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Matter that is divided into pure and impure substances can be further categorized. Pure substances can be divided into
'elements' and 'compounds';
Impure substances, commonly called 'mixtures' can be further divided into homogeneous' and 'heterogeneous' mixtures.
Pure Substances
A pure substance has the same composition throughout. For example, different samples of water, prepared by different
methods, by different people at different places always consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:8 by mass and 2:1 by
volume. The distinctive features of pure substances are:
A pure substance is composed of the same kind of particles e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, water, sodium chloride, etc.
A pure substance has the same composition throughout. For example, different samples of water, prepared by different
methods, by different people at different places always consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:8 by mass and 2:1 by
volume. If any sample has a different ratio of these elements, then it certainly is not water.
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Remember :
A solution of salt in water or sugar solution being homogeneous appears to consist of one type of particles. But it is made up of
more than one kind of particles. Hence it is not a pure substance. It is a mixture.
Pure substances can be classified into elements and compounds.
Lavoisier, a French chemist, was the first to do this on the basis of quantitative studies. He showed that when we heat
mercuric oxide it changes into mercury and oxygen.
Mercuric oxide is a compound because it decomposes into simpler substances, whereas mercury and oxygen cannot be
further decomposed into anything simpler as they are elements.
Element
An element is defined as a pure substance as it is made up of only one kind of atoms having the same atomic
number.
The smallest particle of an element is the atom, which has all the properties of that element. It cannot be further reduced to
simpler substances by ordinary physical or chemical processes. Example : Hydrogen and oxygen
Remember :
Noble gases, some metals, carbon, silicon etc. have only one atom in their molecules. These are called monatomic molecules.
Some elements have two atoms in their molecules. These are called diatomic molecules e.g., hydrogen (H 2), oxygen (O2),
nitrogen (N2), chlorine (Cl2), etc. Those elements that have more than two atoms in their molecules are said to be polyatomic.
For example a molecule of phosphorus consist four atoms (P 4), and that of sulphur contains eight atoms (S8).
Elements can be broadly divided into four categories: Metals, non-metals, metalloids and noble gases.
Metals : These are generally solids with characteristics such as hardness, malleability, ductility, high tensile strength,
lustre and ability to conduct heat and electricity. Example: Copper, iron, zinc etc.
Non-metals : These are generally non-lustrous, brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity. Example: Sulphur,
phosphorus, nitrogen etc.
Metalloids : Metalloids are those elements that have properties, which lie in-between those of metals and non-metals.
Example: Arsenic, tin, bismuth etc.
Noble gases : Are a group of six elements that do not combine with other elements and tend to exist by themselves. They
are characterized by extreme chemical inactivity.. Example: Neon, helium, argon etc.
Compound
A compound is a pure substance that is formed by the combination of atoms of two or more elements by either
transfer or by sharing of electrons.
The atoms of the different elements in a compound are chemically combined in a fixed and constant proportion. If this
proportion is different, the same elements produce entirely a different compound.
Example : Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen present in the ratio of 2:1 by volume and 1:8 by weight; if the ratio
by volume changes to 1:1 and by weight to 1:16, it forms an entirely new compound called hydrogen peroxide. Thus,
compounds are represented by a definite formula with its constituents combined in fixed proportions.
While the combination of two or more elements forms a compound, similarly, two or more simple compounds can form a
complex compound by a process called synthesis.
A compound as a pure substance can be decomposed into simpler substances by some suitable chemical technique.
However, the properties of compounds are absolutely different from the properties of the elements that constitute the
compound.
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For instance, hydrogen is combustible and oxygen is a supporter of combustion. But their product, water, neither burns, nor
helps in burning. It actually extinguishes fire.
Another familiar example is that of sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a violently reactive metal while chlorine is a highly
poisonous gas with a choking and irritating smell. One cannot even think of consuming a piece of sodium or breathing in
chlorine as such. But their product, i.e., sodium chloride, is consumed by all of us daily in the form of common salt.
Formation of a compound is a chemical process and always involves exchange of energy.
For example, hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water, liberating heat. Nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitric oxide by
absorbing heat. During the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbohydrate with absorption
of light energy. The elements present in a compound can be re-obtained only by chemical processes. Water can be
decomposed to hydrogen and oxygen only by electrolysis. If we bring a magnet near a sample of iron sulphide, the iron
present in the iron sulphide cannot be separated.
