BAB 2

KAJIAN LITERATURE

2.1 The history of field track events athletics

Athletic sports, now known as the athletics is an attractive sports and are
very different from other sports. This is because in athletics there are
many good events for men and women, and these events either singly or
as a team. If in the football, only one gold medal made up for grabs in
most of the world's biggest sports such as Olympic, Asian or East Asian
Games, although there are at least eleven players in a team. In athletic
events bet the gold medal. With only won one event alone is enough to
get a medal. This means that in most sports that, gathering nearly 40
medals at stake for athletic events.
All events in athletics encompasses the run, jump and throw. An athlete
may be fortunate in one or two activities, but it is difficult for a person
skilled in all three events. Most athletes prefer to specify the participation
and their participation, especially at the international level. Thus they are
easier to improve performance and time to time by simply participating in
one or two events.
At the school, a student is allowed to take part in a number of specific
events they would prefer or who their master, either of the run, jump or
throw. Besides taking part in the individual events, they are also
encouraged to take part in team events such as run alternately. Therefore,
no surprise if we find in a school athletic meeting, one student was able to
win a lot of medals through various events.
However the invigilator or teacher trainers will provide advice and
guidance about an event that should be included or specified. This is due
to a higher level, techniques of a sporting event becomes more
complicated. Not possible an athlete can gain success in all events to join
them. So in order to avoid from find failure, of course the participant will
choose an appropriate event for him that promise a success. Even at the
international level once already, with only took part in a certain event only
one athlete is able to register a name at the highest level, and able to
serve as an example to the other athlete in the entire duma.

By doing this specialization, they can devote the entire attention to all
aspects of exercise who will they follow. In fact they will have special
coach event type their future undertakings. With that of course form of
training Exceeding specific and depth they will follow, and this form may
vary according to the difference of the event, even if all of them will follow
common training jointly.

2.2 Conversional Method

Make a 200m field track

The public know that the primary school course mostly just measuring 200
meters in accordance with physical students also fits the size of the
school. Before start it we've got to provide some appropriate equipment,
namely:I. Rope
II. Knife
III. Timber spikes
IV. Measuring Tape
V. The box/brick
VI. The spray Paint
VII. Sharp wood
VIII. Black Oil
IX. Sponge
X. Watering can

First of all is we should find the right angles (right square) for a field. Try
making accurate square-shaped shoe box maximum extent possible. How
to ensure that the rope is parallel to the box (can be replaced with other
things such as brick), the rope should be pegged away from the box (to
facilitate the process of oil pour).

Second, let us make the arch to four-lane 200-meter at the end of both
sides of the field. How to measure a distance of 20 yards down the field
then brought inwards, then locate the mid-point between the lines of the
20 meters (for race track of course 400 meters away is 36.5 meters).
Create the curbs at the point the heart take a rope fastened on a sharp
stick and then outlines the field. Use spray paint to mark the curves that
have been outlined above.

A suitable Alley is 1 meter, the same way is also required to make the
Arch on the other hand, then take the rope, a sign on the side of the field
a total of four lanes, whereas the opposite side is 8 lanes (including 4
panoramic views of 100 meters). The form of the field from the top is the
letter ' a ' small where the stick the letters ' a ' small is already at 100
meters, while the circle the letter ' a ' refers to the race track of 200
meters.
During the black oil was good pour started with both curve 200 meters
followed by four-lane 200-metre and last but not least is a 100 meters.
This is to prevent errors, to the start and finish lines are different colors
may also help to avoid confusion.

If the school has no car rollers can use pour oil black all the lines and
using a sponge which is fastened on a wooden trunk scrub black oil just
now as soon as possible (both is ideal). But this way is not recommended
because it is a black oil very much which is 5 barrels compared with 2
barrel car just use rollers.

