Chapter 01

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
In previous years, due to reduction in natural resources for generating
energy, energy efficient technologies have taken a great importance
internationally. Especially illumination sources which are used on very high
scale. Street lights are one of them. Street light system uses many
technologies, now a days HID lamps are used most. Whereas power
consumed by HID lamps is very large and also they release CO2 on a great
scale thus effecting the environment and also affecting the national power
supply system. But on other hand LEDs system consume less power and
their life time is also more than HID lamps. LEDs system is becoming now a
most popular and economical source due to its less power consumption and
large life time. This technique also has dominated other techniques and
technologies due to its advantages.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Now a days mostly street lights works on light intensity, they are switched
ON when intensity of light is decreased to some critical value and switched
OFF when intensity of light is above some critical value. This is the working
of streets lights normally used now a day. In our project we have used some
techniques to reduce power consumed by street lights thus making the
street light system less dependent on national grid and also we have make it
most economical street light system. We have used brightness adjustment
system which also helps in decreasing the power consumed. Two points are
the core of this project first LEDs technology and second brightness
14

adjustment control. We have chosen LEDs panel because they have less
power consumption and their life time is very large as compared to other
illumination technologies. Our project working is that when in the evening
light intensity becomes less than the critical value then lights are switch ON
and after mid night they automatically switched OFF based on real clock
value. After mid night it works on vehicle and human movement sensed by
sensors installed at each pole of light. Lights will be ON in that region
through where vehicle is moving. These lighted poles will move with the
vehicles means that poles above the vehicle remain ON and previous poles
will be OFF and next 5-6 poles will be ON. These cycles continues with the
vehicle. This also helps in reduction of power usage. Also we can make the
street lights independent of national grid by using solar panels on each pole.
Installation cost of such system increases but as they will be independent
from national grid and uses their own power so their installation cost will be
recovered and they will become profitable. Also we can make them more
reliable by using wireless control system that will detect a fault and send
error report to based station so we will easily know the type of fault and on
which pole so maintenance can be easily done without manually checking
each tower devices on daily bases to run the streets lights perfect. This
project can be enhanced to further stages such as solar panels installation
and control system installation. This all system will lead us to independent
street lighting system that will be economical more efficient and self-fault
detection system will help in maintenance.

1.3 Purpose of Project

LED technology has a disadvantage that they have higher prices which are
compensated by lack of wiring. They require low maintenance due to their
life timing and reliability. The most important advantage is their less power
consumption therefore they are becoming the most efficient technology. LED
Street light is now becoming the fundamental answer to improve our life
15

style and it also improves the structure and facilities in our society in a most
economical way. The LED system can save up to 75% electricity and their
light quality is very good. As HID lamps they dont have any harmful
atmospheric emissions thus dont pollute the environment. In HID lamps
intensity of light remains constant at some power and it cant be change by
changing the power whereas LEDs technology based system intensity can
be halved by reducing power to half value of full intensity power value. This
is its advantage we have used in our project that is we have used different
brightness for vehicle and human.

1.3.1

Automatic Brightness Adjustment

Usually street lights are switched ON at evening when some light detecting
device gives a signal and switch OFF when device give signal at the morning.
Intensity of light range is fixed in the device above and below of that value
causes the light to ON or OFF. Also streets lights are remained ON for whole
night when they are no traffic on the road. This is not economical to ON
streets light for whole night. To overcome this we have used sensed lighting
system which works on movement of human and vehicle. Traffic on the roads
remains high before mid-night so lights are kept ON for mid night and after
mid night traffic on the road decreases so lights are switched OFF, now
sensor starts its work and switches the light on the base of vehicle or human
movement. As LED has a property to decrease its intensity when power
delivered to it is decreased. By using this property of LEDs we have
developed such a system that increases or decreases its brightness linked
with vehicle or human movement. As vehicles required high intensity of light
so for them high intensity value is set and for human it is set to low value.
This system also works during day time when light intensity decreases below
the critical value due to clouds or fog etc.

Components of Intelligent Street Lightening System

16

220V Power Supply

12V Step Down Transformer
Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor
Pic16F877A Microcontroller
Voltage Regulator
DS1307 Real Time Clock
Light Crystal Display (16x2)
Resistors (10k,220ohm,2.7k), Capacitors (10uF,104uF,27pF,1000uF)
Testing LEDs
Oscillator 4MHz
2 Relays for IR Sensor & 2 Relays for LED Panel
2 NPN Transistors (C945)
2 PNP Transistors (2SA1015)
LED Panel with two Rows
Thermistor (variable resistor , 10K)
IR Photodiode (receiver)
IR LED ( Transmitter)
Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

1.4 Applications of Intelligent Street Lightening

System
They are widely used due to following reasons
No need to control street lights manually.
Electrical power saving.
Increases life time of street lights.
Intelligent Street lights.
Economical and Efficient System.
Less Maintenance required.