We can summarize the properties of compounds as follows :
A compound has a fixed melting point and boiling point. For example, ice melts at 0 oC.
The constituents of a mixture can be separated by physical means like filtration, evaporation, sublimation and magnetic
separation.
The constituents of a mixture retain their original set of properties. For example, magnet attracts iron filings in a mixture of
sand and iron powder.
Types of Mixtures
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Matter
MixtureType
Example
Solid
Solid mixture
Solid
Liquid mixture
Solid
Gas mixture
Liquid
Gas mixture
Gas
Gas mixture
Liquid
Liquid mixture
Compounds
Remember :
The components hydrogen and oxygen cannot be separated by physical methods such as filtration or evaporation.
Energy changes accompany the formation of this compound i.e., heat and light are given out.
Properties of water are entirely different from the constituents, hydrogen and oxygen.
Types of Mixtures
Mixtures can be classified based on the composition and can be broadly divided into three groups, depending on whether the
constituents are elements or compounds or both.
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c) Copper and zinc alloy.
Liquid
Gas
Solid
Dust in air
Liquid
clouds
Air
Gas
Compounds
Mixtures
Composition
Nature
Structure
Always homogeneous
Separation
Energy
changes
Appearance
Preparation
Properties
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Separation of the Constituents of Mixtures
The separation of the various constituents of different mixtures depends on the properties of the constituents. Some of these
properties are size, density, magnetic nature of particles, solubility, miscibility, differences in boiling and melting points,
sublimability, diffusibility and absorbance.
Decantation is the process by which, a clear liquid obtained after sedimentation, is transferred into another container,
without disturbing the settled particles. After the tealeaves have settled down, the clear tea (liquor) from the top can be
poured into a cup. This transfer of the clear tea is called decantation.
7
French chemist A. Lavoisier laid the foundation to the scientific investigation of matter by describing that substances react by
following certain laws. These laws are called the laws of chemical combination. These later on formed the basis of Dalton's
Atomic Theory of Matter.
Law of Conservation of
Mass
According to this law, during any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the products remains equal to the total
mass of the reactants.
Example 1 : If 10 grams of CaCO3 on heating gave 4.4g of CO2 and 5.6g of CaO, show that these observations are in
agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
Solution : Mass of the reactants = 10gMass of the products = 4.4 + 5.6g = 10gSince the mass of the reactants is equal
to the mass of the products, the observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
Burning of carbon
But the different samples of CO2 always contain carbon and oxygen in the ratio of 3: 8.
Example 2 :
When 1.375g of cupric oxide was reduced on heating in a current of hydrogen, the weight of copper that
remained was 1.098g. In another experiment 1.179g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and resulting copper nitrate
converted into cupric oxide by ignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed was 1.476g. Show that these results illustrate the
law of constant proportion.
Solution:
First experiment
Copper oxide = 1.375g
Copper left = 1.098g
Oxygen present = 1.375 - 1.098 = 0.277g
Second Experiment
Copper taken = 1.179g
Copper oxide formed = 1.476g
Oxygen present = 1.476 - 1.179 = 0.297g
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Percentage of oxygen is approximately the same in both the above cases. So the law of constant composition is illustrated.
Examples 3:
Hydrogen and oxygen are known to form 2 compounds. The hydrogen content in one is 5.93% while in the other it is 11.2%.
Show that this data illustrates the law of multiple proportions.
Solution:
In the first compound hydrogen = 5.93%
Oxygen = (100 5.93) = 94.07%
In the second compound hydrogen = 11.2%
Oxygen = (100 11.2) = 88.88%
Ratio of the masses of oxygen that combine with fixed mass of hydrogen 15.86: 7.9 or 2:1
The ratio illustrates the law of multiple proportions.
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Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and other properties.
Each element is composed of its own kind of atoms. Atoms of different elements are different in all respects.
Atoms combine with each other in simple whole number ratios to form compound atoms called molecules.
Atoms cannot be created, divided or destroyed during any chemical or physical change.
Nature of Atom
The atom is the smallest particle of an element, which may or may not have independent existence. It is made up of subatomic particles like electrons, protons and neutrons. Atoms of one type of element differ from those of the other due to
different number of sub-atomic particles.
Name in English
Symbol
1.
Lithium
Li
2.
Sodium
Na
3.
Magnesium
Mg
4.