2.3 Modern Method

Find an area of field using total station. Find its width and length.
To measure distances, land surveyors once used 100-foot long metal
tapes that are graduated in hundredths of a foot. An example of this
technique is shown in Figure 5.13. Distances along slopes were measured
in short horizontal segments. Skilled surveyors could achieve accuracies
of up to one part in 10,000 (1 centimetre error for every 100 meters
distance). Sources of error included flaws in the tape itself, such as kinks;
variations in tape length due to extremes in temperature; and human
errors such as inconsistent pull, allowing the tape to stray from the
horizontal plane, and incorrect readings.
Since the 1980s, electronic distance measurement (EDM) devices
have allowed surveyors to measure distances more accurately and more
efficiently than they can with tapes. To measure the horizontal distance
between two points, one surveyor uses an EDM instrument to shoot an
energy wave toward a reflector held by the second surveyor. The EDM
records the elapsed time between the wave's emission and its return from
the reflector. It then calculates distance as a function of the elapsed time
(not unlike what weve learned about GPS!). Typical short-range EDMs can
be used to measure distances as great as 5 kilometres at accuracies up to
one part in 20,000, twice as accurate as taping.
Instruments called total stations combine electronic distance
measurement and the angle measuring capabilities of theodolites in one
unit. Next we consider how these instruments are used to measure

horizontal positions in relation to established control networks.

A modern total station.

Combining Angles and Distances to Determine Positions
Surveyors have developed distinct methods, based on separate control
networks, for measuring horizontal and vertical positions. In this context,
a horizontal position is the location of a point relative to two axes: the
equator and the prime meridian on the globe, or to the x and y axes in a
plane coordinate system.
We will now introduce two techniques that surveyors use to create and
extend control networks (triangulation and trilateration) and two other
techniques used to measure positions relative to control points (open and
closed traverses).
Surveyors typically measure positions in series. Starting at control points,
they measure angles and distances to new locations, and use
trigonometry to calculate positions in a plane coordinate system.
Measuring a series of positions in this way is known as "running a
traverse." A traverse that begins and ends at different locations, in which
at least one end point is initially unknown, is called an open traverse. A
traverse that begins and ends at the same point, or at two different but

known points, is called a closed traverse. "Closed" here does not mean
geometrically closed (as in a polygon) but mathematically closed (defined
as: of or relating to an interval containing both its endpoints). By "closing"
a route between one known location and another known location, the
surveyor can determine errors in the traverse.
Measurement errors in a closed traverse that connects at the point where
it started can be quantified by summing the interior angles of the polygon
formed by the traverse. The accuracy of a single angle measurement
cannot be known, but since the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is
always (n-2) 180, it's possible to evaluate the traverse as a whole, and
to distribute the accumulated errors among all the interior angles. Errors
produced in an open traverse, one that does not end where it started,
cannot be assessed or corrected. The only way to assess the accuracy of
an open traverse is to measure distances and angles repeatedly, forward
and backward, and to average the results of calculations. Because
repeated measurements are costly, other surveying techniques that
enable surveyors to calculate and account for measurement error are
preferred over open traverses for most applications.

2.5 FIELD TRACK

2.5.1 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO BUILD FIELD TRACK
Build the field track require ample, grassy spaces and flat. The course will
be constructed already should have an area of need. The size of the field
will determine the length and width of the race track area that will be
built.
2.5.2 THE FORM OF FIELD TRACK

(Regulation 160 MAAU) Oval shape already is. Where the two parts are
straight (the same distance) and 2 sections longer curved (same
distance).
2.5.3 DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
The direction of movement already is moving counterclockwise.

2.5.4 AREA OF FIELD TRACK

For field track of 400 meters, the area of the following is needed:
- More 16804 m2 (8 lanes)
- 15480 m2-16,000 m2 (6 lanes)
- 14210 15450 m2 (4 lanes)
For field track of 300 meters, the area of the following is needed:
- More 10240 m2 (8 lanes)
- 9210-10200 m2 (6 lanes)
- 8230-9200 m2 (4 lanes)
For field track of 200 meters, the area of the following is needed:
- 5448.86 m2 (8 lanes)
- 4710.18 m2 (6 lanes)