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Introduction
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Computer
Networking: A Top
Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal:
get feel and
terminology
more depth, detail
later in course
approach:
use Internet as
example
overview:
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
Introduction 1-3
PC
server
wireless
laptop
smartphone
of connected
computing devices:
hosts = end systems
running network apps
communication
wireless
links
wired
links
links
fiber, copper, radio,
satellite
transmission rate:
bandwidth
global ISP
home
network
regional ISP
Packet
router
switches: forward
packets (chunks of data)
routers and switches
mobile network
institutional
network
Introduction 1-4
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator
Internet phones
Introduction 1-5
mobile network
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
Internet standards
home
network
regional ISP
institutional
network
Introduction 1-6
provides programming
interface to apps
mobile network
global ISP
home
network
regional ISP
Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
network protocols:
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
Introduction 1-10
network edge:
mobile network
global ISP
home
network
regional ISP
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks
institutional
network
Introduction 1-11
keep in mind:
Introduction 1-12
DSL splitter
modem
telephone
network
DSLAM
ISP
DSL access
multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
V
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C
O
N
T
R
O
L
Channels
cable splitter
modem
CMTS
cable modem
termination system
ISP
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
Introduction 1-16
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet
switch
institutional mail,
web servers
wireless LANs:
within building (100 ft)
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps
transmission rate
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction 1-18
two packets,
L bits each
2 1
host
time needed to
transmit L-bit
packet into link
L (bits)
R (bits/sec)
1-19
Physical media
Introduction 1-20
Introduction 1-21
signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum
no physical wire
bidirectional
propagation environment
effects:
reflection
obstruction by objects
interference
terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-22
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
Introduction 1-23
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Introduction 1-24
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
source
3 2 1
R bps
R bps
destination
R = 100 Mb/s
R = 1.5 Mb/s
D
E
queue of packets
waiting for output link
routing algorithm
3
2
2
1
1
3 2
Introduction 1-28
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Introduction 1-29
N
users
1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet
switching:
Introduction 1-30
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
net
global
ISP
access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
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access
net
access
net
access
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access
net
access
net
access
net
access
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access
net
access
net
ISP A
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
ISP C
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
ISP A
IXP
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
ISP C
access
net
peering link
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
ISP A
IXP
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
ISP C
access
net
access
net
regional net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
IXP
access
net
ISP A
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
ISP B
ISP B
access
net
access
net
regional net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
Tier 1 ISP
IXP
IXP
Regional ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
IXP
Regional ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
access
ISP
to/from backbone
peering
to/from customers
Introduction 1-41
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-42
A
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-43
propagation
B
nodal
processing
queueing
propagation
B
nodal
processing
queueing
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay
Introduction 1-45
Caravan analogy
100 km
ten-car
caravan
toll
booth
cars propagate at
100 km/hr
toll booth takes 12 sec to
service car (bit transmission
time)
car~bit; caravan ~ packet
Q: How long until caravan is
lined up before 2nd toll
booth?
100 km
toll
booth
toll
booth
100 km
toll
booth
Introduction 1-47
average queueing
delay
traffic intensity
= La/R
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
La/R ~ 0
La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-48
3 probes
3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-49
Introduction 1-50
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node,
by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area)
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction 1-51
Throughput
server,
withbits
server
sends
file of into
F bitspipe
(fluid)
to send to client
linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec)
linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-52
Throughput (more)
Rc bits/sec
Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-53
Rs
Rs
Rs
R
Rc
Rc
Rc
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-55
Protocol layers
Networks are complex,
with many pieces:
hosts
routers
links of various
media
applications
protocols
hardware,
software
Question:
is there any hope of
organizing structure of
network?
. or at least our
discussion of networks?
Introduction 1-56
ticket (complain)
baggage (check)
baggage (claim)
gates (load)
gates (unload)
runway takeoff
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
a series of steps
Introduction 1-57
ticket (complain)
ticket
baggage (check)
baggage (claim
baggage
gates (load)
gates (unload)
gate
runway (takeoff)
runway (land)
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
airplane routing
departure
airport
airplane routing
airplane routing
intermediate air-traffic
control centers
arrival
airport
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
application
transport
network
link
physical
application
presentation
session
transport
network
link
physical
Introduction 1-61
Encapsulation
source
message
segment
Ht
datagram Hn Ht
frame
Hl Hn Ht
application
transport
network
link
physical
link
physical
switch
M
Ht
Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht
destination
Hn Ht
application
transport
network
link
physical
Hl Hn Ht
network
link
physical
Hn Ht
router
Introduction 1-62
Protocol Hierarchies
Protocol layering is the main structuring method used
to divide up network functionality.
Each protocol instance
talks virtually to its peer
Each layer
communicates only by
using the one below
Lower layer services are
accessed by an interface
At bottom, messages
are carried by the
medium
Issue
Reliability despite
failures
Network growth
and evolution
Allocation of
resources like
bandwidth
Security against
various threats
CN5E by Tanenbaum & Wetherall, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall and D. Wetherall, 2011
Services to Protocols
Relationship
Reference Models
CN5E by Tanenbaum & Wetherall, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall and D. Wetherall, 2011
Link
IP is the
narrow waist
of the Internet
CN5E by Tanenbaum & Wetherall, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall and D. Wetherall, 2011
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
Introduction 1-78
Network security
Introduction 1-79
Introduction 1-80
Introduction 1-81
src:B dest:A
payload
A
src:B dest:A
payload
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-84
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1972:
ARPAnet public demo
NCP (Network Control
Protocol) first host-host
protocol
first e-mail program
ARPAnet has 15 nodes
Introduction 1-85
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
Introduction 1-86
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of
TCP/IP
1982: smtp e-mail
protocol defined
1983: DNS defined for
name-to-IP-address
translation
1985: ftp protocol defined
1988: TCP congestion
control
Introduction 1-87
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
early
1990s: ARPAnet
decommissioned
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995)
early 1990s: Web
hypertext [Bush 1945,
Nelson 1960s]
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990s:
commercialization of the Web
Introduction 1-88
Internet history
2005-present
Introduction: summary
covered a ton of material!
Internet overview
whats a protocol?
network edge, core, access
network
packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
security
history
Introduction 1-90