1.5 Intelligent Street Lightening System

Disadvantages

17

 LED light is more concentrated, so be sure to the secondary optical

design, make the light intensity distribution
Only single LED is low power to get high power multiple parallel LEDs
will be used.
LEDs has low color rendering index.
Due to error in manufacturing process it causes yellow problem.

1.6 Summary
The purpose of this project is to provide such a system which is reliable, most
efficient and economical to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also
this project helps to overcome power consumption in a country like Pakistan
which is energy deficient country. It is based on some facts that how to
reduce power usage, decrease maintenance efforts and to build a reliable
system. We have used LED technology that uses less power and its
brightness can be control by decreasing or increasing the power which also
helps in decreasing the power usage. Lighting system will work as it will be
ON at evening depending on light intensity value and remains ON for mid
night and then it will work on sensing the vehicle or human movement. Also
the brightness will be decrease for human and at the evening when full
brightness is not needed. So by using these techniques we have save a lot of
power.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Importance
Main function of street lighting system is to help pedestrians and vehicles in
finding their way on the road when there is darkness and nothing can be
seen. Thus the intelligent street lightning system 100% fulfill this purpose
18

with high efficiency. Photodiodes thus turn on and turn off the LEDs according
to available amount of light and amount of vehicles and pedestrians on the
road, so there is no need of lamplights in the presence of this efficient
technology. Now in the presence of this improved technology we dont rely
on high intensity discharge lamps. LED focuses strong light on the
photodiodes due to its high capability of focusing light and also due to its
efficiency of output energy. Street lighting system also reduces the crime
accidents in the residential areas and also reduces road accidents where
there is population around road and markets.

2.2 Street Lighting Technology Comparison

There is a comparison between different types of street lights used these
days and previously according to their working procedure, construction,
economical aspects, time of installation, cost and maintenance etc.

2.2.1

Street Lighting Today

At the present time street lighting systems we usually uses discharge lamps
of high intensity, often use HPS high pressure sodium discharge lamps. At
one side they are beneficial because such HPS lamps provide huge amount
of photonic light which consume electricity up to a very low level. However
when we look photonic calculations of light so it is observed that High
Pressure Sodium discharge lights are inappropriate in using as lighting for
night time. The main purpose of using white LEDs is that white light
equipments are observed to two driver peripheral sight and also enhance
brake reaction time of driver up to 24%. While using calculations of light
through S-P, there is need to reduce HPS lamp performance by a minimum
value of 75%. If a comparison is made between metal halide and highpressure sodium lamps then the result will be almost same that both lamps
have equal photonic light levels, a street which is brightened by a metal
halide illumination at night time was reliably observed by bright equal to that
19

brightened by a HPS(high pressure sodium) system. Modern technologies of

street lightening, e.g. induction lights and LEDs lights that illuminate the
street light with equal high intensity as sodium vapor lamps butt consume
electricity at very low wattage and lower photonic lumens that can easily
replace the present street lightning. Conventional stipulations in vicinity of
Photonic adjusting for different forms of lights which renders departments of
street lights for testing, implementation and usefulness from these recent
technologies for street lightning system.

2.3 Street Lighting Technology Comparison with

other
2.3.1

Technologies
Incandescent Lamps

Incandescent Lamps are widely used light lamps which are invented by a
famous electrical scientist Thomas Edison about 150 years ago in 1879.
They have a benefit of low initial cost, good color delivering but have low
efficiency. They have almost short life period as compare to other
technologies and have also have very high wattage as compared to CFLs and
halogen lamps that have exactly the same brightness as Incandescent
lamps, or output light. Incandescent lamps give rise luminance by heating up
a metal filament which is enclosing by a glass of low weight. Efficiency of
incandescent lights can be observed from this point that 90% of total input
energy is consumed as heat and 90% input energy is converted in useful
light. They are usually use in the areas where there occur more theft
accidents or willful wanton of light illuminations. In these areas a high
changing of these lights occurs due to their efficient use and low cost. But in
all way they are very wasteful as compared to output, efficiency and almost
in all aspects. We cannot compare LED lights and incandescent lights
because of their 5% efficiency and a few hour of life period and those LEDs
have 7% more efficiency.
20

Table 2.1: Comparison of street lighting systems

life
Technology

per

period

Of light

(incande
scent
light)

(mercur
y vapors
light)

(metal
halide
light)