Aluminium
Al
5.
Potassium
6.
Calcium
Ca
7.
Vanadium
8.
Chromium
Cr
9.
Manganese
Mn
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Sl. No
Name in English
Symbol
10.
Iron
Fe
11.
Cobalt
Co
12.
Nickel
Ni
13.
Copper
Cu
14.
Zinc
Zn
15.
Gallium
Ga
16.
Strontium
Sr
17.
Molybdenum
Mo
18.
Silver
Ag
19.
Cadmium
Cd
20.
Tin
Sn
21.
Antimony
Sb
22.
Barium
Ba
23.
Tungsten
24.
Platinum
Pt
25.
Mercury
Hg
26.
Lead
Pb
27.
Bismuth
Bi
28.
Polonium
Po
29.
Radium
Ra
30.
Uranium
Non - metal
Physical State
Symbol
1.
Hydrogen
Gas
2.
Nitrogen
Gas
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Sl. No
Non - metal
Physical State
Symbol
3.
Oxygen
Gas
4.
Fluorine
Gas
5.
Chlorine
Gas
Cl
6.
Bromine
Liquid
Br
7.
Astatine
Solid
At
8.
Carbon
Solid
9.
Iodine
Solid
10.
Sulphur
Solid
11.
Phosphorus
Solid
12.
Silicon
Solid
Si
Nobel Gas
Symbol
1.
Helium
He
2.
Neon
Ne
3.
Argon
Ar
4.
Krypton
Kr
5.
Xenon
Xe
6.
Radon
Rn
1/12 the
Thus,Relative atomic mass (RAM) of an element is the number of times one atom of an element is heavier than 1/12 the mass
of an atom of carbon [C-12].
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For example, if 1 atom of Na weighs as much as 23 parts of 1/12 of 12C isotopes, then the atomic mass of sodium is 23 a.m.u.
Remember:
Atomic masses are not expressed as whole numbers because natural elements are mixtures of two or more isotopes. The
atomic weight of chlorine is 35.43 amu. Chlorine exists as two isotopes
Gram atomic mass is the relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams.
Molecule Formation
Atoms of most of the elements do not exist independently. They either form molecules or ions.
An atom having a charge on it is called an ion. When an atom loses or gains charge, it gets converted into a positively or
negatively charged ion respectively. Ions may consist of single charged atoms or a group of atoms that have a net charge on
them.
Molecules are formed by combination of atoms or ions by chemically bonding to each other or held by attractive forces due to
the charges.
If the molecule is made up of atoms of the same element it is said to be homo-atomic. Examples: O 2, N2
If the molecule is made up of atoms of the different elements it is said to be hetero-atomic. Examples: CO 2, H2O, SO3,
HCl
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Depending upon the number of atoms in one molecule of the element it can be classified as:
The number of atoms, which constitute one molecule of an element, is called its atomicity.
Phosphorus: P4 - 4 atomicity
Sulphur: S8 - 8 atomicity
Oxygen: O2 - 2 atomicity
Recently a different form of carbon - C60 has been discovered. It is named Buckministerfullerene and has an atomicity of sixty.
A molecule of a compound consists of two or more atoms of different elements joined together in a fixed ratio.
Examples: CuSO4 contains Cu - 1 atom, S - 1 atom, O - 4 atoms
Molecular formula
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A chemical formula that represents the composition of a molecule of the substance in terms of the symbols of the elements
present in the molecule is also called molecular formula. Discrete molecules can be described by this formula. As it represents
one molecule of the substance giving the names and number of atoms of the various elements present, it denotes the
molecular mass of the substance.
For example, the molecular formula of water is H 2O, which means that one molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen. This also represents the molar mass, which is the sum of the gram atomic mass of all the atoms.
