources of the product. Remove the
tree. This may be a solution in certain cases. Again, it may
lead to a contradiction: the tree exists and doesnt exist.
Method 3: Eliminate the Paths of the Product. Remove the
path to the ground.
Method 4: Absorb the product so that it is not harmful or
wasteful any more. Consider using absorbent materials such as fabrics,
powder or batting. Something below the tree absorbs the
leaves or at least hides them. Ground cover is often a good
way to do this.
No ModModification Not Required

All useful functions can be thought of in a remedial or preventative
context. This may not seem intuitive at first, but let us consider a couple
Slight
of cases. A lawn mower cuts grass. Is this a remedial action? Yes,
Change
because it remedies the height of the grass. One could reason that if the
grass were doing its job better, it would grow to an even height and then
stop. While this may seem obsessive, it is nevertheless a very useful way to look at a situation
from a new point of view. In order to accomplish this result a slight modification of the product
is usually required.
Examplethe Scaling of Fish

Step 1: Why is the Function Required? What does it
prevent? What does it fix? What does it make up for? Does it counter
something? Follow this reasoning back through the causal relationships.
If a Cause-Effect Diagram is being used, it is easier to follow the chain of
48
TRIZ Power Tools
reasoning back to the problems that the function helps to resolve.

Practically, this is done on a Cause-Effect diagram by considering the
existence of a tool or product of a function as an object attribute that
causes the problem. (Seeing the function in the cause effect diagram
reminds us that existences of the elements of the function are object
attributes that should be considered.) When we consider non-existence of
element in the system (in the side-by-side box), we begin an alternative
problem path which leads us to understand why an element was originally
required in the system. It is possible to remove the need for the
troublesome element and often other elements by resolving a problem
elsewhere in the system. This is done by tracing back the alternative
problem path.
Non-existence of a function element is shown with a new function which
has no tool. The tool was required to perform a function which no longer
is performed because the tool is missing. One solution of the alternative
problem path is to find a new way to perform the function of the missing
object. This often leads to the consideration of how the function might be
performed by existing elements, thus simplifying the system.
Scaling removes scales and underlying tissue that may change the flavor
during cooking and are also disgusting to certain cultures to eat. This is a
remedial action.
Step 2: A slight change to an object in the system (often the
object that we are serving) removes the requirement for the
main function and hence the objects that deliver the function. In
other words, if something did its job better than our system
wouldnt be needed. Consider changes to cooking methods that
make scales a delicacy Now the function of scaling is no
longer required.
No ModComes that Way

In certain situations, a modification can be performed upstream by the provider of the
elements more conveniently than later. The product may be in a much more
convenient form to perform the function. This is often true in a manufacturing
environment such as during assembly. Pre-coated or pre-assembled parts can be more
conveniently assembled. Forming and cutting operations can be more conveniently done when
the material is in a more convenient form.
Pre-modifying the product often leads to a
contradiction. The modification must and must not be made.
49
TRIZ Power Tools
ExamplePipe Forming Machine

Pipe forming machines feed a
flat ribbon into a forming
Cutting tool
machine that rolls the ribbon moves with
into a tube and welds it. The the tube
tubes are cut to length by a saw
that moves with the formed
tube while it is cutting to reduce the time to cut. Faster and faster forming
rates require the cutter to return more rapidly.
This results in many additional problems. Consider the ideal product.

The tube must be cut before it is formed. This slows production
(compared to a single ribbon) so the tube must be cut and not cut.
Step 1: The product does not require the
modification because it is already incorporated. The
tube is partially cut by stamping the tube before
rolling. A hard twist fully cuts the tube.
No ModSelf- Service
The product in question has native fields associated with it. Can we make some
small change to the product so that it performs the modification on itself? (It is
likely that energy will still need to come from outside).
ExampleCutting Tape from a Roll

Consider the example of a roll of tape that must be
cut. Normally it is cut by a blade supported to the
base element. Let us begin with the tape alone and
the modification cut.
Cut
Tape
Step 1: Search the Table of Fields (in the

Appendix) for fields that are always associated with the product? We
should consider Adhesive Fields & Mechanical Fields.
Step 2: What Effect or Physical Phenomena can be used to
deliver this function? The Creation of directed forces by
use of adhesive forces
Step 3: In following steps we can try to boost this function.
The adhesion between layers must create forces which
grossly overpower adhesion of the tape material to itself.
50
Cuts
Tape
TRIZ Power Tools
Little ModMinimum Part

If we have concluded that it is not possible to avoid the requirement for
the modification, then we should consider modifying the least amount of
the product as possible.
Modify
only Part
ExampleStopping a
Speeding Car
Every year innocent people are hurt or killed
during high speed chasses. About 40 percent of
high speed chases end in crashes.
Step 1: What minimum part of the
What minimum
product must be modified? Produce a list
part of the car
Stop
of alternative products which are a
can be stopped?
minimized subset of the main product. By
asking this, we can consider all subsets of
Car
the original product down to the
molecular level. What if we only stop the driver, the tires, the drive shaft,
the engine computer or carburetor, the tire, the electrical ignition spark?
Natural Groupings of Similar Objects

If we have concluded that the function is required, then let us get the most out of it that
we can. Here we consider extending the function to as many elements as possible by
looking for natural groupings. Extending the function to more of the same elements at
the same time can reduce the overall amount of resources required.
ExampleShelling Nuts
The evolutionary tendency of performing functions on multiple objects is
to perform them in parallel. This can involve performing the function
simultaneously on a grouping of objects, especially if these groups are
natural groups such as a flock of geese, a mouthful of teeth, a pallet of
objects, or a box of cereal.
Step 1: Does the product come in natural batches or
groups? The nuts come in a bag.
Step 2: Is it more ideal to modify the group
simultaneously? In this case, it would much more ideal to shell the whole
bag of nuts at once.
51
TRIZ Power Tools
There are no guarantees that modifying the whole natural group will
require fewer resources. At this point, we may not know how we may
accomplish this feat, but we continue in hope of finding a physical
phenomenon that can do this. Crack the whole bag of nuts.
Natural Groupings of Biased Products

Biased products are products that are alike in function and other material ways, but in
some significant way different than each other. Nails come in different sizes. If a
hammer can effectively drive a tiny nail and a large framing nail, it is more valuable to
the user. A natural grouping of nails might be related to a certain type of construction job that
requires a variety of nails. During this manufacture, it is desirable to perform the function on
this group, at the same time or serially with the same system.
ExampleWelding Required
During Manufacture of Bicycles
Step 1: Are there similar products that might require the
same modification during a job or task? A variety of
metals must be welded during the manufacture of bicycles.
Step 2: How much variation is there in the product? If the variation is
small, then there is little requirement to modify a biased product. If the
variety is large, then if the ability is too narrow, the system may have
limited use. The variety of metals is large, from magnesium and aluminum
to steel.
Natural Groupings of Diverse Products

Diverse products are products that are so different that, while they are associated with
the same function, they are typically not associated with the same tool. Natural
groupings of diverse products are objects that require the same function and are found
together during a task or job.
ExampleCooking Bacon
Step 1: For the given function product, what other elements in
the system or super-system require the same modification?
generally associated with bacon
52
Eggs are
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Can they also be included in the modification? Yes, Eggs can be
included. The heat is there, but usually there is an over abundance of
bacon fat. Remember that we have only considered the possibility of
doing these together. In some cases, finding the means to do this is
simple.
Summarize the Ideal Product

After considering all of the above possibilities, what are the insights that you have gained? This
is a branching point in the decision path for this invention. What we decide from this point will
be used to make further decisions. We can always return to this point if necessary.
53
TRIZ Power Tools
54
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Modification for

Useful Functions
After focusing on the ideal product, the second part is the ideal modification. We ask What do
we really want to have happen and what are the attributes of the ideal modification?
Since we have not yet decided what will deliver these idealized modifications to the product, we
are actually composing a wish-list of what the ideal modification will look like. When we add
real elements to deliver the modification, these elements often bring undesirable characteristics
with them.
Since we are dealing with functions that are already useful, we would like to do the most good
possible. It is easy to assume that because a useful function exists, that there is not a replacement
function that is even better or that we might want to reverse things and perform the opposite
function. The question is: What do we really want to happen?
How do We Identify the Ideal Modification?
Lets refer back to the concept that Altshuller proposed for solving problems that require guess
work. Remember that a mathematical problem was proposed. How can we return with exactly
six gallons of water if we have only a four and nine gallon bucket? Mathematical problems that
normally require guess work when solved forward are often more rapidly solved by starting with
the solution and then working backwards. Altshuller proposed that, since solving inventive
problems also requires guess work, the solution will be more rapid and satisfying if we start with
the ideal solution.
Altshuller proposed another, more important, reason for solving backwards. Solutions that start
with mental pictures of existing machines are usually variations on these structures and end up
more complex than they need to be. We must free our minds of these structures by starting
afresh with an ideal solution. Altshuller called this preferred end state or solution the Ideal Final
Result.
The process of identifying the Ideal Final Result was begun when we considered the ideal
product. Now we must consider what must ideally happen to this ideal product, given that it still
is required. Since the final result is actually a modification to the product, we can continue to
write the Ideal Final Result in functional terms. This can be referred to as the Functional Ideal
Final Result.
At this stage, we will put together several Ideal Final Results by describing the modification in
ideal terms. We must remove our inhibitions and let it magically happen. Since there may be
55
TRIZ Power Tools
many ways to describe the modification that will give new insights, we consider a variety of
ways to think of the modification that allow us to make better use of resources.
In the process of looking for the IFR, we will also consider the reverse modification. It is easy to
become locked into thinking of the function in the way that we always have. By asking what we
are performing the function relative to, we see that there are other possibilities.
As a matter of practicality, the function should be described correctly in order to achieve the
most good. Please refer to the appendix if there are questions on how to write functions or deal
with confusing functions.
Setting the Bar for How Well the Modification Must be Performed
The next set of tools help us to decide the attributes of the ideal modification. At this stage, we
continue our quest to identify several ideal modifications. If I could snap my fingers, how much
modification do I really want? How well, how long, etc.
Since it is possible to overdo a modification causing other problems, we may need to constrain
ourselves by asking this in a slightly different way. What level of modification will give us a
long-lasting solution? By doing this, we recognize a truth: eventually the system will evolve to a
point that it must be improved again. In the mean time, it will not be necessary to change this
parameter or even consider it very much. This is different than the common way of changing
systems where a parameter is just improved enough to get by. This leads to legacy problems that
continue to crop up with the next version of a product.
It is important to note that insights derived at this stage have the ability to influence each other.
Insights gained during one activity may be upset by insights gained in other activities.
Consequently, it may be necessary to jump back and forth between tools.
56
TRIZ Power Tools
Describe a Variety of Ideal Modifications

What are ideal final results? Describe this in a variety
Mod 1
of ways. What would I want to happen if I could do it
Mod 2
magically by snapping my fingers? We would like to
consider several ways because each way may lead to a
different physical phenomenon to accomplish the
function (depending on abundance of system
resources). Some of these ways may be more ideal than others.
If I could snap
my fingers...
ExampleStopping a
Speeding Car
Step 1: Are we changing or controlling? Which makes the most sense? In
this case, we want to control the speed of the car to a set speed. This
speed may not be zero and in fact, it might be dangerous to stop a car in
the middle of fast traffic.
Step 2: Work backward by imagining several
ideal final states. Using the longhand form of
the modification, consider different ways to
describe the modification.
Consider moving
from the macro world to the micro world (atomic
level and beyond).
Control the speed

Control the momentum
Car
ExampleBlade Loss of a Fanjet Engine

A jet engine fan loses some fan blades. This is sometimes
referred to a blade-out condition. It can be caused when an
object is ingested into the engine such as a bird. Each of the
blades carries a tremendous amount of kinetic energy. When
one blade goes, it often takes out other blades. The effect is explosive.
Step 1: Are we changing or controlling? Which makes the most sense? In
this case, we are changing. The blades start in one state and we must
move to another.
Step 2: Work backward by imagining
several ideal final states. Using the
longhand form of the modification,
consider different ways to describe
the modification. Consider moving
from the macro world to the micro
world (atomic level and beyond).
Change the level of energy (zero)

Change the blade direction
Blades
57
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleHeating a Gas
How can we describe the heating of a gas?
Step 1: Are we changing or controlling? We have already
described this as a change of state, thus we are changing.
Step 2: Work backward by
imagining several ideal final
states. Using the longhand form
of the modification, consider
different ways to describe the
modification. Consider moving
from the macro world to the micro
world (atomic level and beyond).
Change the temperature

Change the average random velocity
Change the velocity distribution
Gas
Consider an Ideal Inverse Modification

Sometimes it is more ideal to do the reverse of the required action or
modification. For instance, it may actually require fewer resources to
move a person relative to a work object than it is to change the height of
a heavy work object. In order to consider reversing a modification, it is necessary to consider
what the action or modification is relative to. If two objects are moving relative to each other, it
is usually easy to determine what the modification is relative to. With other modifications, it
may take more thought.
ExamplePouring Hot
Syrup into a Chocolate
Container
Pour
Step 1: What object is the modification

performed relative to? The pouring is relative
to the stationary chocolate form
Step 2: Invert the problem by
modifying the relative object. (Make it Syrup
Spread
the product). Thus, instead of pouring
the syrup relative to the stationary
Chocolate
chocolate form, we spread the
chocolate relative to a stationary syrup
form which has been frozen. Spread the chocolate onto the syrup.
58
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: Go back and describe this in a variety

of ideal ways. Note that the variety of
descriptions does not add a great deal to the
understanding of how this function can be
accomplished in this case.
Change the thickness

Change the position
Chocolate
ExampleStopping a Speeding Car

Step 1: What object is the modification performed
relative to? The slowing is relative to the road.
Step 2: Invert the problem by modifying the
relative object. (Make it the product). Thus,
instead of stopping the car, we speed up the road
so that the car and road are moving at the same
velocity.
Step 3: Go back and describe this in a
variety of ideal ways. Note that this tends to
describe some fashion of lubrication between
the road and the tires which was not
previously considered.
Control the Speed

Road
Control the speed

Control the surface speed
Road
What is the Ideal Level of Modification?

Determine the actual level of the ideal modification. This level usually
involves a metric of some sort. As we begin to adjust the levels of the
modification, we start to chip away at psychological inertia and gain insights.
Perhaps what we are doing is not the correct function. Perhaps there are
functions which are more ideal.
ExampleBlade Loss of a Fanjet Engine

We continue our consideration of the loss of blades for a
Fanjet Engine. We will only consider one of the ideal
modifications that were named which is to change the energy
level of the blade.
Step 1: If I could snap my fingers, what would the ideal level be? The
energy should dissipate low enough as to never reach the cabin.
Essentially, the blades have zero kinetic energy relative to the aircraft.
59
TRIZ Power Tools

Step 1: If I could snap my fingers, what would the
ideal level be? Continuing with the example of a
police officer stopping a speeding car, we realize that bringing the car to a
complete stop may not be required or even desirable. It may be more
desirable to control the maximum speed of the car. This allows us to
control the situation better. For instance, if the car is already stopped, then
we may want to guarantee that it is stopped for good. On the other hand,
if the car is moving at a high rate of speed on a busy freeway, stopping the
car might be dangerous to other cars. It may be better if the car were
gradually slowed rather than stopped.
What is the Ideal Sequence of the Function?

Considering the ideal sequence will continue to give us more insights into the ideal modification.
As we consider when it should occur, it may affect what we believe the ideal modification
should be. A powerful tool for investigating this is the process map. This can be accomplished
in a variety of ways, including a storyboard or simply words in sequence. However it is done, it
is nice to show the possibility of functions performed in parallel as this will be one of the
considerations that we make.
60
TRIZ Power Tools

Step 1: Create a process map of the sequence of functions. The subject
function should show up as a block in the process map. If we start at the
beginning of a typical car chase, the car has just been pulled over and the
officer is walking to the other car. This is the most likely time for the
occupant to become scared and to speed away or bolt. Notice in the
following process map that we could have used functional language
throughout. Also, the ideal function is located wherever psychological
inertia places it. That is fine to begin with.
Officer
Identifies
Car to Pull
Over
Officer
Flags down
the Car
Both Cars
Pull Over
and Stop
Officer
Walks
toward Car
Occupant
Speeds
Away
Officer
Requests
Help
Occupant
Gets Scared
Car Stops
Officers
Limit
Options
Officer
Returns to
Car
Occupant
Increases
Speed
Officer
Pursues
Officers
Bumps
Car (Very
Dangerous)
Car Strikes
Object
(Very
Dangerous)
Stop
Car
61
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Consider performing the function in different sequences. Move it

earlier or later than currently performed. Try moving it so far forward that
it is no longer during the normal process sequence. Consider moving it so
far backward that it is no longer part of the ordinary sequence. In this
case, it probably does not make sense to stop the car until it has had a
chance to pull over. In the less likely event that the car begins speeding
away when the officer flags it down, then there may be a need to stop it at
that moment. Now remember, it is possible to consider the more ideal
situation where the occupant is not scared, etc. This all presupposes that
we have already determined these other functions and are idealizing them
on other paths. It also presupposes that we have considered other more
Officer
Identifies
Car to Pull
Over
Officer
Flags down
the Car
Both Cars
Pull Over
and Stop
Officer
Walks
toward Car
Officer
Performs
Duty
Stop
Occupant
Gets Scared
ideal modifications and products and are working on this one specifically.
The question that we are answering here is where is the most ideal place to
put the function of stopping the car.
Another possibility is that the car bolts and the officer does not pursue at
all! The car will be stopped later when it is safer, or the occupant will stop
the car. The occupant can see that the officer is simply standing there and
not pursuing. This allows for a less panicked state which keeps speeds
lower. Perhaps the fact that officers will no longer pursue has become
well publicized. And it becomes common knowledge that the car is being
tracked by a high observer such as a surveillance craft or satellite. The
occupant then has to pursue another strategy which usually involves
abandoning the car. This puts the function of stopping the car far later
than normal.
62
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: Can the function be performed in parallel with other functions?

Can the function be performed during other functions such as during
transportation or while queued or waiting. Can setup be performed at the
same time as the operation? Rapid setup often implies the use of a
previously placed tool. Could other tools help out at another time or
sequence? This creates new possibilities, for instance, the car can be
disabled while it is already stopping for a traffic light or stop sign. If this
can be done safely, before the occupant is aware of what is happening.
This precludes the problem of speeding away, but now this raises other
problems such as how other drivers will react when a car is stopped.
There are also many people who would never consider speeding away and
this becomes a needless embarrassment for them. It is also necessary to
stop the car in such a way that the occupants and the car are out of harms
Officer
Identifies
Car to Pull
Over
Officer
Waits for
Car to Stop
Officer
Walks
toward Car
Stop
Officer
Performs
Duty
Occupant
Gets Scared
way. Such may not be the case if the car is stopped on a busy street. This
highlights the fact that idealizing the system may cause other problems
which can be avoided now (by choosing a different sequence) or later, by
fixing the system.
Step 4: Create a process map of the desired function and break it down
into finer detail.
Some
Feature of
Car is
Disabled
Car
Slows
Down
Car Comes
to Full Stop
Step 5: Can the modification be broken into two (or more) stages? Does
this allow for parallel processes to accomplish the main function, or does
it allow for a more optimum sequencing of functions? It may be that the
car is not stopped, but first limited in speed to 25 mph. The car can now
pull over and remove itself from traffic with the officer following. This
brings up the idea that the more ideal possibility is to be able to limit the
maximum speed of the car at a distance in such a way that the driver
cannot tell the difference between this and a malfunctioning car.
63
TRIZ Power Tools
What is the Ideal Duration?

The ideal sequence is strongly influenced by the duration of the function.
Likewise, duration of the function is strongly influenced by the sequence of the
function.
ExampleStopping a Speeding
Car
Step 1: If the modification were performed very rapidly, would other
harmful functions be precluded? Yes, if the car could be stopped
instantly, before it was able to get out into traffic, many dangerous or
harmful functions could be avoided.
Step 2: How much time do we have after it is normally performed that it
would be allowable to continue performing the function? If the
modification were performed very slowly (hours, days, weeks, months,
years) would this be harmful or could this actually help in the performance
of other functions? Stopping the car permanently could be viewed as a
punishment for trying to speed away. This might serve as a deterrent.
What is the Ideal Duty Cycle?

Ideality requires that all objects perform as many functions as possible,
as much of the time as possible. Systems that idle waste valuable
resources. Consequently, it is important to consider idealizing the
function by requiring the system to work all of the time.
ExampleStopping Speeding Cars

Continuing with our example of stopping speeding cars, we ask whether
the stopping system can be in operation at all times. Since the need to stop
cars is not continuous, it would be necessary to re-describe the function in
terms that can apply to objects other than cars.
64
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 1: Are there opportunities for the system to run all the time? Is this
even desirable considering the current product? Ideally, objects in the
system will be at full capacity. In the case of stopping speeding cars, there
is no requirement to stop cars continuously.
Step 2: Are there other objects in the
job that require the function? Should
the function be reframed to consider
these other objects? Yes, it would be
Car
Fleeing
desirable to stop a human that
Occupant
Occupant
abandons the car. If we redefine the
problem as stopping the car
occupants, whether they are moving or in a car, the system becomes much
more ideal.
Step 3: Should the modification be performed along the entire path, both
coming and going? This usually applies to machines which have repetitive
motions. In this case it probably does not apply except to say that the
function of stopping the cars occupants should be possible regardless of
which direction they are moving, even in reverse.
Step 4: Should dummy runs and downtimes be allowed? I suppose that
down times are allowed if all we are stopping are the occupants. It should
not be necessary to have a test run before it is used each time to stop a car.
What is the ideal Adjustability and

Continuity of Adjustment?
If we havent already touched on this in some way, then we will deal with the subject of
variability here. Lines of evolution suggest that the control of functions become more
and more adjustable. At first, the process is fixed. Next it becomes adjustable to at least
discrete levels. Next, the adjustment must become continuous. Next, some form of control
scheme is used to adjust the function for changing conditions. The first form of control often
turns the function on or off. This is often referred to as bang-bang control. The next form of
control is referred to as open-loop control. This means that a change is sensed somewhere and
the mechanism that controls the function is given a set command that hopefully puts the output in
the required realm. The next form of control uses feedback which continuously or discretely
controls the function. Each level of adjustment and control increase the complexity of the
system. It is important here to not go overboard in assigning an ideal level of adjustability. We
can over-constrain the system. This sounds too much like a compromise, but here we will
65
TRIZ Power Tools
consider only an acceptable level of adjustment that will allow this system to operate for a long
time without change. This is not much of a compromise.

Step 1: Consider different and perhaps extreme operating environments.
Decide whether or not it must be capable of adapting to these different
environments. The car must be stopped in difficult weather conditions
such as rain, snow, high heat, at night or day. The occupant must be
stopped regardless of the position that they are in, either running or
crouching low in the car. It must be capable of stopping the occupant
regardless of obstacles that they hide behind such as seats, windows, car
walls or trees and rocks once the occupant leaves the vehicle.
Step 2: Consider adjustability to a variety of products. How much
variation can we stand in the product? Consider biased products (objects
which are of the same type, but have some differences in an important
attribute like nails of various sizes or roses of different shades). Consider
objects with much greater differences such as the difference between
edible plants.
Step 3: The method of stopping must work regardless of the gender or size
of the occupant. It must also work regardless of the equipment that they
might be operating or carrying.
Step 4: What granularity of adjustment is necessary? Can the adjustment
be discrete? If so, what is the discrete step size? In this case, the
adjustment could be fairly granular. We would like to limit the occupant
or former occupant to a variety of speeds.
Step 5: Does the adjustment need to be continuous or should it require
continuous feedback? The adjustment could use some form of open-loop
control if the officer provides the feedback. Some form of feedback may
be necessary, however to reduce the concentration burden of the officer.
66
TRIZ Power Tools
When Should It Be Excluded? (The Zero

Zero
Function2)
The zero function is the intended absence of a function under certain conditions.
We should have full control over the function when its existence would be
dangerous or otherwise harmful.
ExampleA Safer Gun

Many are killed due to accidental handgun accidents.
Children, in particular, are susceptible. Additionally, law
enforcement officers sometimes become the victims of
their own weapons.
Step 1: Identify times when the primary functions are harmful. Harmful
functions are most likely to occur when the gun is not in the hands of the
owner. If a police officer is not in possession of his weapon, and a suspect
has it, this is potentially very harmful.
Step 2: Consider providing the zero function and means for detecting and
controlling the function during these times. The Gun cannot shoot unless it
is being held by the correct person.