Coloring

Index of

Time

watt

temperatu

color

of

lumen

re

rendering

light

Basic considerations

2.001

10 16

3.901K

14 49

3.095K

11.005 -

65

4.005-

16.00

101

5.308K

-6.001

13.002 25.003

45

16 50

Instantane
ous

17 min

75

14 min

87

15 min

low efficiency, less life time

Low efficiency, UV rays,

UV rays, also consist of mercury

(compac
t
fluoresc
ent

13.004 21.070

52 73

3.7817.201K

less life , illuminate with dim

light in cold weather , also
consists mercury vapors

light)

(inducti

61.003 -

on light)

101.010

Light
emitting
diodes

50.002 100.010

75 91

71 155

3.7017.502K

2.2075.401K

78

83 91

Spontaneo

Huge cost, , consists lead

us

vapors, badly heat affected

Spontaneo
us

high initial cost relative to others

21

2.3.2 High Intensity Discharge lights

HID consists of:
Mercury Vapor lights
Metal Halide lights
High Pressure Sodium lights

2.3.3

Mercury Vapor Lights

Mercury Vapor Lamps were produce about 67 years ago in 1948. It was an
improved technology at a high level as compared to that of incandescent
lamps, and also has high intensity of light as compared to incandescent and
florescent lights. At initial time of their introduction peoples did not liked
them due to their bluish green light. Other disadvantages of mercury lamps
is that the large amount of their output light is ultraviolet light, and
depreciation occur in them that phenomenon is that their brightness become
dim and dim with the passage of time. When mercury lamps were initially
introduced they have the coating of special substance made of phosphors
inside the bulb to help correctness the deficiency of red light from mercury
vapor lights. The Ultraviolet light help in production of the phosphor, while
giving out a more high level white light. Mercury lamps are called color
corrected lights. Many mercury lamps have white appearance.

2.3.4 High Pressure Sodium lights

HPS were invented about 45 years ago in 1970 and are these lamps are also
most commonly used in street lights and also have more efficiency as
compared to mercury vapor lamps and halide lamp. The big disadvantage is
that they emit low intensity yellow light. These lights produce light of low
intensity which has low intense colors. These lights are also create difficulties
for police departments because in the presence of this light the real color of
22

clothes of thief are changed, which is difficult to distinguish for an eye

witness. Sodium vapor color corrected lights are available but are more
expensive than other technologies. But the disadvantage of these lights is
that they have low brightness and have low efficiency.
Most commonly used sodium vapor lights are, high-pressure and lowpressure sodium lights. Between both of them high pressure sodium lights
are most commonly use. But LPS have more efficiency than High Pressure
Sodium lights, but they form a wave of yellow light having colors cannot be
differentiated. LPS lamps have low intensity of light as compared to HPS
therefore they are used for low heights for providing lights , such as in the
tunnels, where the limited lighting control has low a liable level where high
pressure lights are not liable to use. Another disadvantage of HPS lights is
that they contain high intensity of mercury and also vapors of lead. Unsafe
disposal of these bulbs can cause very dangerous for human beings and wild
life and can contaminate the food and cause environmental pollution. Due to
low intensity, high cost and high diffusion of mercury and lead to the
environment HPS and LPS are low deficient to use as street lightening.

2.3.5

Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent lamps first developed in 1930s. These lamps are common types
of the discharge lamps in which gas glows due to small current. Fluorescent
lamps have more efficiency as compared to incandescent lights on the other
side are less efficiency than those of high efficiency LPS lamps. Main
disadvantage of using fluorescent bulbs is that their size is somewhat large
and also they emit unidirectional lights. These lights contain lead and
mercury whose diffusion on explosion in atmosphere is very harmful for
environment. Due to directionality these lamps should be mounted at very
high at the lamp post. Fluorescent lamps have no useful aspects to be used
as street lights, but they are very famous for use in the parks and outside the
buildings and homes as to provide lightening in the gardens.
23

2.3.5.1 Packed Fluorescent Light

Packed fluorescent lamps are mostly using lamps in this era due to their
advanced technology. These lamps are being commonly used as street
lighting rather than the fact they are present in deficiency at this time. But
they are less reliable and thus improvements should be made in them. They
have some disadvantages related to them that high heat buildup in them
cause their explosion, low life , and also have a major problem that their
light become dimmer and dimmer when the weather is getting cold. Also
they have mercury which is major cause of pollution. Compact fluorescent
lamps have high efficiency and that of CRI is about 85. These lamps may
give rise a color temperature about 3500 K and their light becomes low light
about that of color temperature.