Gram atomic mass of 2 hydrogen atoms = 2 x 1.008 g
Gram atomic mass of oxygen atom = 16 g
Total molecular mass = 18 g
Molecular
Acid
formula
Molecular
formula
Hydrochloric acid
HCL
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
Nitric acid
HNO3
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Sulphurous acid
H2SO3
phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Nitrous acid
HNO2
Molecular
Base
formula
Molecular
formula
Ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH
Aluminium hydroxide
Al(OH)3
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Zinc hydroxide
Zn(OH)2
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
Iron(II) hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Iron(II) hydroxide
Fe(OH)2
Magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
Copper(II) hydroxide
Cu(OH)2
Molecular
Oxide
formula
Molecular
formula
Na2O
Iron(II) oxide
FeO
Potassium oxide
K2O
Iron(II)oxide
Fe2O3
Calcium oxide
CaO
Lead(II)oxide
PbO
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Molecular
oxide
Molecular
Oxide
formula
formula
Magnesium oxide
MgO
Lead(4)oxide
PbO2
Aluminum oxide
Al2O3
copper(II)oxide
CuO
Zinc oxide
ZnO
Mercury(II)oxide
HgO
Molecular Formula
Molecular Formula
Sodium carbonate
Na2CO3
Mg(HCO3)3
NaHCO3
Aluminum carbonate
Al2(C03)3
Potassium carbonate
K2C03
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
KHCO3
FeCO3
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
PbCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
SnCO3
Magnesium carbonate
MgCO3
CuCO3
Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance is the relative mass of its molecule as compared with the mass of a
units. It indicates the number of times; one molecule of the substance is heavier than
12
atom.
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MOLE CONCEPT
Since it is not possible to calculate the weight of particles individually, a collection of such particles called mole is taken for all
practical purposes. It was discovered that the number of atoms present in 12g of carbon of
This is referred to as Avogadro number after the discoverer Avogadro.
12
A mole of a gas is the amount of a substance containing 6.023 x 10 23 particles. It is a basic unit of the amount or quantity of a
substance. The substance may be atoms, molecules, ions or group of ions.
Avogadro discovered that under standard conditions of temperature and pressure, (1 atm and 273 K) a sample of gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
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Molar Volume
One mole of any gas at STP will have a volume of 22.4 L. This is called molar volume.
The molar volume [22.4 L at STP] plays a vital role in stoichiometric calculations because it is the link between volume and
mass in reactions involving gases.
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Important Relationships
Example: 1
Calculate the volume occupied by 2.8 g of N2 at STP.
Solution:
Molecular weight of N2 = 2 x 14 = 28 g
28 g of N2 at STP occupies = 22.4 L
2.8 g of N2 at STP = ?
Example: 2
Calculate gram molecular weights of the following gases:
a. N2 (if 360 cm3 at STP weighs 0.45g)
b. Cl2 (if 308 cm3 at STP weighs 0.97g)
Solution:
Back to Top
a. 360 cm3 of N2 = 0.45g
22.4L of gas = 1 gram molecular weight
22.4L = 22,400 cm3. (1L = 1000 cm3)
360 cm3 of N2 = 0.45g
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22,400 cm3 of N2 = ?
cm3 of Cl2 = ?
Molecular weight of Cl2 = 71.9 g
Example: 3
What is the volume of 32 g of sulphur dioxide measured at STP?
Solution:
Molecular formula = SO2
Molecular weight = 1 x 32 + 2 x 16 = 64 g
64g of SO2 occupies 22.4 L
32 g of SO2 = ?
Example: 4
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Calculate the volume at S.T.P. of 7.1g of chlorine.
Solution:
Cl = 35.51
mole of a substance = 22.4 L
1 Mole of a substance = 1 GMM
1 GMM of Cl2 = 71 g
71 g of Cl2 = 22.4 L
7.1 g of Cl2 = ?
Example: 5
Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen in 7g of nitrogen.
Solution:
1 mole of N2 = 1 GMM
1 mole of N2 = 2 x 14g = 28g
1 mole = 28 g
?=7g
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Example: 6
Calculate the mass of 0.4 moles of water.
Solution:
1 GMM of water (H2O) = 2 x 1 + 16 = 18 g.18 g = 1 moleXg = 0.4 moles
weigh 7.2 g.
Example: 7
Back to Top
Calculate the gram atoms present in 8g of oxygen.
Solution:
Back to Top
Example: 8
Back to Top
Calculate the gram molecules present in 45 g of water.
Solution:
Back to Top
Example: 9
Back to Top
Calculate the number of molecules in 500g of sodium chloride.
Solution:
Back to Top
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1 GMM = 6.023 x 1023 molecules23 + 35.5 g = 58.5g = 1 GMM of NaCl58.5g = 6.023 x 10 23molecules500g = ?
The number of molecules in 500g of sodium chloride= 34.2 x 6.023 x10 23 molecules
Example: 10
Back to Top
About 0.48 g of a gas forms 100 cm3 of vapours at STP. Calculate the gram molecular weight of the gas.