Is there a chance that we want to disable the possibility of stopping or
controlling a speeding car?
Step 1: Identify times when the primary functions are harmful. It may be
harmful if the device can be used on a law enforcement vehicle. If the
device is harmful to adults, children may be very susceptible to harm.
Perhaps it cannot be used when children are present.
controlling the function during these times. The function will not be
provided with children or law enforcement vehicles present.
Greg Yezersky, General Theory of Innovation Feb 2006
67
TRIZ Power Tools
68
TRIZ Power Tools
Is it Time for a New Physical

Phenomenon?
This is a question that should not be taken lightly. This decision has great ramifications on the
amount of work that will be required to make your product or service work. Generally speaking,
when you change to a new physical phenomenon, there are many unknowns about the new
phenomenon. Perhaps you are lucky and you are involved with someone that is experienced in
the new phenomenon. This makes the possibility of bridging to the new phenomenon much
easier. Remember that the new product or service must compete with one that has been polished
for many years. Changing to a new physical phenomenon can increase the required work
substantially.
Review the Evolutionary History

Knowing the history of a product helps to understand the main evolutionary trends. Each
product has a main evolutionary tendency. The tendency of a system to stall along this
evolutionary path is largely a function of the technical problems that directly conflict with this
evolutionary tendency. You have already conducted a patent search within your industry so you
have a lot of information about the history. This step can take a lot of time, but the information
is extremely valuable from the viewpoint of continued steps. The inventor is becoming a true
expert in this field.
ExamplePostal Services
Consider the transport of objects for pay such as postal services.
Step 1: From patents and literature, study the history of the functions that
are typically involved in the job. What functions have been added over
time? What main physical parameters have improved? Things improved
with postal services: The purchasing of service; delivery of object to point
of use; the protection of objects (container movement); the tracking of
objects and informing customer; the speed
of movement of objects.
Step 2: From patents and literature, study the
history of the technologies (physical
phenomena) that typically deliver these
functions. How have these technologies
changed? If we look at the actual physical
means of delivering objects we see a continual transition to the fastest
69
TRIZ Power Tools
modes of general transportation: Runners Horses Carriages

Wagons Trains or Boats Trucks Planes. With these transitions
other improvements came in the form of speed, protection from damage
and knowledge of object location.
Plot the Course of Disruptive Technologies

We have already discussed disruptive technologies in
some depth. If you feel that a disruptive technology is
threatening you, it may be wise to look at how rapid
this encroachment is occurring. This analysis takes a
great deal of time, so it is usually not useful unless an
imminent threat is detected.
#1 Capability
#1
Market
(Job)
#2 Capability
#2
Market
(Job)
Speed
Method
Time
Step 1: Each recognized market
(job) is focused on a competitive parameter. Determine the competitive
parameter. The progression of competitive parameters is as follows:
Performance of the main parameter (speed, power, etc)

Reliability
Convenience
Cost
Step 2: Plot this main competitive parameter for the most advanced
leaders with respect to time for each market (job). This gives the
capability curve.
Step 3: Plot the average of the competitive parameter for all products for
that market. This gives the demand curve for each market.
Step 4: If the capability of the lower performing market appears to be on a
course to cross the demand line of the market with the upper capability,
then it is imperative that you find a way to switch to the phenomenon used
by the encroaching market. It may be necessary to spin off an independent
group which is given proper resources and incentives to market this new
technology. This may be difficult since the new market is likely to have
developed new delivery channels.
The more likely approach to
overcoming a disruptive technology is to use a hybrid of the new and old
physical phenomenon.
70
TRIZ Power Tools
Determine the System Maturity from Patents

The maturity of systems can be determined by several means. One means is by the study of
patents. This involves understanding the increase in performance of the main technical
parameter related to main technical function, the level of invention and the number of patents
over time. The method shown is very time consuming and should only be applied if other
methods prove ineffective in showing the importance of switching to a new physical
phenomenon.
Method for Examining System Maturity

Step 1: Identify the technical parameter related to the main function.
Quantify how this has improved over time.
Step 2: Identify how the level of
invention has changed over time.
The level of invention is typically
high when changing to a new
physical phenomenon. It peaks
again during the period of rapid
growth as resources are made
available from sales. Later, it
levels off as system resources are
exhausted.
The level of invention is as
follows:
1. No resolution of contradiction.
Technical
Maturity
Parameter
Related to the
Infancy
Stagnation
Rapid growth
Main Function
Level of
Invention
Number
Of Patents
Per year
2. Resolves contradiction with

small change.
3. Resolves contradictions with a major change. Uses a technology from
the same field.
4. Resolves a contradiction. Complete change in physical phenomenon.
This is usually a technology from another field.
5. New Physical Phenomenon. Has ability to change the super-system to
which it belongs.
Step 3: Quantify the number of patents per year.
71
TRIZ Power Tools
Is it Time for a New Physical Phenomenon?

The main reason that we would like to know the system maturity is because it is particularly
important to determine whether there is a need to change to a new physical phenomenon to
perform the main modification of the system product. A new physical phenomenon typically
brings fresh resources which allow continued evolution of the function or the job that is being
performed. Unfortunately, it typically involves unknown risks and unfamiliarity of the side
effects of the new phenomenon. An additional shortcoming of going to a new physical
phenomenon is that the customer has come to accept certain levels of performance which will
almost certainly not be achieved unless the transition is brought about through the use of hybrid
phenomena which will be described later.
Required Conditions for a New

Phenomenon
If several of the below conditions are present then consider a new physical
phenomenon to deliver the main modification.
Condition 1: The super-system has become very
specialized. In the beginning, row boats were very
crude and usually created from single trunks of
trees.
As time went on, they evolved to
specialized uses including fishing, transportation of goods and conducting
warfare. These variations became very specialized with warships having
multiple levels of oars.
Condition 2: The super-system has reached the point of
diminishing return. Are the main technical parameters
improving very slowly? An example of a system that has
reached the point of diminished return is the fanjet engine.
The amount of fuel burned per unit of thrust is improving
in the single digit range. This is largely due to the high degree of
regulation in the airline industry for the sake of safety. Improvements are
absorbed slowly so as to ensure that unintended effects are minimized.
Condition 3: Automatic feedback is used to perform the main
super-system function. By the point that systems are using
massive feedback, we can usually assume that the system is
running out of resources. This is because the use of feedback
is costly and indicates that costly improvements are required to bring
minor changes to performance. A fanjet engine is again a good example
of feedback which is employed in almost every major function on the
engine.
72
TRIZ Power Tools
Condition 4: Multiple conflicts must be resolved for

large improvements. (Many rocks appear when we
begin to drain the pond). It is typical that products and
services will be filled with compromise solutions. Between major
improvements in the product, there is a tendency to ignore risks and to live
with compromises. As time goes on and the product becomes specialized,
these compromises mount up until changes in the operating environment
expose multiple compromises. Going back to our example of the aircraft
engine, temperatures are always increasing within the engine to increase
engine efficiency. This increase in temperature exposes the weakness of
multiple components.
Is a Hybrid or Stand-alone Phenomenon More

Appropriate?
Trying to satisfy an entrenched sustaining
Introduction
market will be unlikely with a completely new
of Hybrid
physical phenomenon as some very important
competitive parameter will almost certainly be Competitive
compromised.
The sustaining market will Parameter
demand that we not depart from the s-curve of
Introduction of Stand-alone
the existing effect. New markets will be much
Physical Phenomenon
(Potentially Disruptive)
more forgiving and may even welcome the
weaknesses of the new physical phenomenon as
strength. The new Phenomenon will gather strength as a hybrid and eventually replace the old
phenomenon or it will gather strength as a stand-alone phenomenon in the new market. Clayton
Christensen points out, it is possible that the new stand-alone phenomenon will develop along its
own s-curve and eventually become a disruptive technology, taking away market share from the
existing sustaining markets. Also, if the existing phenomenon is in the rapid growth part of the
S-Curve, it will be difficult to catch up. Greater resources will keep the performance ahead of
the new phenomena.
73
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleStand-alone Electric Cars

Step 1: If the market is a recognized and mature market
then consider a hybrid of the old and new phenomenon.
Hybrid CarGas and Electric
Step 2: If the market is an emerging or unrecognized market then consider
using a completely new physical phenomena in which the native
weaknesses of the physical phenomena are considered to be a strength.
(Usually starts small) Electric Car for Teen Drivers
Extremely safe enclosure
Limited speeds
Restricted driving range
Full entertainment system
74
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Physical

Phenomenon for Useful
Functions
In this step, we consider which physical phenomena can perform the modification to the product
that we desire. The decision of which physical phenomenon to use will come after seeing what
resources are available. So, we are not making a decision at this point, but rather identifying
potential physical phenomena. We create a fertile situation so that when the right tool is
presented, we can see its merit. In effect, we are sensitizing our minds for the next step in which
we consider the substance, object and field resources around us. Armed with the knowledge of
what is possible, it will be easier to identify the value of a resource when we see it.
Some of the phenomena that we consider in this stage may seem a little wild or too weak to
perform the function. Remember that there are ways to tame wild phenomena. Weak
phenomena can often be boosted in latter stages of the algorithm. Therefore, it is important to
keep an open mind to the possibilities.
In-Use Physical Phenomena
The first phenomena we should look at are the phenomena in use in the given industry. We will
refer to these as In-Use. It is perfectly fine to consider these phenomena. After all, successful
products have already been built using them.
New Physical Phenomena
The second set of phenomena is those that can deliver the required function, but are not available
in the given industry. While the phenomena that we discover may not be new in the sense that
we have discovered them from research, they may be new to the industry. If we have determined
that it is time to change form the given physical phenomenon, then these candidates may be what
we need.
The Ideal Physical Phenomena Must Have a Chance to Compete
The ideal resource is capable of holding its own. It must be abundant and capable of providing
as many functions as possible. In the final set of tools, we consider which potential phenomena
would be the most ideal. We filter for certain characteristics. What we have left over are the
most likely candidates.
75
TRIZ Power Tools
In-UseIdentify the Competitive Alternative

through Observation and Questioning
Here we learn about potential physical phenomena from competitive alternatives. Competitive
alternatives are any systems that can potentially compete with the system that you are
simplifying or creating. A newspaper is competition for the television. Car or truck
transportation is competition for airline travel.
The competitive alternative is what people currently use and what they would use if they didnt
have what they are currently using. Remember that this is not necessarily what you would
consider to be direct business competition. For a pet watering bowl, the competitive alternative
might be a large bucket. In the early stages, Southwest Airlines did not compete against other
airlines; they were in competition with traveling by car.
It is very tempting to go on personal experience to answer this question, but this is a trap. Often,
inventors assume that they are like everyone else. There is wisdom in going to the battle to see
how it is really being waged. There is no substitute for this. Dont be satisfied with talking to a
few people.
Method
Step 1: Observe what the target market currently does to satisfy this
function. If possible, go and watch before talking. By observing you get
to the truth. What people do and what they say that they do are often two
different things.
Step 2: Ask how they satisfy this function and what they would do if they
didnt have what they currently use. This may give some valuable
information into the history of the function. They will often offer what
they did way back when...
Step 3: Identify what extreme users currently do to satisfy this function
and what they would do if they werent using their current means.
Extreme users often have a range of experience with uncommon ways to
satisfy a function.
Step 4: Ask everyone that you interview where they go for the source of
items and products that they need to do these jobs. This will set you up
for the next step.
76
TRIZ Power Tools
In-UseObserve Existing Products

While competitive alternatives can be anything that others would use if they
were not using our system, there may be obvious competitors in the market
place. Lets go to the store to see what these products and services are.
ExamplePet Food Container

Step 1: Go to a store that would sell products that deliver the
required modification. I am interested in containers that serve
pet food, so I go to a pet store or the pet section of a department or grocery
store.
Step 2: Note brands and producers. Do the producers sell more than one
product? Who are the main producers? I note that there
are three main manufacturers that sell products in the
category that I am interested in.
Step 3: Look for product trends. The trend is to combine
the food bowls with large storage containers and to keep
the food at a level that is comfortable for the pet.
Step 4: Read the labels. What do they claim?
claims to slow down bugs.
One
In-UseInternet Product Search

Learn from the competitive alternatives (Remember that these may not be direct
competitors). What jobs do they do? What functions do they perform? What
Physical Phenomena delivers the functions? If you are searching for an
unrecognized market and you find a major competitor then go back to the drawing
board.

Step 1: Use an internet search-engine to determine what products are
offered. Stop-Sticks are found on police equipment websites. They are
a triangular shaped device that cost $380 per set and can be deployed by
throwing them into the road way. The occupant has little time to react and
often rolls over them. The sticks can immediately be pulled back to
allowing pursuing law enforcement cars to pass unharmed. As an added
feature, the stop sticks are replaced if damaged for up to 4 years.
It takes a fair amount of training to use them. If they are thrown too early,
the occupant has time to swerve, potentially into the officers throwing
77
TRIZ Power Tools
them. A marker is used on the side of the road to time the throw. When
the fleeing car passes the marker, the stop sticks are thrown out. One
tricky feature is that the officer needs to be close enough to throw the
sticks, which may put them into a dangerous situation. They come with
80 ft of cord to pull them out of the path or into the path of cars. This does
not mean that the officer can be 80 feet away when throwing the stop
sticks. An interesting feature of these stop sticks is the number of police
officers killed while deploying them. The most common fatalities have to
do with drivers swerving to avoid the sticks and striking officers. Others
have been killed while trying to retrieve them. Sadly, they are sometimes
killed by the pursuing police car. They may try to retrieve them to keep
pursuing law enforcement cars from also running over the stop sticks.
Another tricky feature is that pursuing officers are often very close behind
the speeding car. It is difficult to convey at what point the sticks may be
thrown out. The police car may also try to swerve to avoid them which
endanger officers trying to deploy them.
Another problem reported is the use of stop sticks on people that were not
breaking the law.
Another competitive alternative is tire spikesthese range from $400 to
$800. These spikes spread out to as long as 25 ft. They are capable of
piercing truck tires. The tines can be replaced in seconds should they
become damaged. The spikes enter the tires and break free from the
retainer. They are hollow and slowly deflate the tire to avoid dangerous
blowouts.
Another competitive alternative is the X-Net. This is a netting covered
with spikes. The spikes attach to the wheels and the net is wound onto the
wheel thus stopping it. It is purported to be capable of stopping vehicles
in excess of 10,000 lbs.
Step 2: Refine the search by noting and using nomenclature and names
that are common to the industry. Stop Tech Ltd. is the company that
makes Stop Sticks.
Step 3: Consider cheap competitive alternatives. I could not detect any
cheap alternatives. Big rocks would be too dangerous, especially for
pursuing police officers.
In-UseCheck for Disruptive Technologies

This tool is especially important to consider when targeting a market segment that is already
consuming and in which you are trying to sustain the momentum.
78
TRIZ Power Tools
It is easy to get caught up in calling any great innovation a disruptive technology, but be careful
how this term is used. Disruptive technologies are products and services that are typically
disruptive to a business practice. Ultimately, they are so disruptive that many great businesses
can no longer compete.
The ones that you typically have to be concerned with are those that may disrupt your business.
For instance, they do not give the margins that you have come to expect. They do not intersect
your supply chain. They do not satisfy the same levels of performance that your main customers
have become accustomed to. They require new vendors. Often, a disruptive technology will
require a whole new business model. This is the most disruptive of all. As management
considers these technologies, they will seem distasteful and will reject them because they feel
that they are doing this in the best interest of their company. Remember, they are held captive by
their largest customers. Few resources are left over for other customers and disruptive
technologies.
These disruptive offerings are generally initiated in industries that are not your own, but may be
closely adjacent. They satisfy someone that is not currently purchasing from you, so they seem
innocent. They usually do not perform at sufficient levels to attract the attention of your main
customers. This is because they are designed to perform the same functions that your products
perform, only for other markets. As these offerings increase in performance, eventually, they
will have the capability of satisfying low-end customers in your market. Again, this seems
innocent as these low end customers are not important to your business as you move up-market
to gain higher and higher margins. Slowly, these offerings will gain in performance as they are
fueled by the cash coming into these markets until you find that they are cutting into your
mainline customers. Often, it is too late at this point because of the resources required to change
over. Developing a whole new supply chain is very impractical. History has shown that it is
nearly impossible to copy a disruptive technology at this point. Vendors are often locked up
while supplying the new supply chain. Consumers have loyalty to the early products.
You might ask why we are not intent upon creating technologies which are disruptive to our
main competitors. While it is possible to create technologies that are disruptive to others
businesses, this strategy can only work if your company is open to destructive creation of
products and to the creation of new business models, usually in completely separate business
units than your legacy products. In order to disrupt existing competition, you will ultimately
cannibalize yourself. Remember that these are your competitors and you are competing for the
same market. If the market of your competitor begins to move to your new product, they must
also stop buying your legacy product. Most companies will find that it is usually better to try to
satisfy a market that will not likely compete with your market. If you pick a non-consuming
market to satisfy, there are many opportunities to create new offerings. The need to compete is
virtually eliminated. You would only do this out of spite for the competitor which is not really a
good business practice and will generally take you nowhere.
79
TRIZ Power Tools
If you are still determined to create a disruptive business for your competitor, there are more
hurdles. This disruptive technology will need to compete against your biggest customers for
resources. It will also be necessary to change long-held company values at the highest levels of
the business. It is hard to admit that your business strategy and company values are wrong. In
order to make this kind of change a lot of people have to be aligned and committed. If they are
not convinced, they will likely revolt in passive ways that are hard to detect and counter. A
better approach than directly disrupting your business would be to start a new business built on a
learning approach with its own resources. This business will create its own business model and
supply train from scratch.
Finally, if you are still determined to create a disruptive technology within an existing business,
you must recognize that, the business needs to have an offering which can stand on its own in
some market. This is a large challenge on its own as most offerings fail due to all of the market
conditions.
In summary, it is usually not a good practice to try to create a disruptive technology (disruptive
to you) within an existing business and customer base. The more likely place to create disruptive
technologies is with new business startups. These have the ability to recognize market segments
that are not being served.
The reason for considering this step here is that others may be encroaching on your market and it
is necessary to consider the physical phenomena that this disruptive technology is using. We do
this because there is a way out of this trap and that is hybrid phenomena. Hybrid phenomena are
the combination of two phenomena in such a way that the performance gained by one
phenomenon compliments the other. In this way, the new phenomena can be used to better
satisfy the existing market. This would be difficult to do if we made a sudden jump to the new
phenomenon. When this occurs the performance is usually less than what the existing market
expects. According to evolution of systems, when we move between physical phenomena, there
is usually a transitional state through hybrid phenomena. A recent example of this is hybrid
electric and petrol fueled vehicles.
Checking for disruptive technologies amounts to looking for analogous functions in closely
adjacent markets and then looking for how those functions are delivered. There are usually
people in the business that have seen technologies that they would like to bring into the business.
They may sense that these technologies will one day compete with them or that they could be
exploited with current customers, but there is little support within the businesses. History has
shown that many toppled businesses have seen these disruptors coming but were unable to
respond adequately. The typical response is to try to force these disruptive technologies into
existing markets with disastrous results. The new phenomenon is not capable of delivering the
performance that the existing market has come to expect. As mentioned, the strategy that
typically works is to strive for a hybrid technology that enhances the current technology. Once
80
TRIZ Power Tools
established, the new phenomenon will begin to take over from the existing phenomenon, all the
while satisfying existing customers.
Method
Step 1: Identify technologies that exist in adjacent markets that seem to be
threatening the existing business. These may be low cost alternatives or
alternatives that use a different physical phenomenon to deliver the
function.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that is used to deliver the
function. It is likely that this will later be considered for a hybrid physical
phenomenon to satisfy the target market.
In-UsePatent Searching and Study

One of the best times for performing a patent search is when you
6,543,345
are searching for physical phenomena to deliver a function.
During this particular step, we will be considering searching for
5,678,432
physical phenomena inside the given industry. Later, we will be
3,234,211
searching for patents outside the industry as we identify analogous
situations. Not only will we better understand the possible physical phenomena that can be used,
it is inevitable that other types of valuable information will be gathered along the way.
Most people wait too long in the inventive process to perform a patent search. It is usually done
after much time and expense to develop their invention. Often they find that someone has
already patented their idea or that more useful and elegant concepts are available. This can be
quite a blow! Waiting too long occurs for a variety of reasons:
First, people get excited about an idea and they want to develop it without delay. It is easy to get
very excited about what the future will bring. Wealth and fame are at your fingertips! There is
no time to waste! The idea must put on the market before someone steals it or you lose your
drive! This fear is usually unfounded and based on the idea that if we had the idea then the
conditions are ripe for someone else to have it. Be patient, there are many inventions to be had if
this one doesnt pan out.
Secondly, considering a patent search can invoke fear. It is like knowing that you should see the
doctor while fearing that he will give you bad news. It is easy to this put off, but, like going to
the doctor, the time investment is small compared to the time that can be wasted by not acting. It
typically takes a Saturday morning to do a thorough patent search which is a small investment
compared to the typical development time for an invention. Even though the resulting
information can be somewhat deflating, it is better to start with a realistic view.
81
TRIZ Power Tools
Thirdly, a patent search can appear to be beyond our capabilities. After all, people are employed
full time to do patent searches! Again, this fear is unfounded. It is important to remember that
you have several advantages that professional patent searchers do not have. You are motivated
by the prospects of your idea. (A patent examiner is employed for money and is obligated to
perform to certain minimum standards). You are not constrained by time and can afford to
search to the bitter end. (Not all patent examiners are thorough and there may be time
constraints on some examiners). You are more familiar with the technology than they are. (They
do not have the time to become expert at the technologies that you are interested in). With a
little practice, this overwhelming task can become natural and commonplace.
Forth, understanding patents is difficult. Admittedly, patents have their own language. In this
language, there is no legal prohibition to making up words! Patents can seem very stiff
andlegal. Remember that it is in the favor of the legal profession that they look this way. We
can easily convince ourselves that only patent attorneys can read patents. On the contrary,
anyone can thoroughly understand a patent if they are willing to take the time. They have a
repeatable structure, so you can learn the parts of the patent that you need to go to for specific
information. Remember that it is much easier to learn to read patents when you are motivated by
an idea. This will force you into the patent. Read it, digest it, and diagram it. Soon, you will be
speaking patenteze. Reading and understanding your first patent may take you a half day, but
the next patent will go much faster.
Fifth, some feel that seeing what others have done will keep them from looking outside the
box. Sure, there is a possibility that this can temporarily happen, but remember that this whole
book is about making us uncomfortable inside the box. There are multiple opportunities to kick
ourselves outside. Also, lots of additional information is learned along the way that strengthens
our general understanding of physics. Understanding a broad spectrum of physical phenomena
will make you a better inventor! Where we get into trouble is by studying only certain areas of
physics deeply. Remaining specialists can have a constraining effect on our imagination.
It is ok that you do not understand everything about patents when you begin your search. True,
like first time car drivers, it is impossible to know what you do not know, but you have to start
somewhere. If you make mistakes, remember that there are is a world of potential inventions out
there. Dive in and you will find that you have more capacity than you thought!
There is a wealth of information in patents that is often overlooked. Patents are structured so that
others can duplicate the results of an invention. Consequently, it is necessary to give away many
details. Most patents begin with a description of the typical approaches that are already
available. This sets the stage for why their idea is an improvement. It usually gives the history
of the problem (and sometimes the industry) and also a look at alternative physical phenomena
that have been used. Following this section is a description of the invention and why it is an
improvement. This gives details into new physical phenomena that may have been used. It may
describe how various object attributes affect the operation of the product. You may also be able
82
TRIZ Power Tools
to detect how the inventor overcame various contradictions. Clearly articulating the contradiction
that was solved helps an inventor explain why their invention is non-obvious to those
experienced in the art. This is the main hurdle that is required to get a patent. Next is a detailed
description of the architecture of the invention. This gives valuable clues concerning the details
of the physics. Finally, the claims section gives an idea to the scope of what the patent examiner
thought was allowable to claim for the invention.
Unless you are having problems with your computer, it takes about two hours to prepare for your
first patent search. Mostly, this involves setting up links in your browser and a patent viewer.
The patent viewer is important because looking at pictures conveys information much more
rapidly than reading patenteze. Here is how to setup your computer browser with the necessary
bookmarks to do a basic patent search:
Step 1: Go to www.uspto.gov. This is the official patent website for the US government. If you
take the time to familiarize yourself with this site, you will discover that a lot of effort has been
made to make patent search and application easier for individuals. All of the forms are available
for self application. There seems to be a bias towards helping individuals over corporations.
You will particularly notice this if you submit a patent for consideration (this is called
prosecuting a patent). People at the patent office sometimes bend over backward to help
individuals, especially ones that have never been through the process before.
Step 2: On the home page, go to Patents. You will find this on the left-hand side. If you click
on this, a drop down will show you a several links. Search Patents is down the list a little. Go
to this and bookmark it with a memorable name.
You can also find this at
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. This page is the main page for beginning patent searches.
It allows for a variety of patent search formats.
Step 3: Download the patent viewer for viewing patent drawings. As mentioned, viewing the
patents will help immeasurable in understanding them. To access the viewer, go to
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/help/images.htm. The program that you download for viewing
patents is dependent upon the operating system and internet browser that you use. Follow the
instructions and links for your particular operating system. If you are like most people and use
the windows operating system and Internet Explorer for your browser, you can go to
http://www.alternatiff.com/install/ to directly download the viewer. Remember to bookmark this
page in case you need to reload the patent viewer for some reason. You will know that you have
succeeded when the text appears at the bottom of the page informing you that it is installed.
Step 4: Bookmark the definition of classifications and give it a memorable name. It is located at:
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/selectnumwithtitle.htm. Each patent is assigned
a patent classification. Having a link to the classifications helps the searcher delineate between
classifications. When you get to this page, you will notice that there is a numbering system
which starts with items such as apparel. Remember that this is a very old system of classifying
83
TRIZ Power Tools
patents that was based upon products that were available when it was started. Scroll through this
list and look for more modern classifications to appear. Click on any one of the definitions. This
will take you to sub-classifications. Patents are usually assigned a classification and at least one
sub-classification. When you select one of the classification numbers, you finally arrive at the
definitions.
Step 5: Bookmark the index of classifications and give it a memorable name. It is located at:
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspcindex/indextouspc.htm. When you have an
invention with a common name, you can find the classification by going to this index.
Everything is listed in alphabetical order. For instance, if you are working on an improvement
for hand shovels, you can go to shovels and find that there are a variety of objects which are
referred to as shovels. There are hand shovels, power shovels, crane shovels, loading shovels,
plow shovels, etc. This is important to know because many of these systems provide exactly the
same function as the one that you are considering. In effect, they provide analogous functions in
different industries. It is possible that they use physical phenomena and lines of evolution that
are different from your industry. These can be put to work in your situation. Also, when you
later identify other analogous products, you can readily find the patents for these products by
using this index.
Step 6: Bookmark the Advanced Search page and study the examples for Boolean searches.
(Note that you can search for phrases in parenthesizes.)
Now you are ready to perform the actual patent search.
Method
Step 1: Search for patents directly related to the modification that you
would like to perform
Step 2: Using Advanced Search, search for key words in the abstract or
body of the patents.
Step 3: When you finally find a patent which is close to the intended
subject, identify the classification.
Step 4: Search by classification, making use of the Definitions and Index
of Classifications. Make sure that classification includes possible patents
that cover the field that you are interested in.
Step 5: When you find good representative patents, note and view all
patents cited.
Step 6: Now search these patents and continue the process until no new
patents regarding your area of interest show up.
Step 7: Search patents for physical phenomena that are unusual to your
industry.
84
TRIZ Power Tools
NewIntelligent Little People