Solution:
Back to Top
Gram
Example: 11
Back to Top
Calculate the percentage by weight of all the elements present in calcium carbonate.
Solution:
Back to Top
Calcium carbonate = CaCO3 Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16GMM = 1 x 40 + 1 x 12 + 3 x 16= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 g
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Example: 12
Back to Top
Calculate the percentage by weight of potassium in potassium dichromate.
Solution:
Back to Top
Potassium dichromate = K2Cr2O7GMM = (2 x 39) + (2 x 52) + (7 x 16)= 78 + 104 + 112 g = 294 g
Example:
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Organic Compound
Empirical Formula
Molecular Formula
Benzene
C1H1
C6H6
Glucose
C1H2O1
C6H12O6
How can we differentiate a molecular formula from an empirical formula? If the subscripts in the formula have a common
divisor, it is usually a molecular formula. Generally the empirical formula is multiplied by this common divisor to get the
molecular formula.
Example:
Back to Top
Empirical formula of acetic acid is CH2OMolecular formula is CH3COOH = C2H4O2
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C1H2O1 x 2 = C2H4O2 [Molecular formula]
Steps for Calculation
Find out relative number of atoms by dividing percentage of weight by atomic weight.
Choose the simplest and the smallest ratio; divide all the ratios by it
If whole numbers are not obtained, then multiply it by a smallest integer to make it whole.
Example: 13
Back to Top
An oxide of iron contains 72.41% of iron. Calculate the empirical formula for the oxide of iron [Fe = 56; O=16].
Solution:
Back to Top
Element
% by wt
At wt
Simple Ratio
Fe
72.41
56
72.41/56 = 1.29
1.29/1.29 = 1 x 3 = 3
27.59
16
27.59/16 = 1.72
1.72/1.29 = 1.33 x 3 = 4
Example: 14
Back to Top
Calculate the molecular formula of a compound with vapour density of 30 having 40% carbon; 6.67% of hydrogen and the rest
is oxygen.
Solution:
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Back to Top
Element
% by wt
At wt
Simple Ratio
40
12
40/12 = 3.33
3.33/3.33 = 1
6.67
6.67/1 = 6.67
6.67/3.33 = 2
100 - 46.67
16
53.33/16 = 3.33
3.33/3.33 = 1
Example: 15
Back to Top
A compound has molecular formula C5H10., what is its empirical formula?
Solution:
Back to Top
Question 2
Back to Top
Question: What is the difference between symbol of an element and formula of an element?
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Molecular
25
Answer: Symbol of an element represents the name of the element. It also represents one atom of the element. Example: H
represents hydrogen and C represents carbon A formula of an element represents the number of atoms in the molecule of the
compound. One molecule of hydrogen element contains two atoms of hydrogen; therefore the formula of hydrogen is H 2. 2H
represents two separate atoms of hydrogen, whereas H 2 represents 1 molecule of hydrogen similarly the molecular formula of
oxygen element and chlorine element is O2 and Cl2.
Question 3
Back to Top
Question: Define atomic mass of an element.
Answer:
12 units.
The atomic mass of an element is the relative mass of its atom as compared to the mass of C - 12 atom taken as
Question 4
Back to Top
Question: State the laws of chemical combination.
Answer:
i) Law of Conservation of Mass: The law states that during any physical or chemical change, the total mass of the product
remains equal to the total mass of the reactants.
ii) Law of Constant Composition: The law states that a chemical compound always contains same elements combined
together in the same proportion by mass.
iii) Law of Multiple Proportions: The law states that when two elements combine with each other to form two or more
compounds, the masses of one of the elements, which combine with fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio
to one another.
Question 5
Back to Top
Question: In an experiment it was found that litharge, red oxide of lead and lead peroxide contained 92.83%, 90.6% and
86.6% of lead respectively. Show that these figures are in agreement with the Law of Multiple Proportions.
Answer:
The amount of oxygen = 100 - 92.83 = 7.17% 7.17g of O 2 combines with 92.83g of lead
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In lead peroxide, the amount of lead = 86.6%
The amount of oxygen = 100 - 86.6 = 13.4%
13.4g of oxygen combines with 86.6g of lead
Thus, the different weights of lead combining with fixed weight (1g) of oxygen are in the ratio 12.947: 9.638: 6.462 = 2:1.5: 1 or
4: 3: 2
This is in line with the law of multiple proportions.
Question 6
Back to Top
Question: What do you understand by atomicity of an element? Give an example of a polyatomic molecule.
Answer: The number of atoms that constitute one molecule of an element is called its atomicity. Sulphur is a polyatomic
molecule: S8 - 8 is the atomicity.
Question 7
Back to Top
Question: What do the following stand for? (i) P4 and 4P (ii) O2 and 2O
Answer:
Question 8
Back to Top
Question: How many gram atoms are present in 69 grams of sodium?
Answer:
Question 9
Back to Top
Question: The mass of a single atom of an element Z is 2.65x10 -23g. What is its gram atomic mass?
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Answer:
Question 10
Back to Top
Question: What is gram molecular mass?
Answer: The amount of a substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its molecular mass is called gram
molecular mass.
Question 11
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Question: Calculate the molar mass of HNO3. [N = 14, O = 16, H = 1]
Answer:
H = 1 x 1 = 01
N = 14 x 1 = 14
O = 16 x 3 = 48
Total mass = 63 grams
Molar mass of HNO3= 63 grams
Question 12
Back to Top
Question: Calculate the formula mass of CaCl2. [Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5]
Answer:
Question 13
Back to Top
Question: A certain non-metal X forms two oxides I and II. The mass percentage of oxygen in oxide I (X 4O6) is 43.7, which is
same as that of X in oxide II. Find the formula of the second oxide.
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Answer:
Now 43.7 parts of oxygen in I corresponds to = 6 oxygen atoms
Question 14
Back to Top
Question: (i) Calculate the mass of 0.2 moles of water (O=16, H=1).
(ii) What is the volume of 7.1 g of chlorine (Cl=35.5) at S.T.P.
Answer:
Question 15
Back to Top
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Question: The reaction between aluminium carbide and water takes place according to the following equation:
Calculate the volume of CH4 released from 14.4 g of Al4C3 by excess water at S.T.P. (C = 12, Al = 27)
Answer:
Question 16
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Question: A compound of sodium, sulphur and oxygen has the following percentage composition. Na=29.11%, S=40.51%,
O=30.38%. Find its empirical formula (O=16, Na=23, S=32).
Answer:
Empirical formula is NaSO1.5 or to its nearest whole number i.e., the formula is Na 2S2O3.
Question 17
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Question: Solid ammonium dichromate with relative molecular mass of 252 g decomposes according to the equation.
(i) What volume of nitrogen at S.T.P will be evolved when 63 g of (NH 4)2Cr2O7 is decomposed?
(ii) If 63 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated above 1000C, what will be the loss of mass? (H=1, N=14, O=16, Cr=52).
Answer:
252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 gives one mole or 22.4 litres of N2 at S.T.P as per the given equation.
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Products as vapours are N2 and H2O.
The transformation of solids and liquids into gaseous substances results in loss of mass.
Total weight of gaseous products = {(2 x 14) + 4 (2 x 1) + 16}
= 28 + 72 = 100 g
Heating 252 g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 causes 100 g loss of mass.
Question 18
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Question: How many litres of ammonia are present in 3.4 kg of it? (N = 14, H = 1)
Answer:
=
= 4480 litres.
Question 19
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Question: About 640 mL of carbon monoxide is mixed with 800 mL of oxygen and ignited in an enclosed vessel. Calculate
the total volume of gases after the burning is completed. All volumes are measured at S.T.P.
Answer:
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Therefore the total volume of gases after burning is 480 + 640 = 1120 mL.
Question 20
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Question: Calculate the number of moles of ammonium sulphate present in 15.84 kg of it. (H=1, N=14, O=16, S=32)
Answer:
= (2 x 14) + (2 x 4) + 32 + (16 x 4)
= 132 a.m.u.
132 g of (NH4)2SO4 = 1 mole
Question 21
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Question: What is the mass of 0.2 mole of lead nitrate? (N=14, O=16, Pb=207).
Answer:
= 207 + 28 + 96
= 331
1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 is 331 g
Therefore 0.2 mole of Pb(NO3)2 is 331 x 0.2 = 66.2 g
Question 22
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Question: Find the total percentage of oxygen in magnesium nitrate crystals i.e., Mg(NO 3)2.6H2O (Atomic weight: H=1, N=14,
O=16, Mg=24).