One of the most important tools of investigation is empathy. This is the ability to become a part
of the system that we are investigating and to see it from this unique perspective. The principle
of empathy is very powerful, but has a few limitations. First, we provide only one perspective
from which to view the problem. Secondly, we must exist in order to view the problem. In other
words, we cannot dissolve or disappear. Third, there is just one of us to interact with the system.
If there were more of us to interact, this would open up new possibilities. These difficulties are
largely overcome by using the principle of little intelligent people.
ExampleSelf cleaning air filter

Step 1: Envision the system as composed of intelligent little people who
can work together. They also have the capability to disappear and reappear
if necessary. What do they do to accomplish the desired result? How do
they intelligently act together? The little people
pass the particulates from one to the next while
allowing air to flow.
Step 2: Consider possible physical phenomena that
can accomplish this cooperation. A separate liquid moves along the
surface due to a mechanical action. The liquid acts to trap and carry the
particles. Lungs clean themselves using this same action.
NewEvolution of Field Phenomena

Examine the Table of Fields in the Appendix. Note that the top fields are the most abundant
fields and the bottom fields are typically the least abundant. In general, systems tend to use the
top fields first for muscle and then the lower fields for sensing and control. Later, the lower
fields may become more abundant. When they are both abundant and controllable it makes
sense that systems evolve toward the bottom fields. By examining the fields currently being
used by your system, or similar systems, you can guess the fields that might be used next.
85
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleLawn Mower
Step 1: What fields are currently being used to deliver this
function? Currently, the blade is cut by a mechanical highpressure field that makes use of the grasss inertia
Step 2: What are the next fields that will likely be used?
oscillations.
Jet pressure
NewLibrary of Effects
The Library of Effects is table of physical phenomena that can be used to
deliver functions. Once we know the modification that we desire, we can
find a similar function in the table. Usually, this is a generalization of the
desired function. The table usually gives many physical phenomena that can
deliver the desired modification to the product.
ExampleClothes Dryer
The function of the air in the dryer is to evaporate water.
Step 1: Convert given function to a Generalized Function.
Evaporate
Water
The generalized function is to move a liquid.

Step 2: Find phenomena in the Library of Effects. Go to
one of the sources for the library of effects. Some
commercial software have this library. A scaled-down
version can be found at:
Move
Liquid
www.creax.com
Locate the generalized function and then consider all of
the physical phenomena that can be used.
Fabric
(Capillary
action)
Move
Liquid
86
TRIZ Power Tools
NewAnalogous ProductsPatents Outside

Your Industry
An analogous phenomenon produces the same result that we want on other objects. This can be
transferred to our situation with satisfying results.
ExampleRemoving a Sliver
Extract
We would like to identify a new physical phenomenon

for extracting slivers.
Sliver
Step 1: Identify an analogous product. What other types

of objects require the same modification? A nail is
analogous to a sliver.
Step 2: Identify the common tool for modifying this

product and the minimum feature required for the
modification. Search for patents related to the
modification of this analogous product. A crowbar is
used to extract nails. The feature that performs this modification is the
claw.
Step 3: Transfer this feature to the new situation.
Consider combining this with the existing tool
or transferring the minimum amount of the tool.
Mini-CrowBar
Removes
Sliver
87
TRIZ Power Tools
NewAnalogous ProductsMega
Trend
If we look in industries that perform a function on a massive scale,
we can often discover the evolutionary trend for this function along
with physical phenomena which are used to accomplish it. It is even
possible to identify physical phenomena by using the patent database.
Mega - Product = ?
ExampleMoving Large
Amounts of Packaged Materials
We would like to move sacks from a truck
shipment to a location on the factory floor.
Typically, this is done by hand, unloading
one at a time.
Move
Sack
Step 1: Identify analogous products in

leading industries. These are objects which require the
same function that you are considering. It may be
necessary to think about the modification differently.
Cans are an analogous product.
Step 2: Identify trends for performing the function where a
large amount of this product requires the same
modification? Consider looking at patents for this
analogous product. Can you identify the evolutionary
trend? The Cans are moved on pallets
as large groups. As more and more
things are moved, they seem to be
moved in large groups rather than oneby-one.
Cans
Trolley /
Pallet
Move
Sacks
Step 3: Apply this to the product that

you are considering.
88
TRIZ Power Tools
NewAnalogous Products
Bio-mimicry
Nature has developed many analogous phenomena that can be
employed to perform functions. The concept of analogous
phenomena starts with an analogous product. Identifying
objects in nature that require the same function will begin to
lead the seeker to new physical phenomena.
Natural Product = ?
ExampleCatching Chips
When we grind an object, small chips are ejected.
We would like to constrain these chips.
Constrains
Chips
Step 1: Identify analogous products in nature. What

objects in nature require or have this same function imposed?
You might have to consider variants of this function. (Look
for primitive natural analogies). Flying Insects are often
caught in webs.
Step 2: Identify the natural Tool/ Effect? As
stated, the insects are often caught in webs.
Sticky
filament
Constrains
Flying
Insects
Step 3: Transfer the Effect/Tool to the

new situation. A sticky filament will
catch the flying chips.
Sticky
filament
Constrains
Flying
Chips
89
TRIZ Power Tools
NewMerge or Interact With Multiplied

Tools
If you are aware of a physical phenomena which can perform the function there is
a possibility that a completely new physical phenomenon can be identified by
multiplying the common tools and then making the multiplied tools interact with
each other.
ExampleCommon Knife
Step 1: Identify an object related to a physical phenomenon
that is similar to the one required. Consider a knife.
Step 2: Multiply the system. Start with two. Now we have
two knives.
Step 3: Can these tools be merged or interact together to

create an unexpected capability? Try different orientations.
Try merging the knives. The knives become scissors.
Step 4: Consolidate Elements if Possible
90
TRIZ Power Tools
NewHybrid Combination of Physical

Phenomena
This tool if extremely useful when you are working with a demanding sustaining
market and the resources of the current phenomenon are becoming limited. This is a
way to move to the new physical phenomena while increasing (rather than sacrificing)
performance, as is often the case when jumping to a new effect.
ExampleTransition to Electric Car

Jumping entirely to a fully electric car
would sacrifice too much.
Moves
Step 1: Begin with a common physical

phenomenon that is normally used to
deliver the modification.
Internal
Combustion Engine
Step 2: Identify another phenomenon which performs the same
modification. Electric Motor
Step 3: What is the feature of the new tool which would extend the
capability of the first tool? Torque at low speeds
Step 4: Identify the cheap tool which should deliver most of the function.
The Internal Combustion Engine
Step 5: Combine both phenomena into a hybrid. A new capability should
emerge. Try combining both as
Hybrid
whole tools. Try transferring just the
Engine
desirable feature. Consider having
Moves
the two physical phenomena interact
with each other.
Drive
Train
91
TRIZ Power Tools
Filter for Abundant Resources

The availability or abundance of resources to deliver the physical phenomena
must be high. Objects and resources are already present in the environment
that can help deliver the physical phenomena. We do not determine in this
section whether a sufficient abundance exists. This will occur in the next
section. That is why this section deals with possible physical phenomena.
Method
In order for the physical phenomenon to have any chance, it should be
abundant in the system.
Step 1: Identify abundant fieldsthese are usually associated with
abundant physical phenomena.
Step 2: Filter the potential phenomena (previous steps) to allow only those
which are abundant.
Filter for Inherent Harm (Contact)

Some physical phenomena require the addition of harmful interactions. This is
especially true with physical phenomena that require contact. If physical phenomena are
present which do not require contact and the resources for providing this physical
phenomena are abundant, then consider these over those that require contact.
Method
Step 1: Filter the physical phenomena that you are considering for contact.
92
TRIZ Power Tools
Filter for Multiple Functions

A more ideal function is capable of performing multiple functions. The value
of objects in a system is dependent upon two things, the number of useful
functions that they deliver and the burdens that they create. In this case, we are
considering the number of functions that they deliver. It is only possible to
consider multiple functions if other functions in the system are already
required. There is no reason to create functions to perform in order to allow a
physical phenomenon to perform more functions. The secondary function that
the phenomenon performs may be a supporting function but more ideally, it should be a primary
function that acts directly on the system product.
Method
Step 1: Search for additional functions within the system that the physical
phenomenon could deliver.
Step 2: Look for opportunities to use passive feedback from physical
phenomena that can both sense and actuate. Examples are bi-metals.
Step 3: If necessary, can the physical phenomenon deliver the function and
the anti-function?
93
TRIZ Power Tools
94
TRIZ Power Tools
Discovering New Physical

Phenomena
The discipline of invention would be incomplete without the consideration of discovering new
physical phenomena. These discoveries, while taking much longer to break through, have had
profound impacts on all of technology. Discoveries such as the lasers, particle beams,
lithographic processes, and ultrasonic phenomena have transformed our lives.
The way that we define a physical phenomenon has a large influence on how we might go about
discovering new phenomena. Here, we will use a fairly broad definition of physical phenomena
and then discover how this might influence how we would go about searching for new
phenomena. A physical phenomenon is a unique combination of fields and substances which
allows for the delivery of a function. The term physical phenomena is a human convention
which allows us to create order from chaos. We classify what we are seeing in order to repeat it
and use it for our purposes. Even the concept of a field (as used in the above definition) is a
human convention. One might argue that 99% of all interactions in nature are the result of
electron to electron interactions. Such a narrow definition of field limits classifications greatly.
Here, we will consider fields to include the ones that we studied in physics courses.
Lets say that we were the first to discover capillary action. Perhaps we were the first to
construct a glass tube and place it into a liquid. We might have seen the liquid move up the tube
to a position higher than the liquid in the vessel that contains it. So, what did we notice? The
liquid was modified. It changed its shape, height or relationship relative to the glass, etc. In
other words, it performed a function because it modified one of the attributes of the liquid.
This point bears repeating often: the value of a physical phenomenon is that it is the means of
delivering functions. In this context, the search for new physical phenomena is actually the
search for new ways to deliver functions. (This logic is not perfect in that we may find a new
way to deliver a function which involves an existing physical phenomenon.)
This search often begins with the thinking If only I could find a way to. Perhaps we search
existing Libraries of Effects and physical phenomena as well as an exhaustive search of the
internet. Nothing turns up. If we are particularly serious about delivering this function in a new
way, we may do something radical. We may begin an innovative quest.
The anticipation of new physical phenomena by mental synthesis is possible. One method is
presented, Intelligent Little People, which allows us to mentally manipulate substances or
entities. The field is generic because it is an influence that passes from little person to little
95
TRIZ Power Tools
person. The little people act intelligently based upon information that they receive from each
other. We can then mimic what the little people do with substances and simple paired fields.
Intelligent Little People

Method
can work together. These people also have the capability to disappear and
reappear if necessary. What do they do to accomplish the desired result?
How do they intelligently act together?
Step 2: What is the message that the little people give to each other. What
kinds of natural fields mimic these messages? What paired substances
interact strongly with these fields?
Drive Measurement and Detection

to the Extreme
One might argue that new physical phenomena are going on around us
all the time. Unfortunately, we are not capable of detecting it, because it
is beyond the normal range of human sensing. For example, without special filters, it would be
impossible to detect the polarization of a ray of light.
In order to see what is going on around us, we must look with a new perspective; we must use
tools which are capable of detecting modifications to substances and fields in places and under
circumstances that are extreme. Extreme circumstances would include extremely small,
extremely hot, extremely cold
Whenever you drive anything to the extreme, you will likely see or experience new phenomena.
Being able to see smaller things or further into space, or probe areas of the micro and macro
universe or into extremely unusual environments will likely uncover unusual physical
phenomena.
96
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: Identify an attribute that you would like to detect to the extreme.
Step 2: Create a measurement system that can detect to this level (see
measurement and detections).
Step 3: Measure to the extreme and see if what is observed matches
theory.
Natural Analogous Effect

The biological kingdom performs countless functions at
large scales and small. The diversity of functions and
physical phenomenon are great. What if we could only train
Natural Product = ?
ourselves to see things in a new way and ask ourselves hard
questions? Why are eagle claws always sharp? How do
bird feathers hold their shape? How can a bumble bee fly? When we are searching for new
ways to deliver functions, we can look to nature to see how it delivers these functions and
duplicate what it does. Nature has developed many analogous phenomena that can be employed
to perform functions.
Method
Step 1: Identify analogous products in nature? (Look for primitive natural
analogies).
Step 2: Identify the natural Tool/ Effect?
Step 3: Transfer the Effect/Tool to the new situation
Drive Fields to the Extreme

Another way to find new physical phenomena is by looking at physical
phenomena that have been driven to the extreme. There are different
ways to drive a phenomenon to the extreme. We may pair a field with a
substance that is particularly susceptible to the field. We may drive the
field to an extreme level. We may create a very precise degree of order to the substances or to
the fields. We may drive a physical attribute of one of the substances to the extreme. In each
case, we will likely discover that nature behaves in unusual ways. These unusual responses can
often be used to deliver functions. Nicola Tesla was legendary for driving fields to the extreme.
97
TRIZ Power Tools
No electrostatic field was ever high enough for him; he always kept pushing and as a result,
discovered new phenomena and fundamentally new ways to deliver functions.
Method
Step 1: Identify fields in the Table of Fields (Appendix). These fields will
be applied to a substance at the same time.
Step 2: Drive the field to the extreme. This might be extreme intensity or
for very short durations.
Step 3: Look for new phenomena.
Drive Order to the Extreme

Whenever order is driven to the extreme, new physical phenomena are discovered.
Method
Step 1: Where there is little order, drive order to the extreme and look for
new physical phenomena.
Step 2: Where there is great order, drive chaos to the extreme and look
for new physical phenomena.
Drive Attributes to the Extreme

Whenever physical attributes are driven to the extreme, new physical phenomena
are observed.
Method
Step 1: Take an attribute of an entity and consider means in which this
can be driven to the extreme.
Step 2: Drive this attribute to the extreme and look for physical
phenomena.
98
TRIZ Power Tools
Chaining Physical Phenomena

As a fallback to creating a completely new physical phenomenon, consider the possibility of
chaining physical phenomena to deliver the function. This is especially true if substances and
fields can be consolidated.
Method
Step 1: Some software is capable of chaining physical phenomena to
deliver a function.
Step 2: If software is not available, chain a final and starting physical
phenomenon together with connecting phenomena. This may be done by
trial and error.
99
TRIZ Power Tools
100
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Tool for Useful

Functions
The IFR is a classical TRIZ tool. First, we ask ourselves what final result should be, and then we
tell ourselves that we will achieve this result without the use or addition of any object or
substance to the system. This is often possible when we can get an object to perform more
functions than it normally would. It is also possible if we can eliminate objects and allow
something in the system to take over the function.
Up to this point, we have avoided adding any tool to the system. If we have reached this point
and still need to add a tool, then we must do it in the most ideal way possible. We are trying to
add as little substance or objects to our system as possible. We would still like to perform our
function without adding any object. If possible, existing objects and ambient fields should
perform the modification. If this is not possible, only then do we consider adding objects. The
best situation is a small change to the product that allows an ambient field to perform the
function. According to the law of increasing ideality, the value of any object increases when the
number of functions that the object does is increased and the number of harmful factors
decreases. In general, this means that we would like to get the most functions possible out of
each object. Each tool should take on as many functions as possible.
Parasitic Tools
Parasitic tools use something which already exists in the system, super-system or environment to
perform the function. When this occurs, it is actually possible to get something for nothing.
Theft of Functions
If the tool must exist, we should make the most of it. The system will become more ideal with
fewer elements. Thus, we must look around and see of a given tool can perform more functions
than it already is.
101
TRIZ Power Tools
ParasiteAlready Poorly Performed by Native

Fields
Sometimes, a function is already performed by some natural phenomenon but it is done very
poorly or even harmfully. With a little help, we can boost these functions until they become
useful.
ExampleProtecting a Radio Tower

from Lightening
A classic TRIZ example is
the radio tower which
requires lightening rods to
protect it. We must guide
the current, but we would
like to do this by using
native fields.
Guide
Current
Step 1: Is the function already delivered by a super-system tool, even

poorly? Yes, the air guides the current poorly. The charge comes to the
ground in concentrated form
Step 2: What physical phenomenon is employed to
poorly deliver this function? To initiate this, the air
must be locally ionized. The air then becomes
conductive. As the current is conducted, there is a self
concentrating effect caused by many moving charges
traveling in the same direction.
Air
Guides
Current
In following steps we can ask what modifications to the fields or the tool
allow the function to be boosted. These modifications may require the
small addition of substances or structures which react strongly to the
native fields.
ParasiteAbundant Native Fields

Most objects are awash in native fields. These fields do not remain constant
throughout the product life cycle. By identifying the fields all around the product,
we locate tool resources that can perform the function.
102
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleCutting a Pie before

Consumption
Step 1: Process Map the product life
through relevant life stages.
Produce
Pie
Freeze Pie
Transport Pie
Step 2: Look through the Table of

Cook Pie
Fields at the end of this appendix.
Identify which native fields the
product experiences at each process step. Which of these native fields
perform this function even poorly? Thermal fields can
deteriorate the crust. I suppose that this is a useful
Oven
variant of cutting
Step 3: What Effect or physical phenomena can be
employed to deliver this function? Melting or Chemical
Reaction are possible physical phenomena.
Cuts (Melts part)
Crust
In the next steps we can try to boost this function.
ParasiteLaundry List of Adjacent Elements

In this step we consider ordinary elements about us that might be pressed into
service to deliver the required physical phenomena. This method is especially
effective with low level fields such as elastic, gravity pressure, etc.
Laundry
List
ExamplePet FeederHow can

we stop insects?
Step 1: Make a laundry list of adjacent elements,
especially those which were not considered in the supersystem functional models: Pet FoodWater Bowl
Water HoseWater in Water BowlFood Bowl
Cement or Ground.
Step 2: What fields are associated with these objects:
Surface TensionWater Bowl
Mechanical fieldsFood Bowl & Water Bowl
Water PressureWater hose
103
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: Consider ways in which

elements on the list might be pressed in
to service to perform the required
modification. The water stops the
crawling insects.
Water
Stops
Step 4: Consider decomposing elements

into new components.
Insects
ParasiteUse of Cheap Abundant Substances

When a function can be delivered at low cost, the value of the system increases. If there is a way
to use a cheap abundant substance, try to use it. If the phenomenon is weak, it may be possible
to boost the phenomenon later.
Method
Consider the following list of cheap substances. Could any of these be
used to deliver any of the phenomena that you are considering? List of
Cheap Substances: PowdersFoamsVoidsWaterIceSteam
HydratesAirNitrogenCarbon
DioxideOxygenCorrosion
DecaySandSoilRocksWasteWaste WaterSawdustWaste
GlassWaste GasesWaste PaperGarbageYard WasteIndustrial
WastesHybrid SubstancesDisassociated Forms of Any of the
AboveProducts of InteractionsStarting MaterialsFinal Products
Semi-Finished Elements
ParasiteNearby Similar Tool

Depending on how systems evolve, it is common that several elements in the system
perform the same function. These objects may perform the same function on different
or biased products. Sometimes, this tool can be pressed into service to perform the
function on both products.
ExampleAir Pump
Nearby
Pump
The pressurization of air is required.

Step 1: Identify a similar tool nearby which
performs the same function. There is an oil
pump nearby which performs the function.
Pressurizes
Oil
Water
104
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Combine and consolidate both elements into one system.
ParasiteSimplified Copy of the Current Tool

Use of the current tool can be overkill, especially if the tool is a
human. A simplified copy can often perform the same function as
the full tool.
ExampleDangerous
Missions
Jets are often required to perform dangerous recognizance
missions. The pilot controls the sophisticated aircraft.
The pilot is capable of performing unexpected maneuvers
during combat or if failures occur, but during a
recognizance mission, these functions are rarely required.
Step 1: What part of the current tool performs
the function? The brains and hands of the pilot
perform the current function.
Step 2: Can a copy of the tool perform the
function?
Computer
(not pilot)
Informs
Control
Surfaces
Method
Step 1: Identify human actions on the system.
Step 2: Assume that the system performs these functions on itself
Step 3: Note that in order to oust humans; the human function must be deintellectualized.
105
TRIZ Power Tools
Theft of Functions from Super-System

(TRIZ Universality also ASIT Unification
Tool)
All systems within the super-system, including the super-system itself, are
competing for functions. When we steal functions, the more closely related the function is to the
function of your system, the more readily it will be accepted.
ExampleFood Bowl
In a pet feeding system, the food bowl is usually considered separately
from the water bowl. Here we will consider how the food bowl might be
able to steal another function.
Step 1: List objects in the environment associated with the job at hand.
Take especial note of objects with similar functions. A water bowl is also
a part of the job of nourishing the dog. It also
performs the function of containing a substance.
Step 2: The Tool takes over all or part of another objects functions. This
is not simply a combining of objects. When you are done, one of the two
original objects should be invisible. There should be no compromise in
the original functions. The water bowl and food bowl
are combined
Step 3: Completely new and unexpected benefits
must emerge. Try different orientations and combinations.
106
TRIZ Power Tools
Theft from Alternative or Competing

Objects
Identify other objects or processes that seek to provide the same functions or do
the same job. Sometimes these are not obvious alternatives. Though they may
be from completely different industries, they are the true competition.
ExamplePet Feeding System

Now that we have combined the water dish and the food dish, how might
we steal functions or attributes from competing systems?
Disposable containers are often used for food and water
bowls. This is because they do not tip and they provide
storage for long periods of time.
Step 1: Consider objects which provide the extreme of
the function as well. Disposed food containers can be
used for pet drinking water
Step 2: Consider taking over all or part of these objects
functions. New and exciting capabilities should emerge,
as well as new synergies between the objects that could
not exist before. The pet can no longer drag the food
bowl around, scattering the food
107
TRIZ Power Tools
TheftBoost Incidental Functions

Most objects in a system provide incidental functions that we rarely notice. If
we can identify these incidental functions and boost them, it is often possible to
create more value for our product. Sometimes it takes little more than watching
people use the product or service and then noticing all of the other things that it
does.
ExampleSolarVoltaic Panels
House
Electrical
System
Step 1: Identify incidental functions that

the system already performs. The solar
panels incidentally protect the house.
Electrifies
PV
System
Photons
& Rain
Stops
Step 2: What elements in the super-system normally

deliver this function? Roof Tiles.
Step 3: Boost these incidental functions to take over
for the other super-system elements. Look for
unexpected capabilities to emerge: Solar panels
double as Roof tiles
108
TRIZ Power Tools
TheftSteal Human Interactions

Unless the object of the system is to directly serve humans in the
system, there is usually a burdensome element to any function provided
by humans to the system. When humans are eliminated from any
function in the system, the system becomes less burdensome. Note that
in order to oust humans, the human function must be deintellectualized.
Human
ExamplePet Feeding System

Step 1: Look at the system from the viewpoint of humans that interact
with the system. Are humans required to
operate the system? Are humans required to
maintain the system? A human is required to
fill the water bowl each day
Step 2: What changes to the system would allow the human to be removed
from the system? What if the Feeding
Human
Feeding
System
system were to replenish the water?
Replenishes
Replenishes
Water
TheftSelf Service
Our
The master shall not serve the slave. All human

interactions on the system should be performed by the
system if they are necessary.
System
Human
109
TRIZ Power Tools
110
TRIZ Power Tools
Idealize Informing
Subject
Functions
Observer
Informing functions have to do with measurement or detection.

Measurement is actually a subclass of useful functions, but there are
additional considerations that we need to take into account. First, the subject is the object being
measured or detected. It is the tool of the useful function. It modifies or informs the product or
observer. This seems backwards from what we would normally say in English. The
thermometer measures the water temperature. From the English, it would appear that the
thermometer is modifying the water by measuring it. In reality, the water modifies the
thermometer. It changes the temperature of the thermometer which, in turn, informs or modifies
the observer. This is a classic confusing function. The direction of the function is always
from the subject to the observer. For the rest of this section, we will refer to the tool as the
subject and the product as the observer.
Another difference between informing functions and useful functions is that someplace in the
system is a known observer. Unlike the typical useful function, where the only required part
of the function is the product, there is a required and known observer. This puts constraints on
the search for an ideal subject, informing modification, physical phenomenon and observer.
Describing this in functional terms, there is a functional chain between the object that needs to be
measured and the human observer that needs to be informed. For any given system, certain
elements in that chain are known. For example, consider the climate control for a large building.
Changes Temperature
Heater
Changes
Display
Data
Informs
Attendant
Display
Idealize Informing Functions
Air
Changes
Temperature
Information
Controller
Changes
Temperature
Information
Data Bus
Changes
Temperature
Changes
Voltage
A/D Converter
Temp
Sensor
111
TRIZ Power Tools
This system will likely have a large number of sensors measuring such things as temperature and
humidity. Each sensor must eventually give a voltage signal which is measured by an analog to
digital converter and placed on a data bus. The data bus then changes digital attributes in the
controller which manipulates the data and displays the results to a display screen where an
attendant then can be informed and respond to what is displayed. The controller also affects a
heater which changes the temperature of the air. Notice that the role of subject and observer is
constantly changing as we move along the chain. Each observer becomes a subject for the next
observer in the chain. Depending upon the part of this chain that we have control over, we will
need to make decisions concerning the modifications, physical phenomena and observers that
will deliver the functions. In some cases, we may have control over the entire chain, in others;
we may have control over one link. The point is that for every measurement system, there are
known elements that must be linked together. This is different than useful functions in which
only a final result in the product is required.
The system that we have shown is the extreme case, but also serves to show that there is usually
a chain of transformations that must occur between the main subject that we are trying to
measure and the observer or observers. Each transformation has its burdens. We would like to
have as few transformations as possible to get the job done. We would ideally like the
requirement to measure the air temperature go away entirely. If there were only one temperature
to measure then it would be more ideal for the air to directly inform the attendant. As
mentioned, in a long chain of transformations, each observer becomes the subject for the next
measurement transformation in the system.
As we idealize each function in the chain we first idealize the observer. We want to know why
measurement is important to the observer. If the observer does not need to know the measured
attribute then it may not be necessary for measurement to occur.
If measurement is required, then we want to identify the ideal subject to be measured? Perhaps it
doesnt need to be measured. This allows for the most ideal systems to be considered first. A
measurement system that does not require measurement is more ideal than a system where the
measurement tool is idealized.
The final step is to decide how the detection or measurement will occur. In this case, the most
important consideration is the chain of physical phenomena and then the actual objects that will
deliver the physical phenomena. Notice that we have allowed for a chain of transformations.
Ideally, we want as few transformations as possible, but we still have to allow for a chain of
physical phenomena in order to be consistent with the subject and the observer.
112
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Observer for

Informing Functions
Up to this point, we have taken for granted that the observer is a required system object. We
cannot afford to take this for granted. If we have any control on the system, we must challenge
the requirement for the observer. The ideal observer is one that does not require the
measurement to occur. Measurement brings many burdens to the system. Sensors provide
auxiliary functions to systems which do not directly modify the system product. Consequently,
they have lower functional ranking or value in the system. Paradoxically, sensors are often one
of the most expensive elements in the system. If the need for measurement is removed, then we
can usually remove a lot of system elements.
The Ideal Observer Doesnt Need to Know

There is something about the observer that makes measurement or
detection unnecessary. Why does the observer want to know the attributes
Change
of the measured object? The reason can be disappointing. This is
especially true in human systems. Take the example where an obsessive
employer wants to monitor his employees. While this may seem extreme,
it is nevertheless a very useful way to look at a situation from a new point of view. In order to
accomplish this result a slight modification of the product is usually required.
Method
Step 1: Identify the required observer and the
required subject that must be measured or detected.
If the system is technical, you may need to decide
where you have control over the system and where
you do not.
Subject
Informs
Observer
Step 2: Why does the observer require informing?

Follow this reasoning back through the causal
relationships. If a Cause-Effect Diagram is being used, it is easier to
follow the chain of reasoning back to the problems that the measurement
function helps to resolve. At this point, we are looking for a reason that
has to do with the observer. What characteristics of the observer make
this function necessary?
113
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: A change to an object in the system (often the observer) removes

the requirement for the observer to be informed.
114
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Subject of

Measurement
The ideal subject does not require the measurement. There are a variety of reasons that
measurement may not be required. If the element isnt required in the system or doesnt even
exist, then there is no requirement for measurement.
The Ideal Subject Doesnt Require Measurement
There is something about the subject that makes measurement or detection unnecessary. As
mentioned earlier, there are usually many burdens associated with measurement. The typical
measurement system has many interlinking elements that wind their way back to the observer. If
measurement is not required, then we can eliminate many system parts.
The Ideal Subject Comes in Natural Groups
If we have decided that the measurement is necessary, then the most ideal subject is all that come
in a group. If the group is a natural group, then it is even more ideal. Many subjects come in
natural groups. If we can perform the function on all of them, preferably at the same time, then
this can make the system less complex.
No MeasurementNon-Existent Subject
Measuring and detecting objects may not be required if the objects to be measured are
not required in the first place. It is usually because we have difficulty discarding the
subject that there is now a need to measure them.
ExampleNuclear Waste
Nuclear Waste and its storage medium must be
monitored.
Step 1: Is the subject ever Harmful, Waste? Yes
Step 2: Eliminate Subject. No way found
Step 3: Eliminate Source. No way found
Step 4: Eliminate Path. No way found
115
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 5: The Waste becomes useful and

thus is eliminated by its usefulness: The
Nuclear Waste becomes a pre-heater. As
the pre-heater grows, the main reactor
material is reduced
Pre-heater
Main
Reactor
No MeasurementMeasurement Not Required

There is something about the subject that makes measurement or
detection unnecessary. All measurement functions can be thought of in
Change
a remedial or preventative context. This may not seem intuitive at first,
but consider the following. Why do we measure the temperature of air
in a room? It is because the temperature tends to go out of the
comfortable zone. It is not doing its job! If it were doing its job, the air would remain the
correct temperature all of the time without external action. While this may seem excessive, it is
nevertheless a very useful way to look at a situation from a new point of view. In order to
accomplish this result a modification of the subject is usually required.
ExampleMeasuring Job Performance

Step 1: Why is the observation required? What does it prevent? What does
it fix? What does it make up for? Does it counter something? Follow this
reasoning back through the causal relationships. If a Cause-Effect
Diagram is being used, it is easier to follow the chain of reasoning back to
the problems that the measurement function helps to resolve. This is done
by considering existence of elements. Measurement of job performance is
required because workers do not always perform in a manner that is
best for the company. This is a remedial function. Also, it is required
so that the company may know how to recompense the employee. This is
also a preventative action to keep the employee from leaving. Both
remedial and preventative functions are prime candidates for removal. By
taking it for granted that these remedial or preventative actions are
required companies spend a great deal of time and money on this process.
Step 2: A change to an object in the system (often the object that we are
serving) removes the requirement for the main function and hence the
objects that deliver the function. In other words, if something did its job
better, our system wouldnt be needed. In this case, we might consider
changing the system of how the company contracts with the employee
or allowing employees to identify areas that they could better serve the
company with their particular talents. It may be possible to hire employees
that have already been through the gauntlet and have proven themselves to
116
TRIZ Power Tools
be worthy of not monitoring. In some highly countries, salary increases

automatic and dependent upon competitive pay for that position.
No MeasurementDirect Acting
SensorsOperation about Critical Points
A critical point is a region of operation where the properties of an object change
abruptly. Most physical phenomena can be tailored to operate in the around a critical point. The
boiling or melting points of a substance are critical points. Operating near critical points allows
for direct acting elements. For passive control, we demand that the sensor use the same fields for
sense and modulation (the subject is a combined sensor and modulating element).
ExampleFluid Temperature Feedback

Consider a control system that measures the temperature of a fluid
and then actuates a fluid closure element.
Step1: Identify the fields associated with the parameter of the
subject that is being sensed: Temperature
Step 2: Identify a physical phenomenon which reacts to the
parameter change. Expansion during Phase Change
Step 3: Identify a critical point associated with the phenomena.
Melting Point
Step 4: Identify how crossing this critical point can be used to
both sense and control. Expansion upon melting provides
muscle to move closure element
No MeasurementMeasurement / Detection
Not Required
Any useful function can be thought of in terms of preventing harm or fixing something. This is
also true of measurement functions.
ExampleVacuum Crucible
The temperature of a crucible in a vacuum furnace is
constantly measured.
117
TRIZ Power Tools
Step1: Why is the subject being measured? Is detecting or measurement

required in preparation for fixing or preventing something? The
temperature is being measured to ensure that the operator knows when the
crucible is about to melt.
Step 2: What modification to the subject or other element in the
system would make it so that measurement is not required? The
crucible is made of a material with a high enough melting
temperature that it cannot melt. Temperature measurement is no longer
required.
No MeasurementSubject Comes PreMeasured

The Subject does not require detection because the detection is already incorporated. Can the
subject be apportioned in such a way that the required properties are already known or premeasured?
ExamplesPre-Measured Weight
or Volume
MedicationPills
FoodPackets
TubesPre-fabricated diameters (very accurate)
ExamplesPre-Measured Fields
For measurement of fields, make the source of the fields come in discrete
forms. Following are several examples.
Sound or Vibration Set frequencies (resonance) and duration
LightSet frequencies or duration
Buoyancydiscrete volumes
PressuresSaturated liquid gas phase gives one pressure
TemperatureSaturated liquid-gas phase gives on pressure
CurrentUse of current driver
118
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleDetection of Astronomical
Phenomena
Astronomical objects give off many frequencies of light. These
frequencies can often be separated into frequency bands by optical
gratings. Expensive detectors can sense a variety of frequencies, but large
sections of the sky need to be surveyed. How
Pre-measured Frequency
can the frequencies be pre-measured? By use
of an optical filter, the light can be filtered to
specific frequencies which show up as
Filter
Photo Detector
anomalies or can be discretely detected with
an alarm.
No MeasurementDetect or Measure the

Minimum Part or Constituents
Detecting or measuring a parameter of a system composed of a variety of elements
allows for the possibility of simplifying by measuring the parameters for only part of the system.
It is natural to directly measure the properties of the direct elements. An alternative method is to
measure the properties of the constituents or derivatives of the constituents to determine the
properties of the whole.
ExampleBicycle Speedometer
How can the speed of a bicycle be determined?
Step 1: If the subject is a single element, what
minimum part of the subject must be detected?
Detect the revolution of part of the wheel rather
than the whole bicycle
Step 2: If the subject is composed of multiple
elements, identify parts of the system that could
be measured, rather than measuring the whole
system.
Magnet
Magnetic
Pickup
119
TRIZ Power Tools
Natural GroupingsMultiple Subject Elements

Often, it is easier to detect the average parameter of many objects than it is to detect
the properties of a single object. This is almost always true when detecting the
properties of small things such as particles, molecules, atoms. This is especially true
of the subjects come in natural groupings. In this case, we are treating all of the
objects that are being measured and looking primarily for the statistics of the group.
ExampleMeasuring the
Temperature of an Insect
Step 1: Are the subjects small? Yes, insects are small
Step 2: Do the subjects come in natural batches or groups, or are they
hard to separate? Not usually, unless they are swarming insects.
Step 3: Is it more ideal or easier to detect the group
simultaneously? For instance, is it advantageous to know the
average value as opposed to individual values of measurement?
Measuring the insects as a group makes it easier and gives an
average value which may be more ideal in some situations.
120
TRIZ Power Tools
Natural GroupingsBiased Subjects

In this case, we would like to measure individual subjects within a group, but we
would like to accomplish this all at one time if possible.
ExampleMeasurement of Glass
Thickness
Consider the measurement of the thickness of each piece
of glass in a stack of glass thickness. The glass to be
measured has a variety of thickness.
Step 1: Are there similar subjects that require detection?
Yes, the glass comes in a variety of thickness
Step 2: Would it be more ideal if the system could measure all of them at
once? Yes, especially if anticipating a large number of jobs coming
through from a variety of customers. It may be possible to measure a
stack of glass. Knowing the distribution of the individual glass
thicknesses helps us to deduce whether one of the individual pieces may
be out of specification.
Natural GroupingsDiverse Subjects

Would it be more ideal if the subjects to be detected or measured were not similar to
each other? Natural groupings should be especially considered. Here, we ask what
subjects often are found with each other in a given setting.
ExampleWeighing Fruit and Vegetables

Consider automatic checkout of fruits and vegetables in a grocery store.
Each fruit or vegetable comes in a variety of weights.
Yet, the speed of weighing and assigning costs must be
done rapidly.
121
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 1: Are there a variety of objects that require the same type of
measurement or detection? Yes, there are a variety of fruits and vegetable
s that require weighing.
Step 2: Would it be more ideal if these objects could
all be measured at the same time? An automatic
checkout would be greatly enhanced if it could detect
the presence of a large variety of items at the same
time.
122
Fruits
/
Vegetables
Inform
TRIZ Power Tools

Informing Functions
After focusing on the ideal observer and the ideal subject, we focus on the ideal modification.
We ask: What do we really want to have happen and what are the attributes of the ideal
informing? While informing functions are useful, the ideal modification for informing functions
(measurement and detection) has to be thought of differently than useful functions. Since the
subject that is being measured and the observer are both known, this can be confusing. What
does it mean to inform ideally? We are setting the stage to think differently about the
measurement.
Set the Bar for How Well the Modification must be Performed
We just asked ourselves in the last section what the ideal level of the function was. If I could
snap my finger, how much do I want to modify or control the subject? Here we ask a similar
question. If I could snap my fingers, how would I like the function to be performed? How well,
how long, etc. It is important to note that insights derived at this stage have the ability to
influence each other. Consequently, the tools in this section may not be followed linearly. It
may be necessary to jump back and forth between tools and conclusions gained during one
activity may be upset by insights gained in other activities.
Describe the Informing
Subject
Modification in a Variety
Mod 1
of Ways
Mod 2
If I could snap
my fingers...
Observer
According to the laws of system evolution, we would

like detection to occur with as few energy
transformations as possible. Often, there is a multi-step process that occurs between the subject
and the observer. The subject being measured changes something else which changes something
else which changes something else which then informs the user.
Now, how do we describe this in the most ideal way possible? We would like as few
transformations as possible. What are ideal final results? In some situations, the most ideal
measurement is that the observer merely looks (smells, feels or hears) and all required
information is transferred. In another situation where control is required, the observer may be a
123
TRIZ Power Tools
system that detects a voltage. The ideal in this case is that the change in the subject being
measured directly changes the voltage of the system.
It is not enough to describe this in only one way. Each way may lead to a different physical
phenomenon to accomplish the function (depending on abundance of system resources).
What would I want to happen if I could do it magically by snapping my fingers?
ExampleHuman Detecting
Rotational Speed of a Fan
Step 1: Identify the subject and its attribute that is being
measured. The subject being measured is the fan and its
rotational speed.
Step 2: Identify the observer. This may be a human or system which
collects information for logging or control. The observer is a human
observer.
Step 3: Begin with the assumption that the modification will occur directly
between the subject being measured and the observer. If this is not
possible, we will come back and allow another transformation to occur.
The fan must directly inform the user of its speed.
Step 4: Consider the observer. What attribute do we want to change in
the observer? If the observer is human, we need to pick a sense that we
want to affect. If the observer is a device, then we need to identify such
attributes as voltage current, etc. In this case, the attribute that I want to
change is the sense of hearing.
Step 6: Work backward by imagining
several ideal final states. Using the
Fan
longhand form of the modification,
Changes tone heard
consider different ways to describe the
Changes audible voice heard
modification. Consider moving from
the macro world to the micro world
(atomic level and beyond). In this
Human
case, the human directly hears the fan
and knows its speed by detecting and translating the audible sounds given
off by the fan.
What is the Ideal Level of Modification?

Determine the actual level of the ideal informing. This level usually involves a metric. As we
begin to adjust the levels of the informing, we start to chip away at psychological inertia. We
gain insights.
124
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: If I could snap my fingers, what would the ideal level of informing
be?
What is the Ideal Sequence of the Informing

Function?
Considering the ideal sequence will continue to give us more insights into the ideal informing. A
powerful method for investigating this is the process map. This can be accomplished in a variety
of ways, including a storyboard or simply words in sequence. However it is done, it is nice to
show the possibility of functions performed in parallel as this will be one of the considerations
that we make.
Method
Step 1: Create a process map of the sequence of functions. Informing
functions show up as blocks in the process map. It is preferable, but not
absolutely necessary that functional language be used.
Step 2: Consider performing the informing function in different sequences.
Move it earlier or later than currently performed. Try moving it so far
forward that it is no longer during the normal process sequence. Consider
moving it so far backward that it is no longer part of the ordinary
sequence.
Step 3: Can the function be performed in parallel with other functions?
Step 4: If necessary, break down sections of the map into finer detail.
Step 5: Can the modification be broken into two (or more) stages? Does
this allow for parallel processes to accomplish the main function, or does
it allow for a more optimum sequencing of functions?
What is the Ideal Duration?

The ideal sequence is strongly influenced by the duration of the function.
Likewise, duration of the function is strongly influenced by the sequence of the
function.
125
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: If the informing modification were performed very rapidly, would
other harmful functions be precluded?
Step 2: How much time do we have after it is normally performed that it
would be allowable to continue performing the function? If the
modification were performed very slowly (hours, days, weeks, months,
years) would this be harmful or could this actually help in the performance
of other functions?
What is the Ideal Duty Cycle?

Ideality requires that all objects perform as many functions as possible, as
much of the time as possible. Systems that idle use valuable resources
without doing anything. Consequently, it is important to consider idealizing
the function by requiring the system to work all of the time.
Method
Step 1: Are there opportunities for the system to run all the time? Is this
even desirable considering the current subject? Ideally, objects in the
system will be at full capacity
Step 2: Are there other objects in the job that require the same informing
function? Should the informing function be reframed to consider these
other objects?
Step 3: Should the informing modification be performed along the entire
path, both coming and going? This usually applies to machines which
have repetitive motions. Should dummy runs and downtimes be allowed?
126
TRIZ Power Tools
What is the ideal Adjustability and Continuity

of Adjustment?
Lines of evolution suggest that the control of functions become more and more
adjustable. At first, the process is fixed. Next it becomes adjustable to at least discrete
levels. Next, the adjustment must become continuous. Next, some form of control
scheme is used to adjust the function for changing conditions. The first form of control
often turns the function on or off. This is often referred to as bang-bang control. The
next form of control is referred to as open-loop control. This means that a change is sensed
somewhere and the mechanism that controls the function is given a set command that puts the
output in the required range. The next form of control uses feedback which continuously or
discretely controls the function. Each level of adjustment and control increase the complexity of
the system. It is important here to not go overboard in assigning an ideal level of adjustability.
We can over-constrain the system. This sounds too much like a compromise, but here we will
consider only an acceptable level of adjustment that will allow this system to operate for a long
time without change.
Method
Step 1: Consider different and perhaps extreme operating environments.
Decide whether or not the informing function must be capable of adapting
to these different environments
Step 2: Consider adjustability to a variety of measured objects. How
much variation can we tolerate? Consider biased objects (objects which
are of the same type, but have some differences in an important attribute
like nails of various sizes or roses of different shades). Consider objects
with much greater differences such as the range of edible plants.
Step 3: What granularity of adjustment is necessary? Can the adjustment
be discrete? If so, what is the discrete step size?
Step 5: Does the adjustment need to be continuous or should it require
continuous feedback?
127
TRIZ Power Tools
When Should It Be Excluded? (The Zero

Function3)
Zero
The zero function is the intended absence of a function under certain conditions. We
should have full control over the function when its existence would be dangerous or
otherwise harmful.
Method
Step 1: Identify times when the informing functions are harmful.
controlling the informing function during these times.
Greg Yezersky, General Theory of Innovation Feb 2006
128
TRIZ Power Tools
Is it Time for a New Physical

Phenomenon?
This decision has ramifications for the amount of work that will be required to make your
product or service work. Generally speaking, when you change to a new physical phenomenon,
there are many new unknowns. Perhaps you are lucky because you experienced in the new
phenomenon. This makes the possibility of bridging to the new phenomenon much easier.
Remember that the new product or service must compete with one that has been polished for
many years. The bar is quite high.
Review the History

Knowing the history of a system helps in understanding the main evolutionary trends. Each
system has a main evolutionary tendency. The tendency of a system to stall along this
evolutionary path is largely a function of the technical problems that directly conflict with this
evolutionary tendency. You have already conducted a patent search within your industry so you
have a lot of information about the history. This step can take time, but the information is
extremely valuable from the viewpoint of continued steps. The inventor is becoming a true
expert in this field.
Method
Step 1: From patents and literature, study the history of the functions that
are typically involved in the job. What functions have been added over
time? What main physical parameters have improved?
Step 2: From patents and literature, study the history of the technologies
(physical phenomena) that typically deliver these functions. How have
these technologies changed
129
TRIZ Power Tools
Plot the Course of Disruptive Technologies

We have already discussed disruptive technologies in
some depth. If you feel that a disruptive technology is
threatening you, it may be wise to look at how rapidly
this encroachment is occurring. This analysis takes a
great deal of time, so it is usually not called for unless
an imminent threat is detected.
#1 Capability
#1
Speed
Market
(Job)
#2 Capability
#2
Market
(Job)
Method
Time
Step 1: Each recognized market
(job) is focused on a
competitive parameter. Determine the competitive parameter. The
progression of competitive parameters is as follows:
Performance of the main parameter (speed, power, etc)

Reliability
Convenience
Cost
Step 2: Plot this main competitive parameter for the most advanced
leaders with respect to time for each market (job). This gives the
capability curve.
Step 3: Plot the average of the competitive parameter for all products for
that market. This gives the demand curve for each market.
Step 4: If the capability of the lower performing market appears to be on a
course to cross the demand line of the market with the upper capability,
then it is imperative that you find a way to switch to the technology used
by the encroaching market. It may be necessary to spin off an independent
group which is given proper resources and incentives to market this new
technology. This may be difficult since the new market is likely to have
developed new delivery channels. Another possibility is to consider a
hybrid of the old and new technologies which enhance the existing
performance.
130
TRIZ Power Tools
Determine the System Maturity from Patents

The maturity of systems can be determined by several means. One means is by the study of
patents. This involves understanding the increase in performance of the main technical
parameter related to main technical function, the level of invention and the number of patents
over time. The method shown is very time consuming and should be applied if other methods
prove ineffective in showing the importance of switching to a new physical phenomenon.
Method for Examining System Maturity

Step 1: Identify the technical parameter related to the main function.
Quantify how this has improved over time.
Step 2: Identify how the level of invention has changed over time. The
level of invention is typically high when changing to a new physical
phenomenon. It peaks again during the period of rapid growth as resources
are made available from sales.
Later, it levels off as system Technical
Maturity
Stagnation
resources are exhausted.
Parameter
The level of invention is as
follows:
1.
No
contradiction
resolution
of
Related to the
Infancy
Rapid growth
Main Function
Level of
Invention
2.
Resolves contradiction
with small change
3. Resolves contradictions
with a major change. It uses
technology from the same field.
Number
Of Patents
Per year
4. Complete change in
physical phenomenon. This is usually a technology from another field.
5. New Physical Phenomenon. Has ability to change the supersystem to which it belongs.
Step 3: Quantify the number of patents per year.
131
TRIZ Power Tools
Is it Time for a New Physical Phenomenon?