Answer:
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Question 23
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Question: A compound has the following percentage composition H=2.04%, S=32.65%, O=65.31%. Relative molecular
mass of the compound = 98. Calculate its molecular formula (H = 1, S = 32, O = 16).
Answer:
Empirical formula is H2SO4
Empirical formula mass = (2 x 1) + 32 + (16 x 4) = 98.
Relative molecular mass = 98
Question 24
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Question: Calculate the amount of nitrogen supplied to soil by 1 quintal (100 kg) of ammonium nitrate (N=14, H=1, O=16).
Answer:
= 80 g
Molecular weight of N in the above formula = 14 x 2 = 28
80 units of NH4NO3 yield 28 units of Nitrogen.
Question 25
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Question: Identify diatomic molecules from the following: (i) HCl (ii) P4 (iii) He (iv) O3 (v) H2S (vi) CO
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Answer:
Question: In water, hydrogen and oxygen are present in the ratio of ________.
1.
1:8
2.
2:12
3.
2:3
4.
1:2
Answer:
Question 2
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Question: An example of a triatomic molecule is ___________.
1.
Ozone
2.
Nitrogen
3.
Carbon monoxide
4.
Hydrogen
Answer:
Question 3
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Question: The quantity of matter present in an object is called its _________.
1.
Mass
2.
Volume
3.
Density
4.
Vapour pressure
Answer:
Question 4
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Question: Indivisibility of an atom was proposed by ___________.
1.
Dalton
2.
Rutherford
3.
Thomson
4.
Bohr
Answer:
Question 5
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Question: The value of Avogadro constant is ___________.
1.
6.022 x 1024
2.
6.022 x 1022
3.
60.22 x 1023
4.
6.022 x 1023
Answer:
Question 6
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Question: All samples of carbon dioxide contain carbon and oxygen in the mass ratio of 3:8. This is in agreement with the
Law of ___________.
1.
Conservation of Mass
2.
Constant Proportion
3.
Multiple Proportion
4.
Reciprocal Proportion
Answer:
Question 7
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Question: The atomic mass of sodium is 23. The number of moles in 46g of sodium is ________.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer:
Question 8
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Question: The molecular formula of potassium nitrate is ________.
1.
KNO
2.
KNO3
3.
KNO2
4.
KON
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Answer:
Question 9
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Question: Kalium is the Latin name of ________.
1.
Potassium
2.
Krypton
3.
Calcium
4.
Phosphorus
Answer:
Question 10
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Question: The smallest particle of a substance that is capable of independent existence is _________.
1.
Atom
2.
Molecule
3.
Electron
4.
Proton
Answer:
Question 11
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Question:
1.
Atomic number
2.
Atomic mass
3.
4.
Number of electrons
Answer:
Question 12
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Question:
1.
1.25
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2.
15
3.
14
4.
12
Answer:
Question 13
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Question: The molecular mass of ammonia is _________.
1.
17 grams
2.
31 grams
3.
20 grams
4.
25 grams
Answer:
Question 14
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Question: Atomic mass of calcium is 40. The mass of 2.5 gram atoms of calcium is _______.
1.
40 g
2.
2.5 g
3.
100 g
4.
80 g
Answer:
Question 15
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Question: The number of atoms in a molecule of the elementary substance is called ________.
1.
Atomic number
2.
Avogadro number
3.
Atomic mass
4.
Atomicity
Answer:
Question 16
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Question: Avogadro number represents the number of atoms in ________.
1.
12 grams of 12C
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2.
3.
32 grams of oxygen
4.
1 gram of 12C
Answer:
Question 17
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Question: The number of moles in 5 grams of calcium is _________.
1.
0.125 mole
2.
5 mole
3.
1.25 mole
4.
12.5 moles
Answer:
Question 18
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Question: 2 molecules of nitrogen are represented by ________.
1.
2.
2N2
3.
N2
4.
2N
Answer:
Question 19
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Question: One mole of H2O corresponds to
1.
2.
3.
18 g
4.
1g
Answer:
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Question 20
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Question: The number of molecules in 4.25 g of ammonia is approximately
1.
1.0 x 1023
2.
1.5 x 1023
3.
2.0 x 1023
4.
3.5 x 1023
Answer:
Question 21
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Question: A sample contains 22 g of carbon dioxide. This is equal to
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer: 3
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