The main reason that we would like to know the system maturity is because it is particularly
important to determine whether there is a need to change to a new physical phenomenon to
perform the main modification of the system product. A new physical phenomenon brings fresh
resources which allow continued evolution of the function or the job that is being performed.
Unfortunately, it also involves unknown risks and unfamiliarity of the side effects of the new
phenomenon. An additional shortcoming of going to a new physical phenomenon is that the
customer has come to accept certain levels of performance which will almost certainly not be
achieved unless the transition is brought about through the use of hybrid phenomena which will
be described later.
Required Conditions for a New

Phenomenon
If several of these conditions are present then consider a new physical
phenomenon to deliver the main modification.
Condition 1: The super-system has become very specialized.
Condition 2: The super-system has reached the point of diminishing
return. Are the main technical parameters improving very slowly?
Condition 3: Automatic feedback is used to perform the main supersystem function. By the point that systems are using massive feedback,
we can usually assume that the system is running out of resources. This is
because the use of feedback is costly indicating that costly improvements
are required to bring minor changes to performance.
Condition 4: Multiple conflicts must be resolved for
even minor improvements. (Many rocks appear when
we begin to drain the pond) It is typical that products
and services will be filled with compromise solutions. Between major
improvements in the product, there is a tendency to ignore risks and to live
with compromises. As time goes on and the product becomes specialized,
these compromises mount up until changes in the operating environment
exposes multiple compromises.
132
TRIZ Power Tools
Is Hybrid or Stand-alone More Appropriate?

Trying to satisfy an entrenched sustaining
Introduction
market will be unlikely with a completely
of Hybrid
new physical phenomenon.
Some
important competitive parameter will
Competitive
almost certainly be compromised. The
Parameter
sustaining market will demand that we not
Introduction of Stand-alone
depart from the s-curve of the existing
Physical Phenomenon
(Potentially Disruptive)
effect. New markets will be much more
forgiving and may even welcome the
weaknesses of the new physical phenomenon as a strength. The new Phenomenon will gather
strength as a hybrid and eventually replace the old phenomenon or it will gather strength as a
stand-alone phenomenon in the new market. Clayton Christensen points out, that it is possible
for the new stand-alone phenomenon to develop along its own s-curve. It may become a
disruptive technology, taking away market share from the existing sustaining markets. Also, if
the existing phenomenon is in the rapid growth part of the S-Curve, it will be difficult to catch
up. Greater resources will keep the performance ahead of the new phenomena.
Method
Step 1: If the market is a recognized and mature market then consider a
hybrid of the old and new phenomenon.
Step 2: If the market is an emerging or unrecognized market then consider
using a completely new physical phenomena in which the native
weaknesses of the physical phenomena are considered strength. (These
markets usually start with very small sales volumes).
133
TRIZ Power Tools
134
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Physical

Phenomenon for Informing
Functions
In this step, we consider which physical phenomena can perform the modification to the observer
that we desire. In effect, we are sensitizing our minds for the next step in which we consider the
substance, object and field resources around us. Armed with the knowledge of what is possible,
it will be easier to identify the value of a resource when we see it.
Some of the phenomena that we may consider in this stage may seem a little wild or too weak to
perform the function. Remember that such weak phenomena can often be boosted in latter stages
of the algorithm. Therefore, it is important to keep an open mind to the possibilities.
Current Physical Phenomena
Some of the potential phenomena will be considered in-use. This is an investigation of
potential physical phenomena from competitive alternatives. Competitive alternatives are any
systems that can potentially compete with the system that you are simplifying or creating. A
newspaper is competition for the television. Car or truck transportation is competition for airline
travel. Current physical phenomena are possibilities within the given industry. It is entirely
possible that we should continue with these phenomena.
New Physical Phenomena
The observer and the physical phenomenon will ultimately come packaged together. In other
words, the decision of which physical phenomenon to use will come after seeing what resources
are available. We are not making a decision at this point on the physical phenomenon and the
object that will deliver it. Instead we are identifying potential physical phenomena that can
deliver this informing function. We create a fertile situation so that when the right resources are
presented, we can see their merit. While the phenomena that we discover may not be new in the
sense that we have discovered them from research, they may be new to the industry.
Informing functions create an additional challenge to identifying physical phenomena. While it
is ideal to find a single physical phenomenon to inform the observer, this is not always possible.
It is often necessary to create a chain of phenomena which delivers the required modification and
can be realized by abundant resources. This creates a challenge. How do we identify this chain
and harmonize it with abundant resources? Without software designed to perform this, we come
back to a trial-and-error what if situation. This subject is beyond the scope of this book.
135
TRIZ Power Tools
The potential physical phenomena which are suggested are sufficient for many problems and
often allow for direct measurement or detection by the observer with few or obvious
transformations.
The Ideal Physical Phenomena have a Chance to Compete
The ideal resource is capable of holding its own. It must be abundant and capable of providing
as many functions as possible. The final steps help us to decide between the different
phenomena which might be the most ideal for our situation.
In-UseIdentify Competitive Alternatives

through Observation and Questioning
The competitive alternative is what people currently use and what they would use if they didnt
have what they are currently using. Remember that this is not necessarily what you would
consider to be the competition. For a pet watering bowl, the competitive alternative might be a
large bucket. In the early stages, Southwest Airlines did not compete against other airlines; they
were in competition with travel by car.
It is very tempting to go on personal experience to answer this question, but this is a trap. This is
where many problem solvers and inventors go astray by assuming that they are like everyone
else. There is wisdom in going to the battle to see how it is really being waged. There is no
substitute for this. Dont be satisfied with talking to a few people.
Method
Step 1: Observe what the target market currently does to satisfy this
function. If possible, go and watch before talking. By observing you get
to the truth. What people do and what they say that they do are often two
different things.
Step 2: Ask how they satisfy this function and what they would do if they
didnt have what they currently use. This may give some valuable
information into the history of the function. They will often offer what
they did way back when.
Step 3: Identify what extreme users currently do to satisfy this function
and what they would do if they werent using their current means.
Extreme users often have a range of experience with uncommon ways to
satisfy a function.
Step 4: Ask everyone that you interview where they go for the source of
items and tools that they need to do these jobs. This will set you up for the
next step.
136
TRIZ Power Tools
In-UseObserve Existing Offerings

While competitive alternatives can be anything that others would use if they
were not using our system, there may be obvious competitors in the market
place. Lets go to the store to see what these offerings are.
Method
Step 1: Go to a store that would sell offerings that deliver the required
modification.
Step 2: Note brands and producers. Do the producers sell more than one
offering? Who are the main producers?
Step 3: Look for product trends.
Step 4: Read the labels. What do they claim?
In-UseInternet Product Search

Learn from the competitive alternatives (Remember that these may not be direct
competitors). What jobs do they do? What functions do they perform? What
Physical Phenomena delivers the functions? If you are searching for an
unrecognized market and you find a major competitor then go back to the
drawing board.
Method
Step 1: Use an internet search-engine to determine what offerings are
offered.
Step 2: Refine the search by noting and using nomenclature and names
that are common to the industry.
Step 3: Consider cheap competitive alternatives.
In-UseCheck for Disruptive Technologies

This thought tool is especially important to consider when targeting a market segment that is
already consuming and in which you are trying to sustain the momentum.
It is easy to get caught up in calling any great innovation a disruptive technology, but be careful
how this term is used. Disruptive technologies are products and services that are typically
137
TRIZ Power Tools
disruptive to a business practice. Ultimately, they are so disruptive that many great businesses
can no longer compete.
The ones that you typically have to be concerned with are those that may disrupt your business.
For instance, they do not give the margins that you have come to expect. They do not intersect
your supply chain. They do not satisfy the same levels of performance that your main customers
have become accustomed to. They require new vendors. Often, a disruptive technology will
require a whole new business model. This is the most disruptive of all. As management
considers these technologies, they will seem distasteful and will reject them because they feel
that they are doing this in the best interest of their company. Remember, they are held captive by
their largest customers. Few resources are left over for other customers and disruptive
technologies.
These disruptive offerings are generally initiated in industries that are not your own, but may be
closely adjacent. They satisfy someone that is not currently purchasing from you, so they seem
innocent. They usually do not perform at sufficient levels to attract the attention of your main
customers. This is because they are designed to perform the same functions that your products
perform, only for other markets. As these offerings increase in performance, eventually, they
will have the capability of satisfying low-end customers in your market. Again, this seems
innocent as these low end customers are not important to your business as you move up-market
to gain higher and higher margins. Slowly, these offerings will gain in performance as they are
fueled by the cash coming into these markets until you find that they are cutting into your
mainline customers. Often, it is too late at this point because of the resources required to change
over. Developing a whole new supply chain is very impractical. History has shown that it is
nearly impossible to copy a disruptive technology at this point. Vendors are often locked up
while supplying the new supply chain. Consumers have loyalty to the early products.
You might ask why we are not intent upon creating technologies which are disruptive to our
main competitors. While it is possible to create technologies that are disruptive to others
businesses, this strategy can only work if your company is open to destructive creation of
products and to the creation of new business models, usually in completely separate business
units than your legacy products. In order to disrupt existing competition, you will ultimately
cannibalize yourself. Remember that these are your competitors and you are competing for the
same market. If the market of your competitor begins to move to your new product, they must
also stop buying your legacy product. Most companies will find that it is usually better to try to
satisfy a market that will not likely compete with your market. If you pick a non-consuming
market to satisfy, there are many opportunities to create new offerings. The need to compete is
virtually eliminated. You would only do this out of spite for the competitor which is not really a
good business practice and will generally take you nowhere.
If you are still determined to create a disruptive business for your competitor, there are more
hurdles. This disruptive technology will need to compete against your biggest customers for
138
TRIZ Power Tools
resources. It will also be necessary to change long-held company values at the highest levels of
the business. It is hard to admit that your business strategy and company values are wrong. In
order to make this kind of change a lot of people have to be aligned and committed. If they are
not convinced, they will likely revolt in passive ways that are hard to detect and counter. A
better approach than directly disrupting your business would be to start a new business built on a
learning approach with its own resources. This business will create its own business model and
supply chain from scratch.
Finally, if you are still determined to create a disruptive technology within an existing business,
you must recognize that, the business needs to have an offering which can stand on its own in
some market. This is a large challenge on its own as most offerings fail due to all of the market
conditions.
In summary, it is usually not a good practice to try to create a disruptive technology (disruptive
to you) within an existing business and customer base. The more likely place to create disruptive
technologies is with new business startups. These have the ability to recognize market segments
that are not being served.
The reason for considering this step here is that others may be encroaching on your market and it
is necessary to consider the physical phenomena that this disruptive technology is using. We do
this because there is a way out of this trap and that is hybrid phenomena. Hybrid phenomena are
the combination of two phenomena in such a way that the performance gained by one
phenomenon compliments the other. In this way, the new phenomena can be used to better
satisfy the existing market. This would be difficult to do if we made a sudden jump to the new
phenomenon. When this occurs the performance is usually less than what the existing market
expects. According to evolution of systems, when we move between physical phenomena, there
is usually a transitional state through hybrid phenomena. A recent example of this is hybrid
electric and petrol fueled vehicles.
Checking for disruptive technologies amounts to looking for analogous functions in closely
adjacent markets and then looking for how those functions are delivered. There are usually
people in the business that have seen technologies that they would like to bring into the business.
They may sense that these technologies will one day compete with them or that they could be
exploited with current customers, but there is little support within the businesses. History has
shown that many toppled businesses have seen these disruptors coming but were unable to
respond adequately. The typical response is to try to force these disruptive technologies into
existing markets with disastrous results. The new phenomenon is not capable of delivering the
performance that the existing market has come to expect. As mentioned, the strategy that
typically works is to strive for a hybrid technology that enhances the current technology. Once
established, the new phenomenon will begin to take over from the existing phenomenon, all the
while satisfying existing customers.
139
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: Identify technologies that exist in adjacent markets that seem to be
threatening the existing business. These may be low cost alternatives or
alternatives that use a different physical phenomenon to deliver the
function.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that is used to deliver the
function. It is likely that this will later be considered for a hybrid physical
phenomenon to satisfy the target market.
In-UsePatent Searching and Study

One of the best times for performing a patent search is when you
6,543,345
are searching for physical phenomena to deliver a function.
During this particular step, we will be considering searching for
5,678,432
physical phenomena inside the given industry. Later, we will be
searching for patents outside the industry as we identify
3,234,211
analogous situations. Not only will we better understand the
possible physical phenomena that can be used, it is inevitable that other types of valuable
information will be gathered along the way.
Most people wait too long in the inventive process to perform a patent search. It is usually done
after much time and expense to develop their invention. Often they find that someone has
already patented their idea or that more useful and elegant concepts are available. This can be
quite a blow! Waiting too long occurs for a variety of reasons.
First, people get excited about an idea and they want to develop it without delay. It is easy to get
very excited about what the future will bring. Wealth and fame are at your fingertips! There is
no time to waste! The idea must put on the market before someone steals it or you lose your
drive! This fear is usually unfounded and based on the idea that if we had the idea then the
conditions are ripe for someone else to have it. Be patient, there are many inventions to be had if
this one doesnt pan out.
Secondly, considering a patent search can invoke fear. It is like knowing that you should see the
doctor while fearing that he will give you bad news. It is easy to this put off, but, like going to
the doctor, the time investment is small compared to the time that can be wasted by not acting. It
typically takes a Saturday morning to do a thorough patent search which is a small investment
compared to the typical development time for an invention. Even though the resulting
information can be somewhat deflating, it is better to start with a realistic view.
Thirdly, a patent search can appear to be beyond our capabilities. After all, people are employed
full time to do patent searches! Again, this fear is unfounded. It is important to remember that
140
TRIZ Power Tools
you have several advantages that professional patent searchers do not have. You are motivated
by the prospects of your idea. (A patent examiner is employed for money and is obligated to
perform to certain minimum standards). You are not constrained by time and can afford to
search to the bitter end. (Not all patent examiners are thorough and there may be time
constraints on some examiners). You are more familiar with the technology than they are. (They
do not have the time to become expert at the technologies that you are interested in). With a
little practice, this overwhelming task can become natural and commonplace.
Forth, understanding patents is difficult. Admittedly, patents have their own language. In this
language, there is no legal prohibition to making up words! Patents can seem very stiff
andlegal. Remember that it is in the favor of the legal profession that they look this way. We
can easily convince ourselves that only patent attorneys can read patents. On the contrary,
anyone can thoroughly understand a patent if they are willing to take the time. They have a
repeatable structure, so you can learn the parts of the patent that you need to go to for specific
information. Remember that it is much easier to learn to read patents when you are motivated by
an idea. This will force you into the patent. Read it, digest it, and diagram it. Soon, you will be
speaking patenteze. Reading and understanding your first patent may take you a half day, but
the next patent will go much faster.
Fifth, some feel that seeing what others have done will keep them from looking outside the
box. Sure, there is a possibility that this can temporarily happen, but remember that this whole
book is about making us uncomfortable inside the box. There are multiple opportunities to kick
ourselves outside. Also, lots of additional information is learned along the way that strengthens
our general understanding of physics. Understanding a broad spectrum of physical phenomena
will make you a better inventor! Where we get into trouble is by studying only certain areas of
physics deeply. Remaining specialists can have a constraining effect on our imagination.
It is ok that you do not understand everything about patents when you begin your search. True,
like first time car drivers, it is impossible to know what you do not know, but you have to start
somewhere. If you make mistakes, remember that there are is a world of potential inventions out
there. Dive in and you will find that you have more capacity than you thought!
There is a wealth of information in patents that is often overlooked. Patents are structured so that
others can duplicate the results of an invention. Consequently, it is necessary to give away many
details. Most patents begin with a description of the typical approaches that are already
available. This sets the stage for why their idea is an improvement. It usually gives the history
of the problem (and sometimes the industry) and also a look at alternative physical phenomena
that have been used. Following this section is a description of the invention and why it is an
improvement. This gives details into new physical phenomena that may have been used. It may
describe how various object attributes affect the operation of the product. You may also be able
to detect how the inventor overcame various contradictions. Clearly articulating the contradiction
141
TRIZ Power Tools
that was solved helps an inventor explain why their invention is non-obvious to those
experienced in the art. This is the main hurdle that is required to get a patent. Next is a detailed
description of the architecture of the invention. This gives valuable clues concerning the details
of the physics. Finally, the claims section gives an idea to the scope of what the patent examiner
thought was allowable to claim for the invention.
Unless you are having problems with your computer, it takes about two hours to prepare for your
first patent search. Mostly, this involves setting up links in your browser and a patent viewer.
The patent viewer is important because looking at pictures conveys information much more
rapidly than reading patenteze. Here is how to setup your computer browser with the necessary
bookmarks to do a basic patent search:
Step 1: Go to www.uspto.gov. This is the official patent website for the US government. If you
take the time to familiarize yourself with this site, you will discover that a lot of effort has been
made to make patent search and application easier for individuals. All of the forms are available
for self application. There seems to be a bias towards helping individuals over corporations.
You will particularly notice this if you submit a patent for consideration (this is called
prosecuting a patent). People at the patent office sometimes bend over backward to help
individuals, especially ones that have never been through the process before.
Step 2: On the home page, go to Patents. You will find this on the left-hand side. If you click
on this, a drop down will show you a several links. Search Patents is down the list a little. Go
to this and bookmark it with a memorable name.
You can also find this at
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. This page is the main page for beginning patent searches.
It allows for a variety of patent search formats.
Step 3: Download the patent viewer for viewing patent drawings. As mentioned, viewing the
patents will help immeasurable in understanding them. To access the viewer, go to
http://www.uspto.gov/patft/help/images.htm. The program that you download for viewing
patents is dependent upon the operating system and internet browser that you use. Follow the
instructions and links for your particular operating system. If you are like most people and use
the windows operating system and Internet Explorer for your browser, you can go to
http://www.alternatiff.com/install/ to directly download the viewer. Remember to bookmark this
page in case you need to reload the patent viewer for some reason. You will know that you have
succeeded when the text appears at the bottom of the page informing you that it is installed.
Step 4: Bookmark the definition of classifications and give it a memorable name. It is located at:
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/selectnumwithtitle.htm. Each patent is assigned
a patent classification. Having a link to the classifications helps the searcher delineate between
classifications. When you get to this page, you will notice that there is a numbering system
which starts with items such as apparel. Remember that this is a very old system of classifying
patents that was based upon products that were available when it was started. Scroll through this
142
TRIZ Power Tools
list and look for more modern classifications to appear. Click on any one of the definitions. This
will take you to sub-classifications. Patents are usually assigned a classification and at least one
sub-classification. When you select one of the classification numbers, you finally arrive at the
definitions.
Step 5: Bookmark the index of classifications and give it a memorable name. It is located at:
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspcindex/indextouspc.htm. When you have an
invention with a common name, you can find the classification by going to this index.
Everything is listed in alphabetical order. For instance, if you are working on an improvement
for hand shovels, you can go to shovels and find that there are a variety of objects which are
referred to as shovels. There are hand shovels, power shovels, crane shovels, loading shovels,
plow shovels, etc. This is important to know because many of these systems provide exactly the
same function as the one that you are considering. In effect, they provide analogous functions in
different industries. It is possible that they use physical phenomena and lines of evolution that
are different from your industry. These can be put to work in your situation. Also, when you
later identify other analogous products, you can readily find the patents for these products by
using this index.
Step 6: Bookmark the Advanced Search page and study the examples for Boolean searches.
(Note that you can search for phrases in parenthesizes.)
Now you are ready to perform the actual patent search.
Method
Step 1: Search for patents directly related to the modification that you
would like to perform
Step 2: Using Advanced Search, search for key words in the abstract or
body of the patents.
Step 3: When you finally find a patent which is close to the intended
subject, identify the classification.
Step 4: Search by classification, making use of the Definitions and Index
of Classifications. Make sure that classification includes possible patents
that cover the field that you are interested in.
Step 5: When you find good representative patents, note and view all
patents cited.
Step 6: Now search these patents and continue the process until no new
patents regarding your area of interest show up.
Step 7: Search patents for physical phenomena that are unusual to your
industry.
143
TRIZ Power Tools
NewLibrary of Effects
The Library of Effects is table of physical phenomena that can be used to
deliver functions.
Some software is capable of chaining physical
phenomena to create the desired outcome from available resources.
ExampleVoltage Change
Due to Temperature Change
of Hydrogen Gas
Step 1: Start with the required change of properties of
the observer due to a change of properties of the
object being measured. The voltage of the observer
object must change due to a temperature change of
the gas.
Step 2: State this in short format: Pressure changes
voltage.
Hydrogen
Changes Voltage
Circuit
Step 3: Convert the given function to a Generalized Useful Function. If a

resource filter is available then filter for temperature fields and gas.
Change voltage of a solid substance by use of a temperature field in a gas.
Step 4: Find phenomena in the Library of Effects. Go to one of the
sources for the library of effects. Some commercial software has this
library. A scaled-down version can be found at
www.creax.com
Step 5: Locate the generalized function and then consider all of the
physical phenomena that can be used. Note that it is harder to find a
match because both the subject and the observer are already known. This
is an additional constraint on the system.
NewAnalogous Transformation
An analogous phenomenon produces the same transformation of object attributes. This can be
transferred to our situation with satisfying results.
144
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleVoltage Change Due to

Temperature Change of
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Gas
Step 1: Start with the required change of properties
of the observer due to a change of properties of the
the gas.
Changes Voltage
Circuit
Step 2: State this in short format: Temperature changes voltage. (TV)

Step 3: What other situations require the same transformation? Oven
temperature sensing requires a change of voltage due to a change of gas
temperature.
Step 4: Search for patents related to this transformation.
Step 5: Transfer this feature to the new situation. Consider combining this
with the existing subject or transferring the minimum amount of the
subject.
NewMega-trend Analogous Observers

If we look in industries that perform a function on a massive scale, we can often discover the
evolutionary trend for this function along with physical phenomena which are used to
accomplish it. It is even possible to identify physical phenomena by using the patent database.

Temperature Change of
Hydrogen Gas
Step 1: Start with the required change of properties
of the observer due to a change of properties of the
the gas.
Hydrogen
Changes Voltage
Circuit
Step 2: State this in short format: Temperature changes voltage. (TV)

Step 3: What other situations in leading industries require the same
transformation? This is where this same transformation occurs in large
amounts of materials. Combustion sensors in automobiles.
145
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 4: Search for patents related to this transformation.

with the existing subject or transferring the minimum amount of the
subject.
NewNatural Analogous
Natural Product = ?
Observer
Nature has developed many analogous phenomena that can be
employed to perform functions. The concept of analogous
phenomena starts with an analogous observer. Identifying objects
in nature that require the same function will begin to lead the seeker to new physical phenomena.
Method
Step 1: Identify analogous observers in nature. What objects in nature
require or have this same function imposed? You might have to consider
variants of this function. (Look for primitive natural analogies).
Step 2: Identify the natural Observer/ Phenomenon
Step 3: Transfer the Observer/Phenomenon to the new situation.

Temperature Change of Hydrogen Gas
Step 1: Start with the required change of properties of the observer due to
a change of properties of the object being measured.
Hydrogen
The voltage of the observer object must change due to
a temperature change of the gas.
Changes Voltage
Step 2: State this in short format:
changes voltage. (TV)
Temperature
Circuit
Step 3: Where does this transformation occur in

nature? Large amounts of charge are gathered during storms due, in part,
to convection in clouds.
with the existing observer or transferring the minimum amount of the
observer. Temperature variation causes movement of the gas which
interacts with charged moisture, inducing a voltage in objects nearby.
146
TRIZ Power Tools
NewSecondary Phenomena
Rather than measuring the parameter, a second parameter can be measured which is
influenced by the one that you would like to measure. Object parameters always
influence each other. The temperature of an object affects its dimensions. The weight
of an object affects its buoyancy. In reality, almost all parameters are measured by measuring a
secondary parameter and then inferring the required measurement.
ExampleMeasurement of Pressure
Step1: What exact parameter requires detection? Pressure
Step 2: List secondary parameters that change when the main parameter
changes.
Physical State
Temperature
Shape Change
Step 3: Detect
parameters instead.
these
secondary
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Measure the change

of dimension
NewMeasure a Copy or Facsimile

When it is difficult to measure an attribute, attributes that you would like to measure.
Following is a list of possible copies.
Photographs
Movies
Paint Coverings
Molds
Time lapse
photos
Impressions
Silhouettes
Castings
Resists
Projections
Computer
Model
ExampleMeasurement of the
Dimensions of an Elastic Article
Traditional measuring instruments such as calipers
tend to deform the article during measurement.
147
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 1: Measure a facsimile of the article. Measure the

Silhouette
NewSuccessive Detection
This thought tool is very similar to the concept of pre-measurement. In this step,
we compare the parameter of an object to the same parameter of another object
that comes only at discrete levels.
ExampleMeasuring the Resonant

Frequency of Objects
Step 1: How accurate does the measurement need to be? It needs to be
within 50 Hz.
Step 2: Break the levels of measurement, or the
measurement of a secondary parameter into discrete
levels. Create these levels in a second device.
Examples are: Discrete volumes, Filters, Musical
notes, Go-No-Go gages, Measuring spoons, Set of
Weights. For the detection of the frequency, we will
use a digital musical instrument which plays discrete notes
Step 3: Compare the object being measured or detected to the discrete
values. By ear, compare the musical note to the resonance. The musical
note has a known frequency.
148
TRIZ Power Tools
NewResonance
Resonance is an important type of secondary parameter. Many parameters can be
measured by the resonance of an object or an attached object. Virtually every field
can be detected by resonance. (Thermal resonance is difficult to achieve). It can
occur at all levels from macro object to particles to molecules to atoms to electrons.
ExampleMeasurement of Resistance in
a Wire and Its Connections
Step 1: Identify if there is a natural
resonance in the system. All electrical
systems have resonance.
Resistance changes current resonance
Step 2: If the resonance is weak, are
there ways to boost the resonance such

that a change in the measured parameter
affects the resonance? Consider attaching an object and measuring the
resonant amplitude, frequency or decay rate of oscillation. A capacitor and
inductor can be added in series. A change in resistance will affect how
rapidly the resonance decays.
NewDerivative Detection
One of the most powerful ways to measure a parameter is to
measure the rate of change and then integrate. (Measuring and
then differentiating is also possible, but it is quite noisy). With
modern computing, integration schemes are easily accomplished.
It is also possible to integrate with analogue circuits.
f(t)f(t)f(t)
ExampleMeasurement of
Relative Position of an Object
Step 1: Measure higher order derivatives. Place an
accelerometer on the object and measure acceleration.
Step 2: Integrate as many times as necessary to
determine the desired parameter. Integrate twice to
determine the relative position of the object.
..
X dt =
149
TRIZ Power Tools
NewDetecting Multiple Subject

Elements
Often, it is easier to detect the average parameter of many objects than it is to detect
the properties of a single object. This is almost always true when detecting the
properties of small things such as particles, molecules, atoms.
ExampleMeasuring the Temperature of

an Insect
Step 1: Are the objects small? Yes, insects are small.
Step 2: Does the subject come in natural batches or groups, or
are they hard to separate? Not usually, unless they are swarming
insects.
Step 3: Is it more ideal or easier to detect the group
simultaneously? For instance, is it advantageous to know the average
value as opposed to individual values of measurement? Measuring the
insects as a group makes it easier and gives an average value
which may be more ideal in some situations.
NewInternal Field Markers

When it is difficult to detect or measure a desired parameter, often it is because the materials and
fields involved do not have strong interactions. Markers are a special type of additive that
strongly couple with a field and are, therefore, easily detected. Often, the detection comes
directly by sight, feel, smell or taste.
One of the best ways to not add a material marker to the subject is to add a temporary or
permanent field instead. This page considers different ways to add fields.
ExampleDetermining the Direction of

Flow in a Pipe
Step 1: Search the Table of Fields in the appendix for fields which can
safely inhabit the subject. Here are the potential fields: Pressure
Surface TensionSoundUltrasoundVibrationsCurrentThermal
FieldsElectromagnetic FieldsElectrostatic Fields.
150
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Once the subject has this added field, search the
Table of Effects (physical phenomena) for ways to detect
these fields. Detect Heat by touch. Solution: A heat cuff
is attached to the pipe. The pipe becomes hotter in the
direction of flow
NewExternal Field Markers

Sometimes, a field will disrupt a substance enough that it should not inhabit the
subject. Also, some fields are principally associated with surface phenomena and
cannot inhabit the subject. Here we consider fields that reside on the subject, but are not
associated with any other substances but the subject.
ExampleMeasuring the
Rotational Speed of the Rings of
Saturn.
Step 1: Search the Table of Fields in the Appendix for fields which are
principally associated with surface phenomena. Allow for fields which
are only there momentarily. Here are the Fields: Surface Stress
FrictionAdhesionSurface
TensionOdor-TasteCorona
DischargeSkin CurrentElectrostatic FieldsReflected Light or
Radiation.
Step 2: Search the Library of Effects for ways to detect these fields.
Doppler shift of reflected light allows detection of ring velocity.
(Opposite sides of ring have different shift).
NewAttached Field Markers

If no fields can inhabit the subject or its surface, then consider adding a substance to the
subject that can be inhabited by a field with a strong coupling.
151
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleTracking Wild Animals

Step 1: Search the Table of Fields at the end of the appendix for
fields. For each field in the Table of Fields at the end of this
appendix, identify a substance which is easily inhabited by a field
which retains and exhibits the field. An antenna can be inhabited
by an alternating electric current which gives off an
electromagnetic field
Step 2: Consider ways of attaching the substance to the
subject. An emitting antenna is attached to the animal.
The antennas field is detected by another antenna and
amplifying circuit. Triangulation tells where the animal
is.
NewDetached Field Markers

Some of the field-substance couples in the attached field materials will disrupt the
subject. If this is the case, then there may be secondary effects that the subject causes
on the environment which can be measured by introducing a substance-field
combination into the immediate environment and then detecting the field.
ExampleDetecting Planets in Other

Solar Systems
Step 1: Identify a secondary effect of the measured
parameter on the environment. Other Large Objects
wobble due to the gravitational attraction of the planet.
Step 2: For each field in the Table of Fields in the appendix, identify a
substance which is easily inhabited by a field which
retains and exhibits the field easily. The star maintains
a thermal field and gives off light.
Step 3: Consider ways to attach or mix the field into
the environment and then detect the field. Detect the
wobble by a slight Doppler shift
152
TRIZ Power Tools
NewInternal Markers
An internal marker is a substance additive that is mixed with or nested in the subject.
This substance interacts with a matching field to aid detection.
Remember that the ideal additive is one that does not exist. Consider these ways to
produce additives that come close to not existing:
1. Especially active additives (very little is needed)
2. Concentrated additives (very little is required)
3. Temporary additives (eliminated or self-eliminated when not needed)
4. A decomposition of native materials. (Use only the part which delivers the function). It can be
chemically decomposed or segmented.
ExampleDetection of Refrigerant
Leaks
Step 1: Do the existing materials that are being measured react strongly to
any field? Search the Table of Fields in the
appendix.
Step 2: If not, then introduce an additive
(according to the rules above) internally into the
substance to be measured which has a strongly
coupled paired field. A luminescent material is
introduced into the lubricant. A black light
shows the location of the leak.
No
NewAttached Markers
An attached marker is a marker which sits on the outside of the subject. This may be
done to avoid the contamination or because it does not easily mix with the subject.
153
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleMeasuring the Position of

Animals in the Wild
It is difficult or dangerous to add a substance internally to the animal.
Step 1: Does the subject react strongly with any field. Check the Table of
Fields in the appendix. No.
Step 2: if not, identify a field-substance couple that can be
attached to the subject. Consider also coating the object.
The animal wears a large collar with a visible number.
Step 3: If problems arise, consider resolving the
contradiction in subsequent steps.
30
NewDetached Marker
A detached marker may be necessary if interaction with the subject and marker must be
kept to a minimum. In this case, a secondary effect which the subject has upon the
environment is detected.
ExampleDetecting the Movement of

Bacteria
Step 1: Is it possible to find an internal or attached marker? No.
Step 2: If the marker cannot be mixed or attached to the subject
then identify secondary effects that a parameter change has on
the immediate environment. The movement of the bacteria
leaves waste products in the environment.
Step 3: Add the marker to the environment and then detect the
change in the marker. The medium is modified to react with the
waste products to form bubbles.
154
TRIZ Power Tools
NewIntelligent Little People

Method
can work together. These people also have the capability to disappear and
reappear if necessary. What do they do to accomplish the desired result?
How do they intelligently act together?
Step 2: Consider possible physical phenomena that can accomplish this
cooperation.
NewEvolution of Field
Phenomena
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Field
Examine the Table of Fields in the Appendix. Note that the top fields are the most abundant
fields and the bottom fields are typically the least abundant. In general, systems tend to use the
top fields first for muscle and then the lower fields for sensing and control. Later, the lower
fields may become more abundant. Since they are both abundant and controllable, it makes
sense that systems evolve toward the bottom fields. By examining the fields currently being
used by your system, or similar systems, you can guess the fields that might be used next.
155
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: What fields are currently being used to deliver this function?
Step 2: What are the next fields that will likely be used?
NewMerge or Interact With Multiplied

Subjects
If you are aware of a physical phenomena which can perform the function there is
a possibility that a completely new physical phenomenon can be identified by
multiplying the common subjects and then making the multiplied subjects interact
with each other.
Method
Step 1: Identify an object related to a physical phenomenon that is similar
to the one required.
Step 2: Multiply the system.
Step 3: Can these subjects be merged or interact together to create an
unexpected capability? Try different orientations.
Step 4: Consolidate elements if possible.
NewHybrid Combination of Physical

Phenomena
This method is extremely useful when you are working with a demanding sustaining
market and the resources of the current phenomenon are becoming limited. This is a
way to move to the new physical phenomena while increasing (rather than sacrificing)
performance, as is often the case when jumping to a new effect.
Method
Step 1: Begin with a common physical phenomenon that is normally used
to deliver the modification
Step 2: Identify another phenomenon which performs the same
modification.
156
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: What is the feature of the new subject which would extend the
capability of the first subject?
Step 4: Identify the cheap subject which should deliver most of the
function.
Step 5: Combine both phenomena into a hybrid. A new capability should
emerge. Try combining both as whole subjects. Try transferring just the
desirable feature. Consider having the two physical phenomena interact
with each other.
FilterAbundant Resources
The availability or abundance of resources to deliver the physical phenomena
must be high. Objects and resources are already present in the environment
that can help deliver the physical phenomena. We do not determine in this
section whether a sufficient abundance exists. This will occur in the next
section. That is why this section deals with possible physical phenomena.
Method
In order for the physical phenomenon to have any chance, it should be
abundant in the system.
Step 1: Identify abundant fieldsthese are usually associated with
abundant physical phenomena.
Step 2: Filter the potential phenomena (previous steps) to allow only those
which are abundant.
FilterInherent Harm (Contact)

Some physical phenomena require the addition of harmful interactions. This is
especially true with physical phenomena that require contact. If physical phenomena are
present which do not require contact and the resources for providing this physical
phenomena are abundant, then consider these over those that require contact.
Method
Step 1: Filter the physical phenomena that you are considering for contact.
157
TRIZ Power Tools
FilterMultiple Functions
The more useful functions that a given physical phenomena can provide, the
better. Consider the functions that your system will perform and ask: How
many of these functions can be provided by the new phenomena? In the case
of measurement, it would be more ideal of the physical phenomenon could
both sense and control.
Method
Filter the available physical phenomena or identify another physical
phenomenon that can both sense the required object attributes and also
perform control.
FilterPassive Control
If sensing and actuation are required in the same system, then it is ideal to perform
both functions with the same subject. It is therefore necessary that the physical
phenomenon is capable of delivering both.
Method
Step 1: Identify the informing function
Step 2: Identify the actuation function
Step 3: Search for a physical phenomena that can perform both.
158
TRIZ Power Tools
FilterDeliver both the Function and the

Anti-Function
+
The evolution of systems predicts that systems will eventually take on the antifunction in order to provide more value. The anti-function is often provided by the
super-system already, but it is often forgotten because it may occur much later than when the
product or process is applied.
But what does this mean when we refer to measurement? Whenever measurement occurs, there
is a disturbance to the system. If you dip a thermometer into a hot liquid, the liquid must change
the temperature of the thermometer in order for it to register. For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction. While the thermometer is being heated, the liquid is being cooled. While
most measuring instruments are designed to disturb the system as little as possible, a very
accurate measurement of the system may require that the disturbance be undone, preferably at
the same time that the measurement is taken.
Method
Step 1: Identify the useful function.
Step 2: Identify the anti-function. This is function which undoes the
function. Another way to form the anti-function is to consider the
opposite of the useful function and then look for a useful variation of this
function. Note that the anti-function of changing is controlling.
Step 3: Does adding the anti-function expand or change the target market?
159
TRIZ Power Tools
160
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Chain of Objects for

Informing Functions
The IFR is a classical TRIZ tool. First, we ask ourselves what final result should be, and then we
tell ourselves that we will achieve this result without the use or addition of any object or
The Ideal Measurement Device is Parasitic
Parasitic observers use something which already exists in the system, super-system or
environment to perform the function. When this occurs, it is actually possible to get something
for nothing.
The Ideal Observer Steals Functions from Other System ObjectsTheft of Functions
If we have to have the observer, we should make the most of it. The system will become more
ideal with fewer elements. Thus, we must look around and see of a given observer can perform
more functions than it already is.
ParasiteAlready Poorly Performed by Native

Fields
Sometimes, a function is already performed by some natural phenomenon but it is done very
poorly or even harmfully. With a little help, we can boost these functions until they become
useful.
Method
Step 1: Is the function already delivered by a super-system observer, even
poorly?
Step 2: What physical phenomenon is employed to poorly deliver this
function?
In following steps we can ask what modifications to the fields or the
observer allow the function to be boosted. These modifications may
require the small addition of substances or structures which react strongly
to the native fields.
161
TRIZ Power Tools
ParasiteAbundant Native Fields

Most objects are awash in native fields. These fields do not remain constant
throughout the product life cycle. By identifying the fields all around the observer, we locate
observer resources that can perform the function.
Method
Step 1: Process Map the product life through relevant life stages.
Step 2: Look through the Table of Fields at the end of this appendix.
Identify which native fields the subject experiences at each process step.
Which of these native fields perform this function even poorly?
Step 3: What Effect or physical phenomena can be employed to deliver
this function?
In the next steps we can try to boost this function
ParasiteLaundry List of Adjacent

Elements
Laundry
List
In this step we consider ordinary elements about us that might be pressed into
service to deliver the required physical phenomena. This method is especially effective with low
level fields such as elastic fields, gravity, pressure, etc.
Method
Step 1: Make a laundry list of adjacent elements, especially those which
were not considered in the super-system functional models.
Step 2: What fields are associated with these objects?
Step 3: Consider ways in which elements on the list might be pressed in to
service to perform the required modification.
Step 3: Consider decomposing elements into new components.
162
TRIZ Power Tools
ParasiteUse of Cheap Abundant Substances

When a function can be delivered at low cost, the value of the system increases. If there is a way
to use a cheap abundant substance, try to use it. If the phenomenon is weak, it may be possible
to boost the phenomenon later.
Method
Consider the following list of cheap substances. Could any of these be
used to deliver any of the Phenomena that you are considering? List of
Cheap Substances: PowdersFoamsVoidsWaterIceSteam
HydratesAirNitrogenCarbon
DioxideOxygenCorrosion
DecaySandSoilRocksWasteWaste WaterSawdustWaste
GlassWaste GasesWaste PaperGarbageYard WasteIndustrial
WastesHybrid SubstancesDisassociated Forms of Any of the
AboveProducts of InteractionsStarting MaterialsFinal Products
Semi-Finished Elements.
ParasiteNearby Similar Measurement

Device
Depending on how systems evolve, it is common that several elements in the system
need detection or measurement. Several objects may be detected or measured by the
same observer. Sometimes, this same observer can be pressed into service to perform
the function on both subjects.
Method
Step 1: Identify a similar observer nearby which detects or measures
similar attributes.
Step 2: Combine and consolidate both
elements into one system.
ParasiteSimplified Copy of the

Current Measurement Device
Use of the current observer can be overkill, especially if the observer
is a human. A simplified copy can often perform the same function as the full observer.
163
TRIZ Power Tools
Method
Step 1: What part of the current observer performs the function?
Step 2: Can a copy of the observer perform the function?
ParasiteSteal Human Service to System

The Master shall not serve the slave. All human interactions on
the system should be performed by the system if they are
necessary.
Our
System
Method
Human
Step 1: Identify human actions on the

system.
Step 2: Assume that the system performs these functions on itself
Step 3: Note that in order to oust humans; the human function must be deintellectualized.
Theft of Functions from Super-System (TRIZ

Universality also ASIT Unification Tool)
All systems within the super-system, including the super-system itself, are
competing for functions. When we steal functions, the more closely related the
function is to the function of your system, the more readily it will be accepted.
Method
Step 1: List objects in the environment associated with the
job at hand. Take especial note of objects with similar functions.
Step 2: The Observer takes over all or part of another objects functions.
This is not simply a combining of objects. When you are done, one of the
two original objects should be invisible. There should be no
compromise in the original functions.
Step 3: Completely new and unexpected benefits must emerge.
different orientations and combinations.
164
Try
TRIZ Power Tools
Theft from Alternative or Competing

Objects
Identify other objects or processes that seek to provide the same functions or do
the same job. Sometimes these are not obvious alternatives. Though they may
be from completely different industries, they are the true competition.
Method
Step 1: Consider objects which provide the extreme of the function as
well.
Step 2: Consider taking over all or part of these objects functions. New
and exciting capabilities should emerge, as well as new synergies between
the objects that could not exist before.
TheftBoost Incidental Functions

Most objects in a system provide incidental functions that we rarely noticed. If we
can identify these incidental functions and boost them, it is often possible to create
more value for our offering.
Method
Identify incidental functions that the system already performs.
Step 1: What elements in the super-system normally deliver this function?
Step 2: Boost these incidental functions to take over for the other supersystem elements. Look for unexpected capabilities to emerge.
165
TRIZ Power Tools
TheftSteal Human Interactions

Unless the object of the system is to directly serve humans in the system,
there is usually a burdensome element to any function provided by humans
to the system. When humans are eliminated from any function in the
system, the system becomes less burdensome. Note that in order to oust
humans, the human function must be de-intellectualized.
Human
Method
Step 1: Look at the system from the viewpoint of humans that interact
with the system. Are humans required to operate the system? Are humans
required to maintain the system?
Step 2: What changes to the system would allow the human to be removed
from the system?
166
TRIZ Power Tools
Idealize Harmful
Functions
If the function that you are trying to idealize is a harmful function, then begin here. It may sound
somewhat counterintuitive to consider idealizing something that is actually harmful. It would
seem to instantly create an oxymoron. For instance, we might find ourselves considering the
ideal pain, ideal wear or ideal product failure. While this might sound ridiculous, we shall
see that there are ways to think about this that can turn harm on its head. In the end, harm must
not exist and might even become useful.
There are three main ways of handling harmful functions. 1) Turn the harmful function into a
useful function and then boost it. 2) Decrease the harm. 3) Eliminate elements. The first
consideration involves idealizing the modification of a harmful function. We will consider that
later. The second consideration will be considered as the subject of the book Fixing It. The
third consideration deals, in this case, with eliminating the product.
The Ideal Product for

Harmful Functions
As with useful functions, we will first consider the ideal product. At this point, the only ideal
products of harmful functions that have been identified are those that do not exist.
The Ideal Product Cant Be Harmed Because It Doesnt Exist
With the exception of turning harm to good, the removal of elements is almost always the most
ideal way to increase the value of a system. That is why we are considering this first.
Idealize Harmful Functions
167
TRIZ Power Tools
Non-Existent Waste Product

Some products are not required in a system. They may be harmful, expended or waste
products. If the product has outlived its usefulness, is waste or was never required,
consider eliminating it.
ExampleDisposal of Waste Oil

At industrial sites, waste liquid products are often spilled, polluting ground
water. This spillage is accomplished by corrosion of the vessels, clumsy
handling, etc.
Step 1: The product goes away of its own accord by being
combined with something else which allows it to dissipate. The
spent liquid is waste, waiting for recycling.
Step 2: Consider ways in which the product never existed.
It is no longer manufactured
Eliminate the Source of the product
Eliminate the Path of the product
Absorb the product into another substance. Absorbent materials might
include porous materials, fabrics, batting or gel.
Step 3: The waste product remains or becomes
useful and is eliminated by its usefulness. In this
case, the waste oil is immediately burned as an
energy source.
168
TRIZ Power Tools

Harmful Functions
After focusing on the ideal product, the second part of a useful function that we focus on is the
ideal modification. We ask: What do we really want to have happen and what are the attributes
of the ideal modification?
Since we have not yet decided what will deliver these idealized modifications to the product, we
are actually composing a wish-list of what the ideal modification will look like. When we add
real elements to deliver the modification, these elements often bring undesirable characteristics
with them.
Strangely, harmful functions often follow the same format of idealizing that useful functions do.
For instance, the timing of a harmful function can change it from a harmful function to a useful
function.
Note that we include the tool that performs the function in all of the harmful functions. A useful
function can only exist if there is a tool to perform it. Now, it becomes a challenge to turn this
harmful function into a useful function by using the various tools.
The Ideal Harmful Modification is Useful
Our first attempt to idealize harmful functions is to change them into useful
functions. This is truly making lemonade out of lemons, which is generally not
the first thing that people think of. It is often easier to conceptualize the
reduction of harm to zero. If one were to think of this on a sliding scale, we
might see it this way.
Preventative Modifications
Less ideal than modifications that do not need to be performed are added functions that prevent
harmful functions. We are not talking about functions that modify design attributes, but rather
adding preventative functions that are part of the system. To illustrate the difference, we may
recognize that our product is harmed by a high temperature environment. We could make a
design decision which increases the temperature capability of the product. This may require
adding a function to the manufacturing process. This is an example of adding a function that
modifies a design attribute and we will consider these changes to the system later when we are
considering changing the product at the level of attributes. On the other hand, if we added the
function of active cooling to the system to prevent the problem in the first place, and this active
169
TRIZ Power Tools
cooling was to travel with the system outside of the manufacturing process, then this is a good
example of the preventative modifications that we will consider here.
The reason that this is less ideal is that this can increase the complexity of the system. There
may be good reasons to do this, however. By adding functions, we can sometimes reduce the
complexity of the super-system or (sometimes) the system itself. If the system already has many
compensating or remedial functions, we may be able to reduce the overall number of elements by
applying a strategic preventative modification.
Diminishing Modifications
A Diminishing Modification is one that reduces the effect of a harmful function WHILE the
harmful function is occurring. This is occurs downstream of preventative functions and
upstream of remedial functions. Diminishing Modifications are usually less ideal than
preventative modifications because there is greater possibility of increasing system complexity.
Again, there may be situations where adding a diminishing modification will improve the
complexity of the super-system.
Remedial Modifications
Least ideal of all is remedial modifications. These are modifications that fix the harmed product
after the fact. This is the least ideal because it requires the addition of new system elements. It
may be justified, however, by reducing the complexity of the super-system.
Useful
Harmful
Harmful
Typical Thinking is
to reduce to zero
Changing to Useful
The typical approach to reducing harm to zero comes from finding object attributes which can be
changes, such as size, position, duration, color and then adjusting the level of these attributes to
reduce the harm. Here, we take an entirely different approach. We actually want to do
something that is truly valuable with that which was harmful. This creates the possibility of
eliminating elements, especially if the new useful function performs a function done by
something else in the system.
170
TRIZ Power Tools
Make UsefulTable of Knobs

We are going to try to reverse the function and perform the antifunction. In this first attempt, we are going to allow for the
possibility of using any method from the Table of Knobs (object
attributes).
Mod
AntiFunction
Method
Step 1: Identify the anti-function. Would this be considered a useful
function in the system?
Step 2: Now that the anti-function has been identified, we boost this
function. Use any of the methods from the Table of Knobs (Appendix) to
boost this now-useful function. We may need to consider modifications to
other elements in the system. In the end, the system must become simpler,
or the solution is not a good one.
Make UsefulReverse the Fields or Action

One of the simplest ways to reverse or create the anti-function is to directly reverse the
fields.
ExampleFoundry Explosions
Consider a situation where water escapes
from cooling pipes into the refractory
bricks of a smelter. The water explodes
upon contact with the bricks. One of the
harmful functions is that the pressurized
water pushes itself out of the pipe
Pushes
Water
Step 1: Reverse the fields to perform the Anti-function. Reversing the

fields means that the water in the pipe is under vacuum. The pump pulls
the water rather than pushing it.
Step 2: What constitutes the reverse of the current action? The water pulls
itself.
171
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: What is the action performed relative to? Change that instead. It
pushes relative to the hole position of the pipe. This would imply that the
pipe should move instead of the water. This may be possible
Step 4: Boost the anti-function to make it completely useful. Here we
reverse the pressure field and cause vacuum
in the line. This is effectively done by
Pulls
having the pump draw the water through the
Water
line rather than pushing it.
Make UsefulReframing Harmful

Functions as Useful Functions
Mod
Useful
Variant
This tool is a different but powerful way to turn lemons into

lemonade. What we are trying to do is to reframe a harmful action so
that it is now useful. This is like a criminal trying to rationalize their
crime in a way that everyone thinks that it was truly a good thing that he did. I wasnt holding
up the store, I was helping the store owner to test their security. Virtually every harmful action
has a useful context. For instance, if one part is wearing another part, we can ask ourselves
What are the contexts where we want wear to happen? Answers to this are in situations where
we are polishing or grinding on purpose. Going back to the criminal analogy, he would say I
wasnt wearing the surface; I was just trying to polish it! If we reframe the harmful variation as
a good one, then we can boost this function and make it truly useful.
ExampleSyrup is Melting
Chocolate
In order to increase production of a chocolate factory,
the syrup that was normally pumped into the
chocolate was heated. This reduced the viscosity,
allowing for larger volumes to be pumped through the
existing pipes. Unfortunately, the heated syrup now
distorted the chocolates.
Syrup
Distorts
Chocolate
Step 1: Identify the anti-function. Would this be

considered a useful function in the system? The anti-function is to form.
This is a useful reframing of distortion.
172
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Identify all useful functions already performed on the Product.

None are identified for this system
Step 3: Cast the harmful function in a useful contextAny useful context.
This often takes a little practice, but the change in perspective can be very
satisfying. If you are having trouble, identify situations where the harmful
action is done on purpose. Here are some examples: (Melt > Form)
(Wear > Form) (Break > Disassemble) (Tear > Cut) (Burn >
Cook) (Disturb > Control) (Corrode > Secure) (Corrode > Form).
In our case, we can say that the syrup
Syrup
Syrup
forms or cooks the chocolate.
Step 4: Boost this now-useful function.
Make UsefulWork With
Distorts
Chocolate
1. Forms
2. Cooks
3. Changes Taste
Chocolate
Sometimes an object will perform a harmful function and a useful variant at the same
time. The useful function may be formed to such a low degree that it is not recognized.
Boosting the useful variant effectively eliminates the harmful.
ExampleTelescope Dust Cover

A telescope uses a transparent dust cover. Small irregularities in the cover
distort the incoming light. The distortions could be used to correct the
effect of a spherical (non-parabolic) mirror which would be cheaper to
fabricate.
Step 1: Is the useful variant of the harmful function performed with the
harmful function, but so slightly as to not be noticed? Some of the
distortions actually help to focus the light. Can this be used if it were
boosted? It is possible to design the dust cover so as not to distort. In
fact, in working with the reflecting mirror the
Spherical
light can be focused. A further refinement is
Mirror
to recognize how the reflecting mirror can be
modified to help the situation. A spherical
Controlled
mirror is much easier to produce. The effect of
Distortion
the dust cover can allow the spherical mirror to
focus the light like a parabolic mirror as in a
meniscus telescope. (It should be noted that a meniscus telescope
typically focuses the light off of a reflecting piece on the cover and back
through a hole in the spherical mirror.
Step 2: Is the anti-function performed with the harmful function but not in
equilibrium? Boost the anti-function. No anti-function is detected.
173
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 3: Is the harmful function useful any place on the product or on other
elements to the least degree? Boost this function. No useful place is
noticed.
Make UsefulAesthetic Incorporation
Harmful
Many forms of art require the artist to incorporate flaws which inadvertently
occur during the creation of the art. A small and accidental mark on an India
Ink drawing becomes the beginning a bush, etc.
ExampleCutting Plastic Tubing

A plastic tube is cut. In the process, the tube
is malformed where the blade begins to cut.
Malformed
Step 1: Can the flaw, caused by the harmful

modification be directly incorporated
aesthetically? No way is seen.
Step 2: Multiply the flaw. Make different
patterns with the multiplied flaw. What
pattern looks the best or performs a useful
function? If the pattern is repeated, it becomes
a rolled cut
Step 3: Can this aesthetic incorporation perform a useful function? The
bevel can act to guide elements that might be attached to the tube ends.
Make UsefulMake Adjustable

Almost any harmful function can be made useful if it can be made adjustable. Adjustable
friction becomes traction control. Adjustable wear becomes forming.
ExampleBlinding Car
Lights
Light
Blinds
Consider the blinding light that is seen from

oncoming traffic with their high beams on.
Driver
Step 1: If the harmful function could be made
to be adjustable, it might be able to perform the anti-function. What is a
useful variant or a useful function on the system product? A useful variant
174
TRIZ Power Tools
would be to alert the driver. (Especially if something was wrong with the
oncoming car and an alert could be sounded.
Step 2: Find fixed knobs of the harmful
function elements that can be made
adjustable and boost them: Make the lights
different in color, blinking or intensity to
alert others of an intoxicated driver.
Light
Alerts
Driver
Make UsefulPerform Accurately

Sometimes a useful function becomes harmful when it goes
outside of its useful bounds. In this case, it may become
useful by simply putting it within bounds.
harmful
harmful
useful
ExampleHot Air Temperature

in a Room
Heats
If the temperature of a room becomes too hot, then it

performs a harmful function on the occupants.
Occupants
Step 1: Is the anti-function or a useful

variant of the harmful function achieved
by performing the modification very
accurately? Bringing the temperature
into bounds makes the normally useful
function of warming useful again.
Air
Air
Warms
Occupants
Step 2: Boost the accuracy
Line of Evolution
Increas
ed
Adjustable
Increased
Adjustability
(Continuous, Multiple)
Feedback
175
TRIZ Power Tools
Open Loop Control

Does the modification need to be more
precise?
Controller
Actuator
Is the tool or product already adjustable?

Discrete positions=bang-bang
Continuously adjustable
Are means provided to sense changing
conditions?
Add actuator to tool or product.
Add controller.
Switch Point
Speed
Motor
On
Motor
Off
Bang-Bang Speed Controller
Motor
Speed
Voltage
Use of Closed Loop Control

Does the modification need to be yet
more precise?
Controller
Actuator
Add a sensor to sense the modified

feature.
Increase the number of parameters
sensed.
176
Sensor
TRIZ Power Tools
Increase the order of the variable sensed (first derivative, second

derivative).
Reference +
-
Error
Control
Laws
Plant
Sensor
Use of Passive Control

The highest form of control is passive control.
Does the system ideally use one field for operation
and control?
Provide for self-service operation (Ideal Tool /
Effect).
Identify the critical point at which small changes in
input cause large changes in output.
Move the critical point to the desired control point.
Critical Points
Sheer Strength
Ultimate Strength
Tip Angle
Static Friction
Adhesive Failure point
Zero Buoyancy
Triple point
Surface Tension
Resonant Frequency
Spark point
Freezing point
Boiling point
Curie temperature
177
TRIZ Power Tools
Make UsefulIntelligent Little People

Intelligent little people allow us to see the situation from an empathetic point of
view. After going through the previous step of identifying a useful variant, it may not be
obvious how the given fields and elements perform this useful function. The physical
phenomenon is given, but how do we employ it to perform the useful variant?
ExampleStained Carpet
Some liquids can badly stain the fibers of a
carpet.
Step 1: Define a useful variant of the
harmful function.
Perhaps the fluid
washes the fiber instead of changing the
color. This is more like the anti-function.
Fluid
Changes
Fluid
Washes
Color
Fiber
Fiber

can work together. What do they do to perform the useful variant? These
people also have the capability to disappear and
Staining
Washing
reappear if necessary.
The Little People
Constituents
Constituents
separate the staining and washing constituents.
The washing constituents are used to clean the
fiber and the staining constituents are discarded
at the base of the fiber.
Make UsefulHarmonize the Sequence of

Functions
Sometimes, a harmful function becomes useful when it is
performed in a different sequence than it is normally
performed. It may be necessary for a completely different job,
so it is important to expand the thinking in time.
Method
Step 1: Create a process map or add the harmful function to an existing
process map.
Step 2: Consider performing the harmful function in a different sequence.
When does it become useful?
178
TRIZ Power Tools
Make UsefulPartial Modification

Along with performing a function in a different sequence, a harmful
function may become useful by breaking it up and performing the two
stages in parallel or at different times.
Method
Step 1: Can the modification be broken into two (or more) stages?
Step 2: Are stages of the function considered useful?
Step 3: Disrupt the sequence of functions so as to only allow the useful
stage.
Make UsefulStorage of Action

Similar to performing in a different sequence, or breaking up the modification,
this concept allows us to directly consider storing up a harmful action and then
use it at a different time in which it will be more appreciated.
ExampleFlood Waters
Flood waters destroy manmade structures and croplands. These very same
areas are often affected by drought. Lets consider the harmful action of
the flood waters.
Step 1: Identify a useful variant of the harm. The water performs a
harmful action. It washes away crops and land. This harm has the useful
variant of nourishing the plants.
Step 2: What does it mean to store this function? We must store the
nourishment that the water provides. We can do this by storing the water
for use when it is needed.
179
TRIZ Power Tools
Make UsefulChanging Speed

Sometimes, a harmful action can be made useful if it is performed extremely
fast or extremely slowly. Often, it is the speed, itself, which makes an action
harmful.
Method
Step 1: If the harmful modification were performed
more rapidly, could it actually perform a useful function on the product?
PreventativeIdentify a Preventative
Modification
Identify Preventative modifications on the harmed product which will have the
effect of diminishing the harmful effect on the product. There may be several
possibilities, but remember that we are modifications that prevent rather than
remediate problems.
Mod
Method
Step 1: Consider potential modifications to the product that prevent harm
in the first place.
PreventativeRedirect the Harm

Redirecting harm includes adding another element to the system that takes
over the problems that the immediate product is experiencing. We are
introducing a weak link or a path of least resistance.
Method
180
Step 1: Create another path of least resistance.

lightening rods, gutters under washing machines
and spill ways over dams.
Examples are
Step 2: Pre-weaken a part so that the harm

damages it. Examples are electrical fuses, break
lines in a sidewalk and a lizards tail that breaks
off.
Misinforms
TRIZ Power Tools
PreventativeFool the Harming Object

Sometimes, the harming object has or mimics intelligent action. We can prevent the harm by
misinforming it so that the harmful function does not occur in the first place.
Method
Step 1: Consider ways to misinform the tool
Step 2: Consider hiding the product
Step 3: Consider camouflaging the product.
DiminishingIdentify a Diminishing
Modification
Identify diminishing modifications on the harmed product which will have the
effect of diminishing the harmful effect on the product. There may be several.
Mod
Method
Step 1: Consider potential modifications to the product that diminish
harm.
DiminishingMediator
Mediation of harm is a form of diminishing function. It can also be
preventative. Unfortunately, the mediating object is a new object in the
system, but it can often be decreased to a coating or minor object. Ideally the
mediating object should be made from some derivative of the product or tool.
(That is indicated by the two tone mediator). This usually reduces the
complexities that often occur with mediators that are composed of substances
that are foreign to the system.
Mediator
Method
Step 1: Place another object in the path of the field. This object stops the
harm. Examples include: Umbrellas, Dark Glasses, Paint, Coatings and
Oxide Films
181
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Consider ways that this could be performed without the addition
of any new substance. Ideally this should use objects or substances that
are modifications or derivatives of existing substances (either the tool or
the product).
Consider the Following:

Is direct contact required?
What is currently between the tool and
product?
Can a substance be introduced?
If no contact is required, what is the
medium or mediator which transmits the
field?
Modified
Foreign
Substance Tool/Product
Substances
Consider the Refractive index of medium
Void
Consider the Gradient of the medium

Break the function down into two separate functions.
separately
Consider each
Line of Evolution
None
Foreign
Mediator
Modified
Material
Void
Rocket Nozzle
Unusual or Extreme Settings

Add an alien mediator
Use a modification of the tool substance
Use a modification of the product substance
Use a mixture of the tool and product
Use multiplied versions of the tool or product
Place a void or rarified gas between the tool and product
182
TRIZ Power Tools
Enclose both the tool and the product in the mediator
Possible Modifications to Substances
Internal additives
Ionized
Recombined
Dilution of constituents
Concentration of constituents
Change of Bulk Properties
Form structures at micro level
State of Matter
Chemically altered
Heat treatment
Electrification
Heated
Foam
Decomposed
Mobilized
DiminishingUse a Counter Flow

Counter flowing is considered a diminishing function because it occurs at the
same time as the harmful function. The field or substance is directly
countered by an added field that counter flows the given action.
Method
Step 1: Identify the fields and flows involved in the
problem
Directly
Counters
Step 2: Eliminate the effects of the tool by counterflowing the fields or flowing substances.
DiminishingAbsorb or Dissipate
Harmful Fields
Another element draws off the harmful fields. This element should
not be added to the system if possible. If possible, it should already
exist in the system and perform this extra function.
Method
Step 1: Identifying the type of material that could absorb or dissipate the
harmful fields.
Step 4: Consider other elements in the system that could take on this
additional function of dissipating or absorbing the harmful field.
183
TRIZ Power Tools
RemedialIdentify a Remedial or
Compensating Modification
Method
Identify remedial modifications on the harmed
product which will have the effect of diminishing
the harm.
Mod
RemedialPreviously Placed
Cushion
Method
Step 1: Identify another element which can take
over for the failed product.
Step 2: Look for ways to add the minimum
possible.
RemedialFixing Functions
Method
Step 1: Identify ways to fix the problem after the fact.
184
TRIZ Power Tools
The Ideal Tool for Harmful

Functions
The IFR is a classical TRIZ tool. First, we ask ourselves what the final result should be, and then
we tell ourselves that we will achieve this result without the use or addition of any object or
It may seem bizarre to consider what the ideal tool for a harmful function is, but remember that
most useful tools also bring harmful functions with them. The implication is that we would like
to remove the tools to useful functions in order to remove the harm.
The Ideal Harmful Tool Does Not Exist
Elimination is one of the most commonly taught methods of dealing with harmful
functions. If we are successful at eliminating an object, then the system is simplified and
we come closer to the ideal final result.
Non-Existent Tool
It is very common for a tool to cause both harmful and useful functions. Eliminating the
tool will remove the harm, but now there may be a necessity to transfer the performance
of the useful function to something else.
185
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleChristmas Tree Fires

Many homes are burned each year during
Christmas due to electrical fires caused by
bulbs. The bulbs perform a harmful and a
useful function
Step 1: The Tool no longer exists.
Informs
Bulb
Burns
Owner
Tree
Eliminate the Source of the product.

Eliminate the Path of the product
Block the movement of the product
Block the movement with a counter-flow
Redirect the flowcreate another path of least resistance
Change Concentration of the flow
Make the system unavailable
Absorb the Tool: Use Porous materialsFabricsBattingGel
Step 2: Is the tool a waste product? Eliminate the tool directly, since it
serves no useful purpose. The bulb must be eliminated. Now
we consider what will perform the function of the bulb. The
ornaments must replace the bulbs and give off small points of
light. Small luminescent stickers on the ornaments glow when
illuminated with a black light
Harmful Tool Not Required

It is very common for a tool to cause both harmful and useful functions. Understand why
the harmful tool is required in the first place.
Method
Step 1: Why is the Function Required? What does it prevent? What does it
fix? What does it make up for? Does it counter something? Follow this
reasoning back through the causal relationships. If a Cause-Effect
Diagram is being used, it is easier to follow the chain of reasoning back to
the problems that the function helps to resolve. Practically, this is done on
a Cause-Effect diagram by considering the existence of a tool or product
of a function as an object attribute that causes the problem. (Seeing the
function in the cause effect diagram reminds us that existences of the
elements of the function are object attributes that should be considered.)
186
TRIZ Power Tools
When we consider non-existence of element in the system (in the side-byside box), we begin an alternative problem path which leads us to
understand why an element was originally required in the system. It is
possible to remove the need for the troublesome element and often other
elements by resolving a problem elsewhere in the system. This is done by
tracing back the alternative problem path.
Non-existence of a function element is shown with a new function which
has no tool. The tool was required to perform a function which no longer
is performed because the tool is missing. One solution of the alternative
problem path is to find a new way to perform the function of the missing
object. This often leads to the consideration of how the function might be
performed by existing elements, thus simplifying the system.
A slight change to an object in the system (often the object that we are
serving) removes the requirement for the main function and hence the
objects that deliver the function. In other words, if something did its job
better than our system wouldnt be needed.
Recursively Simplify by Idealizing Individual

Functions
Continue the process of looking for opportunities to simplify by idealizing individual functions.
Move on to the next step when you are confident that you have done all that you can.
187
TRIZ Power Tools
188
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify by
Eliminating Individual
Elements
Now that we have considered tools which have the potential of eliminating
large groups of elements, we will consider tools that help us to reduce the
number of individual elements. We do this by forcing elements in our
system to take on additional functions after first eliminating the element that
performed that function.
In general, we will consider eliminating all burdensome elements, but there
is one particular case that should be emphasized. Recall that when we
identified burdensome functions and elements, one of the considerations was
low value elements. Low value elements are typically those that only (1)
perform one function, (2) do not operate directly on the system product and (3) cost a lot. We
would like to directly eliminate low value elements if possible. If we cannot replace them, then
we may consider having the low value element take on more functions.
ExampleCutting Tape
Recall that we used this example to show how to identify low value
objects. While we could have chosen any example of a burdensome
system, this example illustrates how to identify and remove low value
elements.
Simplify by Eliminating Individual Elements
189
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 1: Identify a burdensome element in the system. We have already

identified that the base delivers the lowest value in the system.
Holds
Table
Spindle
Supports
Tape
Positions
Supports
Cuts
Supports
Pulls/
Rotates
Supports
Blade
Base
Person
Positions
Step 2: Eliminate the element. The base is eliminated. We show this as a

spindle and blade unsupported in space. The other functions are
intentionally left to underscore that the functions are still required. We
can remove the objects, but there is still a necessity to do what they were
originally intended to do.
Holds
Spindle
Table
Supports
Tape
Positions
Supports
Cuts
Supports
Supports
Blade
Pulls/
Rotates
Person
Positions
Step 3: Press another object in the system or super-system (associated

with the job or task or in the environment) to perform the functions of the
removed object. Note that in this case, the base performed several
functions. There is still the possibility of using the table or other objects
that are normally associated with the job.
190
TRIZ Power Tools
For instance, we could consider the object being tapped. In this case, we
will allow the spindle to support the blade. The person will support the
spindle.
Holds
Spindle
Supports
Tape
Positions
Supports Cuts
Positions /
Supports
Blade
Pulls/
Rotates
Person
Note that not all of the bugs are worked out in this tape dispensing system.
There is the potential for the blade to swing around. Support for the tape
may not be sufficient, etc. When we go to the Fixing stage of problem
solving, we will try to work out these bugs.
Reduce the Penalty of Expensive Parts by

Stealing Functions
If elements are costly, and there seems no way around this, then look for ways to increase the
number of functions performed by the costly element. This can decrease the overall cost.
191
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleOptical Cover for Telescope4

Step 1: Identify elements that you would
like to use, but are too expensive. An
example of this is a telescope for class
rooms. The mirror needs to be protected
from dust. Optical grade glass can form a
cover, but it is too expensive.
Mirror Support
Optical cover is
expensive
Below is the function diagram. More

elements are shown in the diagram than the picture. Note the number of
f
u
Constrains
n
Supports
c
Cover
t
Ground
Parabolic
Spider
i
Constrains
Supports
Distorts
Mirror
o
Focuses
Supports Supports
Supports n
Absorbs
Dust
s
Positions
Tube
Angled
Mirror
Redirects
p
Supports
Mount e
Focuses
r
Supports
Positions
f
Supports
o
Supports
rDrive
Lens
Lens Case
m
e
Adjusts
d
by each element.
Light
Informs
Person
D.D. Maksutov The Innovation Algorithm by Genrich Altshuller, page 31
192
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 2: Have these expensive elements take over the function of

something else, even if it only serves as a
structural element: If the optical cover
takes over the function of supporting the
mirror (currently performed by the
Spider). Now with two functions, the
change
effectively
increases
the
Optical Cover
Supports Mirror
telescopes value to the owner and
reduces the overall cost of the telescope.
Constrains
Supports
Cover
Ground
Supports
Supports
Parabolic
Mirror
Focuses
Supports
Positions
Tube
Supports
Angled
Mirror
Redirects
Constrains
Distorts
Absorbs
Dust
Light
Mount
Positions
Focuses
Supports
Informs
Supports
Supports
Drive
Lens Case
Lens
Person
Adjusts
Recursively Remove Individual Elements

Continue the process of looking for opportunities to simplify by removing individual elements
and identifying other objects to perform their function. Move on to the next step when you feel
that you have done all that you can.
193
TRIZ Power Tools
194
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify by
Consolidating System
Elements
By this point, all remaining functions and elements are considered essential. We can further
simplify the system by consolidating elements. When we consolidate elements, we merge them
together. This is not as simple as combining elements. Ideally, consolidation should create
unexpected benefits or synergies. For instance, the user may be able to expand the same function
to other elements not yet considered. Consolidation is a natural step in the evolution of systems.
Following is the evolutionary path for consolidation:
Multiply
Group
Same
Biased
Different
Opposite
Combine
or
Interact
Consolidate
Knife Example
We start with a single knife (mono). Then we use two knives to hold the
object in place and get the benefit of two knives (bi-system). Next we
designed the knives to interact with each other (interacting) or scissors so
that we have benefit of two knives that can be operated with one hand.
This is an unexpected benefit. Also, the scissors can be used on a variety
of objects that the knives would have difficulty with such as cutting fabric.
It is not clear how to consolidate the blades.
Simplify by Consolidating System Elements
195
TRIZ Power Tools
Bi-System
Mono
Interacting
Consolidated
ExampleMachine Gun
We start with a single-shot rifle (mono). We might want several singleshot rifles ready just in case we need them (multiply same). Then, we
could combine several barrels into one gun (combined). Finally, we can
have a simpler, lighter gun with one barrel which automatically reloads
from a clip of ammunition (consolidated).
Mono
Consolidated
Multiply
Same
Combined
ExamplePump Gun
We start with a single-shot shot gun (Mono). Again we may want to have
other single-shot shot guns available (multiply same). Next we see a
double-barreled gun (combined). Finally we have a gun which holds
several shells which ejected and reloaded with the pump action
(consolidated).
Mono
196
Multiply
Same
Combined
Consolidated
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleBiased Hammer
We start with a group of
hammers, one with a
large head and one with
a small head, for
different
situations
(group biased).
We
Consolidated
Group
Combined
could
combine
the
hammers to have both
size heads (combined). How they can be further consolidated is not yet
apparent.
ExampleHammer-Axe
Similar to the above
example, we start with a
hammer and an axe (group
different) then combine
them into one hammer-axe
(combined). Can they be
consolidated even further
to be right for any situation
without any drawbacks?
?
Group
Different
Combined
Consolidated
ExampleHammer and Claw (Combining

Anti Functions)
In this special case, we start
with a hammer and a
separate nail puller. These
have opposite functions. Group
(combine opposite) Then Opposite
Combined
we combine then into one
tool (combined). Can they be consolidated even further?
?
Consolidated
197
TRIZ Power Tools
ASIT Parasite Tool

Parasite
Advanced Systematic Inventive Thinking, or ASIT 5, is a creative

thinking method derived from TRIZ. The Parasite Product is one of
the 6 thinking tools for developing new products. The idea is to
remove as much of an object as possible and then replace the removed
part with something from the environment.
ExampleSimplifying
Eating Utensils for Backpackers
Step 1: Chose a low-value object: In this case,
we start with a common fork
Step 2: List objects in the environment with
similarities to the chosen object: A spoon is
chosen. This is both functionally similar and has
parts which are also the same, such as the handle.
Step 3: Pick a part of the main object
(preferably one of the more important ones)
and eliminate it. Here we eliminate the handle
Step 4: One of the similar objects takes over
this function. We pick a part of the main object to
eliminate, in this case the handle. We combine the
spoon with the leftover part of the fork, giving us a
spoon with a fork parasite.
Step 5: Look for unexpected capabilities: Aside from the lower weight
and versatility, this utensil is very useful when eating certain types of
foods that require both a fork and a spoon such as stews, which contain
large pieces of meat.
Reference for ASIT information - http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/09/b/index.htm
198
TRIZ Power Tools
Consolidate Elements with

Different Functions on the
Same Product
If two or more tools operate on the same product, there are
often opportunities to merge these tools. It is often the case that
they have elements which are common to each other.
ExampleA Rake and Hoe Combination

Step 1: Identify tools that perform different functions on the same
product: A rake and a hoe both work on weeds in a garden, but they do
different things, i.e. one cuts the weeds and the other collects them.
Hoe
Rake
Cuts
Collects
Weeds
Step 2: Consolidate these tools or make them interact: By consolidating

the tools, we have a rake that can also be used as a hoe.
Consolidated
Rake and Hoe
Cuts
Collects
Weeds
Step 3: Look for unexpected capabilities: None are observed
199
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleConsolidating Pneumatic
Elements
A typical fluid handling system controls
the pressure of a fluid by means of a
pressure regulator and is capable of
starting and stopping the flow with an OnOff Valve. How can this system be
simplified?
Step 1: Identify tools that perform
different functions on the same
product: Drawing a functional
diagram alerts us to the fact that
both the on-off valve and the
pressure regulator operate on the
same product, the fluid.
On-Off
Valve
Pressure
Regulator
Pressure
Regulator
Valve
On-Off
Valve
Controls
Flow
Step 2: Consolidate these tools or

make them interact: We can improve the
system by having one element that performs
both functions.
This will become a
Regulator/Shutoff valve with one modulating
element acting on the fluid.
Step 3: Look for unexpected capabilities.
The elements normally involved in the shutoff
function may be used to control the flow of
the fluid at very low flows.
Fluid
Stops /
Starts
Regulator/Shutoff
Valve
Controls
Flow
Fluid
Combine Elements of Contiguous

Operations
Contiguous operations are those that follow each other in sequence or time.
When you see such a sequence of functions, there is often an opportunity to
combine elements and greatly simplify the system.
200
TRIZ Power Tools
ExampleDrill & Anchor Bolt

Combination
Step 1: Identify Contiguous Functions
(one follows the other in time):
Normally, to hang a heavy picture or
mirror on a wall, you first drill a hole in
the drywall and then you pound in an
anchor before you can finally insert a nail
or screw to hold the picture. Penetrating
and holding represent contiguous
functions.
Anchor
Drill
Penetrates
Holds
Wall
Step 2: Consider ways to combine and consolidate the elements: The drill
and the anchor are to be combined. The new product drills the hole as it is
screwed into the wall. The thread, which follows, goes nicely into the
drilled hole.
Drill/Anchor
Holds
Penetrates
Drill and Wall

Anchor Combined
(Can be inserted
with common
screwdriver)
Wall
Step 3: Look for unexpected capabilities. The torque from the

screwdriver is sufficient to drill the hole. No power tools are required.
Consolidate Elements with Similar Structure

The energy source, transmission or controls of a system can
often be consolidated. While neither performs the exact same
function, they both share common elements that could be
consolidated into one.
201
TRIZ Power Tools
ExamplePick & Hammer Combination

Step 1: Identify an element, preferably a low
value element: Consider the case of working in a
blacksmiths environment with a variety of tools.
We start with a simple hammer.
Hammer
Step 2: Identify a second element with similar structure. (Same power

source (person), transmission and control (handle)):
We know that there is another tool with similar
structure and is used in basically the same way, a pick
(same power source, transmission and control).
Step 3: Identify the minimum working element which
combines both elements. This can often be accomplished by combining or
causing the elements to interact while consolidating
the power source, transmission or control: There is a
common element to both the pick and the hammer, the
handle. The hammer and pick are combined into a
hammer-pick.
Step 4: Look for unexpected capabilities: none are observed.
Consolidate Biased Tools

Biased objects are objects that are substantially the same but have one main
difference. A bag of marbles will have marbles of different colors. A library
will hold books made of different materials. There is often the need to operate
on all elements in the system, or to extend the functional range of a tool.
ExampleBig Hammer & Small

Hammer Combination
Step one: identify tools in
the system that operate on
products slightly different
from each other (biased).
Or, identify the need for
one tool to operate on
slightly different products.
202
Small
hammers
for small
nails
Large
hammers
for large
nails
TRIZ Power Tools
You might own a few different hammers. They are essentially the same,
but have one main difference. One is smaller than the other. The size
difference is mostly to aid in seeing the nail. (Having a hammer with
lower weight does not aid that much as the operator tends to strike less
vigorously). Both tools do the same thing and operate on the same type of
product, but there is a difference between the products: one is smaller
than the other. We say that the products are biased.
Step 2: Merge the two systems or cause
them to interact. If there is a common
element, use only one of these elements.
A consolidated hammer provides the same
function on small and large nails. The
head of the hammer is still able to operate
on different products.
Small and
Large Hammer
Combined
Merge Anti-Tools
Evolution of systems dictates that functions will eventually be combined with the
anti-function. The tool which performs the anti-function of your tool may already
exist in the super-system.
ExampleCombining a Hammer
& a Crowbar
While this may be a problem of the past, it still
helps to convey a familiar message. We will
consider tools related to the job of carpentry.
Step 1: Identify a tool within the system: We
identify a hammer for driving nails.
Step 2: Identify the anti-function of the tool: since the tool is used to
drive nails into wood, the anti-function would be to extract nails from the
wood.
Step 3: Identify objects within the system
which are already used to perform the antifunction: The crowbar is used to extract
nails, especially nails that didnt go in straight or were bent.
203
TRIZ Power Tools
Step 4: Merge the anti-tool with the tool. Consolidate

elements as much as possible. The crowbar is merged with
the hammer to create the familiar claw hammer.
Step 5: Look for unexpected capabilities: The hammer can
get into restricted locations.
Consolidate Elements that are Closely

Associated in the Job
Elements which are used in close proximity with each other
may be natural elements to combine together. Be careful that
something new arises. It is not sufficient that two objects
simply share the same structure. New capabilities should
emerge.
ExampleVegetable
Peeler
Step 1: Identify objects that are in close
proximity: knives, zesters.
Step 2: Consolidate these elements so that they
are easily used together. The knife is
incorporated into the blade as well as the zester. While the use of these
functions may be contiguous on certain vegetables, such as potatoes, it
may not be on others. This tool could be used to create unusual platter
decorations.
ExampleMultifunctional Camera
Step 1: Identify objects that are in close proximity: Digital movies,
binoculars, GPS, magnifying glass and internet.
Step 2: Consolidate these elements so that they are easily used together.
The above objects are combined in such a way that digital movies can be
shot, edited and played. The quality of viewing is sufficient to watch
commercial movies. The camera is also capable of extremely close-up
shots that effectively make it a magnifying glass. The internet capability
makes it possible to download movies from the internet. The GPS makes it
possible to do geo-caching or other outdoor navigational activities while
taking pictures or movies.
204
TRIZ Power Tools
Reduce the Required Space and Mass

By removing elements, we have already taken a big step towards reducing the
required space. Here we will complete the space reduction by looking at the
architecture and find ways to reduce the space needs.
Method
Step 1: Use unoccupied space. Identify the boundaries of
the object as it currently exists. Look for volumes of
unoccupied space. What elements can be moved within
this space? Look for volumes of occupied space that
perform little function. What elements can be moved
within this space?
Step 2: Change the orientation of objects. If objects were oriented
differently in 3-dimensional space, could it be made more compact?
Consider each element and try different orientations.
Step 3: Use space saving structures such as tubes, filaments, fabrics,
expanding materials and nested objects.
Step 4: Miniaturize. What components do we already know how to
miniaturize?
Step 5: Change the order of things. Put outside things inside. The horse
becomes the engine. The lock is in the door. The speaker is in the
computer.
Step 6: Use mass conserving structures such as cantilevers and cables.
Recursively Consolidate Elements

Continue the process of looking for opportunities to simplify by consolidating elements. In this
step, we return to the beginning of the consolidation step and start over with the new baseline
system. We consolidate as much as possible before moving on.
205
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify by Recursively Drawing the System

We have done just about everything that we know how to do to simplify the
system by removing, replacing and consolidating elements. During this
step, the mind is capable of rapid simplification by simply drawing the
system over and over again, each time making it a little more ideal. One of
the things that will be obvious to the mind during this step is space saving
features that can be added.
206
TRIZ Power Tools
Simplify by
Modularizing
The final approach to simplifying the system is to modularize elements according to the Value
Chain Evolution Theory 6. This theory states that when system performance or reliability is not
good enough to satisfy the demanding needs of a market, the architecture of these systems tend
to be, or remains, integrated. (i.e., not modular). In order to improve systems performance or
reliability, integrated systems require detailed coordination between different companies. Such
coordination is difficult or impossible with modular systems. Improvements or changes in one
location of the system influence other parts of the system. The whole must be tuned together.
As time goes on, the performance or reliability overshoots the needs of the market. Now the
industry competes on cost, convenience or delivery. In order to produce at ever decreasing costs
and to develop products faster, internal standards become industry standards and rules of thumb.
Products can be broken into modular elements which can be brought to market more rapidly. In
order for a part of a product to be modularized, it must be clear which attributes of the interface
are important. It is also necessary that these interface attributes can be verified. Finally, it is
necessary that the effects of changing an attribute are predictable.
Generally, the performance of a component must be degraded
somewhat in order to become a module. (Many of the attributes
Golden Rule of
can only be modified in increments, rather than continuously).
VCE:
Because the products have not overshot market demands, this
Integrate to improve
what is not good
degraded performance exhibited by modularized products is
enough and
acceptable, especially in exchange for higher speed-to-market or
outsource what is
more than good
convenience. If the performance is not good enough, most of the
enough
market will not accept this degraded performance.
Sub-systems or systems whose performance is still not good
Christensen, Clayton M., The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Boston,
MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.
Simplify by Modularizing
207
TRIZ Power Tools
enough remain integrated and surrounded by modular components. These integrated systems
continue to demand high margins because their performance is limited and still improving. Most
companies which create modules do not have the resources to tackle the problems of integrated
architectures.
Products using modular architectures can be produced at a lower cost than those produced using
integrated architectures. This outcome results in spite of more parts and the need for more
interface components. Lower total cost results from sourcing individual modules from one of
several highly price-competitive companies. Businesses which create such modules typically
operate with low margins due to intense competition. The performance of your module is good
enough and you compete on price and convenience.
As a side note, some companies are capable of making several modules and can remove the
expensive interfaces between the parts, further reducing costs.
Several conditions must be present to consider modularization. First, the system must have
overshot the expectations of the market in terms of performance and reliability. The system will
degrade in performance slightly as a result of modularization. Components will not be exactly
matched to each other, so it is necessary that you have enough of a performance margin to absorb
this impact. Next, exchanges across system interfaces must be well understood. Finally, rules of
thumb must apply well. It should not be necessary to perform complicated analysis in order to
determine the interactions.
Note that integrated systems are always surrounded by modular systems.
The integrated system is necessary because the performance or reliability
of that system is not yet good enough to modularize.
ExampleSoftware
Programmers will often turn large complicated programs into small
modules. This helps them to reuse code and avoid re-inventing.
However, the new concern becomes the interactions or interfaces.
208
Simplify by Modularizing
TRIZ Power Tools
Recursively Simplify
Go back to the first step of the simplifying algorithm and create a function diagram
for the new system. Do it all again until you are satisfied that you have done what
you can.
Understand that you may generate greater problems by simplifying the system.
That is OK. These problems are handled in Fixing Systems.
Recursively Simplify
209
TRIZ Power Tools
210
TRIZ Power Tools
Create a Compelling
Aesthetic Interface
Designs are not elegant until the user says Aha! 7 The design should be ergonomic as well as
create an emotional response. The emotional appeal should be directed towards the target
market. Elegance might not be the design goal of exercise equipment for muscle builders.
Some might argue that the aesthetic interface is a detail to be added later in the design. Actually,
we should consider aesthetics in the earliest stages of considering what a product should do. The
aesthetic function is an emotional function. What does the product do to the user or onlookers?
Designing the user interface up-front is the best place.
In our case, we have just ripped and torn apart a design and then reassembled it. This is a good
place to consider aesthetic appeal.
Elegant Solutions by Owen Edwards, Crown publishers, inc. New York, 2989
Create a Compelling Aesthetic Interface
211
TRIZ Power Tools
212
TRIZ Power Tools
Appendix: Working
With Functions
Functional Nomenclature
A system is not what it looks like. A system is what it does. Functional
language is a convenient and compact way to describe what a system does.
It is recognized that the proliferation of TRIZ terms is objectionable and
makes it difficult for the new student to translate between different
authors. Sometimes different terms are used to mean the same thing. In
order for the reader to translate while reading this text, a consistent
nomenclature will be established. It is hoped that this nomenclature will
already be familiar to most readers.
A System is a collection of physical objects that deliver a function.
Examples of a system might be a toaster or a car. Many different objects
make up a system, and they all work together to deliver a function to the
user which helps to perform a job or task. Objects in the system act upon
each other. In function analysis, interactions between two objects are
taken one at a time. Below is a generic function diagram showing its
parts.
Tool
Modification
Product
The physical element that is acted on will be referred to as the Product. (In
other texts, it may be referred to as the object or artifact.) The object that
acts on the Product is referred to as the Tool. What the tool does to the
product will be referred to as the Modification. (In some texts, this is
Appendix: Working with Functions
213
TRIZ Power Tools
referred to as the Action). It is usually a verb. The use of the term

Modification will be new to many readers; however it is used to stress
the requirement that the action verb must describe a change or control of
the attribute of the product. This is sometimes difficult for beginners to
grasp.
Beginners are encouraged, to use a longhand form of the modification.
The longhand form begins with Changes or Controls. For example,
we can describe the action that occurs between a tool liquid and a
product thermometer which is immersed in the liquid. The short form
of the modification is heats or cools. The longhand form of the
modification would be changes the temperature.
Liquid
Liquid
Changes the
Heats
Temperature
Thermometer
Thermometer
Longhand Form
Short Form
The use of the term modification helps the beginner to understand that
the tool and product must be physical elements. It also helps to correctly
describe confusing functions, such as how paint protects wood.
Beginners often write:
Paint
Protects
Wood
While the word Protects is a verb, it is not a modification, as it does not

describe a change or controlling of the wood. Insistence on using the
word Protects will hamper the problem solver in later steps. The
longhand form encourages the student to correctly break the forgoing
function into a small system of functions:
214
TRIZ Power Tools
Wood
Controls Location
Paint
Controls Location
Moisture
Once the longhand form is firmly entrenched, the student can usually
revert back to the short form of the modification for brevity.
Wood
Holds
Paint
Stops
Moisture
A function can be useful, harmful, useful but insufficient or excessive.

Useful functions can be distinguished by a solid line between the tool and
the product. Harmful functions use a wavy line. Insufficient functions use
a dashed line and excessive functions use two lines.
Following is a test for a correctly written function.
215
TRIZ Power Tools
Tests for Correctly Written Functions

This test can be used when you are beginning to write functions. Knowing
how to correctly write a function will help the problem solver at later
stages when the function is being fixed or idealized. It is difficult to
idealize or fix a function if it is not stated correctly.
Test 1: Are all of the Parts Present? One quality of a correctly stated
function is that the tool, modification and product are all clearly shown.
Tool
Modification
Product
Test 2: Are the tool and product something you could drop on your foot?
The tool and product are always physical objects when it comes to
physical phenomena. However, when software and business problems are
worked, there may be the need to consider virtual objects such as used in
object oriented software.
Test 3: Does the modification describe a physical change or control of the

product? If necessary, use the longhand form of the modification
(Changes Or Controls) to avoid confusion. In this example, we have
replaced the word heats with the words changes temperature. We are
signifying that the temperature of the water is changing over time because
functions denote what happens over time.
216
TRIZ Power Tools
If the system were being used to correct the temperature of the water over
the course of time, we would have chosen the word controls instead of
changes.
Pan
Pan
Changes
Heat
Temperature
Water
Water
Test 4: Does the tool directly modify the product? This is not a hard and
fast rule because sometimes brevity is required. However, it is important
to understand the chain of physics that is involved, and if you do choose to
be brief, it should be understood that this is a simplification and not a
description of the actual physics. In this case, the pan is an intermediary
for the heat to warm up the water. The flame does not directly affect the
heating of the water.
Flame
Heat
Water
Pan
Changes
Temperature
Water
217
TRIZ Power Tools
Test5: Is the correct function symbol used? It is possible to use other

symbols or colors to denote the type of function, as long as you are
consistent. Using such notation makes it easier to locate problem areas
when a function diagram is built.
Sufficient
Useful
Excessive
Useful
Harmful
Flawed
Useful
Test 6: Does it describe what is really happening? Be Careful with

Confusing Functions. Look at what you are trying to describe and think in
terms of the actual physics rather than describing what is happening in
sentences. In the case of a clothes dryer, the function of the clothes dryer
is not to act on the clothes, but rather the moisture that is in the clothes.
Hangers and irons operate on clothing. Dryers operate on moisture.
Dryer
Dryer
Dries
Clothes
218
Moves
Moisture
TRIZ Power Tools
Confusing Functions
As a matter of practicality, it is important that the modification be properly
described to ensure clear thinking. The modification must directly change
some attribute of the product. For instance, the modification could be the
density, position, color or smell of the product. In the shorthand form, the
modification is a verb. This cannot be just any verb, but only verbs that
describe a change or control of the product.
The selection of the verb can often be confusing. This is particularly true
when it comes to creating modifications from common English
descriptions of functions. For instance, we may say that a bottle lid seals
the bottle. This is an example of a confusing function. We might be
tempted to think that the lid is actually doing something to the bottle.
However, what is really happening has more to do with keeping the
contents of the bottle inside or what is outside from coming into the bottle.
We could state this in English is a less confusing fashion. The lid
constrains the content of the bottle and/or the lid constrains the outside
gases. Less related is the function that the bottle performs on the lid by
positioning it.
If there is confusion, one should consider using the
longhand form of the modification. This starts with the words Change
Control or Create, thus making it clear that some physical parameter
of the product must be physically influenced.
219
TRIZ Power Tools
220
Appendix: Table of Fields
TRIZ Power Tools
Appendix: Table of
Fields
221
TRIZ Power Tools
Centrifugal Force
Hydrostatic
Jet Pressure
Odor & Taste
Diffusion
Sound
Vibrations & Oscillations
Current
Corona Discharge
Appendix:
Table of
Thermal Heating
or Cooling
Electrostatic Field
Fields
Radio Waves
Micro-waves
Osmosis
Surface Tension
Chemical Fields
Ultrasound
Eddie Currents
(internal and skin)
Thermal Shocks
Waves
Particle Beams
Nuclear Forces
Magnetic Field
Electromagnetic
(Voltage)
Infrared
Adhesive
Coriolis
Force
Inertia of Bodies (Note

Direction)
Buoyant
222
Friction
Gravity
Elastic Force Internal

& External
Information
Visible Light
Ultra-violet
X-Ray

Simplifying

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Simplifying

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

TRIZ POWER TOOLS

Simplifying, Cost Reducing &

TRIZ Power Tools

TRIZ Power Tools by Collaborative Coauthors

Copyright 2010 by Collaborative Authors, All rights reserved

Third Millennium Publishing

Simplifying Systems ....................................................................................................................... 1

The Ideal Modification for Harmful Functions .................................................................... 169

TRIZ Power Tools

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify if there is a Requirement to Simplify

TRIZ Power Tools

ExampleCreating a New Product

ExampleHigh Cost Product

TRIZ Power Tools

TRIZ Power Tools

Represent the System

Draw a Function Diagram of the System

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Step 2: Add Super-System elements and identify the System product.

One curious function is that the tape holds itself.

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Following is the final function diagram of the tape dispensing system.

TRIZ Power Tools

because we consider the possibility of interactions between every element.

Business ExampleYear End Review

Step 3: Introduce Modification

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

end review, information is exchanged between the manager and the

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Discover More Functions by Mapping the

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Product LifeCycle Jobs

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Process Map the Offering

Step 3: For increased understanding of critical steps, break down process

Represent the System in Functional Form

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify Low Value Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

elimination or combination with other elements. People in the system

Identify Time Burdensome Functions

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

Step 2: Identify repetitive procedures: The entire process is repetitive for

Identify Functions that Waste

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements

TRIZ Power Tools

Identify Functions that Directly

Business ExampleCell Phone Minutes

Identify Burdensome Functions and Elements