2.3.6

Induction Light

Induction lights are new technology in present time. Induction lamps use
radio frequency which produce the electric field, which produce some gases
to produce light. Induction lights are very closely related in aspect that these
lights have low start up time and they work at the peak efficiency same like
that of LED technology. This technology has some major advantages on other
technologies and they are major step toward the LED lighting system. But a
major disadvantage of induction light technology is that there is low
dispersion and directionality of light as compared to advanced LED
technology. Their life is reduced due to production of heat in them and also
due to containing lead in them which leads them toward the severe
environment pollution.

24

2.4 LED Lights

Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due
to their output, their efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other
technologies. In all aspects LED technology take a high lead on all other
technologies which have more disadvantages as compared to their
advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in
spite of it they are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions,
high reliability and also this technology is environmental friendly. But if we
want to take the full advantage of this technology there is need to
differentiate between low quality technologies and LED technology,
as the low quality technologies have increased in the whole the
world as compared to LED. So main purpose is render supply of other
technologies.

2.4.1 Distinction of High Quality LED on Low Quality LED

Lights
LED lights are most recent and most advanced technology as compared to
other technologies which have developed many years ago and are less
advanced. The most difficult work which is to be performed is the production
of LED lightning system because as more efficient technology is this, more
hard work is require for its production and developing in the aspect that
these LED light system requires a combination of better production,
materials of a very high character and a quality of being produce able in
amount and performance. All companies that produce LED lamps cannot
produce the same high quality LED lamps because it is most difficult
technology to design and manufacture. As LED technology is growing day by
day many different companies are manufacturing the low quality LED lamps
which bad impacts toward this efficient and advanced tech technology. LEDs
of bad quality have many disadvantages as compared to other technologies
25

use for street lightning but advanced high quality LED lamps take a
considerable lead on other technologies in aspects of all parameters.
Experienced manufacturers of LED lights are very less in numbers which
produce high quality LEDs and more produce low quality LEDs. Thus efficient
street lightning system requires high quality LED lamps.
As compared to other technologies life of LED lights is very high which 50100 years is. Also lumen/watt of LEDs is very high as compared to other
technologies which are 70-150. Color temperature is low which is 3.00 6.40.
CRI of LEDs is fairly high as compared to other lights which are 83-90.
Ignition time is instant and most important thing is consideration which
includes only high initial cost but in other technologies their considerations
are production of heat, production of gases, pollution due to mercury and
lead and fade colors dispersion, low life. But if we look toward LED
technology it is best technology in all aspects and low or no limitations which
are mentioned above in all other technologies thus it has proved that LED
technology is more efficient technology in present era.

2.4.2 How Much Money Can You Save By Using LEDs

Let the average house holders use 50 light bulbs. All the light bulbs are of 80
watts. Now we can see that how much power is consumed by 50 bulbs of 80
watts each.
Total Wattage = 50 bulbs X 80 watts = 4000 watts

(2.1)

This power consumption is very high .If same number of LED bulbs are used
in house as CFL bulbs each having wattage of 15 watts. Thus an easy
comparison can be made between two technologies in order to check their
wattage consumption.
Table 2.2 LEDs Vs. Incandescent bulbs
26

All bulbs provide equal Single light wattage

Wattage used for

brightness

whole house

Incandescent lights
80 watts

4000 watts

15 watts

750 watts

LED lights

This comparison shows that there is quite difference in power consumption

between a in candescent bulbs and efficient LED bulbs. In other words we
can say that by using LED lights we can save 3250 watt power thus can save
a lot amount of energy and thus save money.

2.4.3 Cost of Electricity

Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt
hour it means that if we use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity
will be Rs.12000.

2.4.4 Time in which Lights are turned on

Suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day. Let 30
days in a month (on average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours

(2.2)

Including all factors lets make a comparison between LED lights and
incandescent lights on the basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The
formula is:
27

KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs

(2.3)
Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640

(2.4)

Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs

0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620

(2.5)

Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less
light as compared to other lights and thus low in cost.

2.5 Related Projects

2.5.1

Street Lighting with Automatic Brightness

Control Based on Climatic Situations and Movements of

Vehicle
The project is a remote streetlight monitoring and controlling system which is
based on LEDs panel and also wireless sensor network. The system is set on
automatic control of street lights. This automatic control can be attaining by
a right adjustment according to the seasonal variations. Another important
aspect of this project is that, this system can run in controlled Condition. In
this controlled mode, we can take an enterprise to control lights of streets
through PC monitor. This system also contains function of time cut-out and
automatic control periods if we want to conserve more electricity,
importantly when vehicles pass by these lights, the light will illuminate
automatically, and then after a fix time they turn off. This project can save a
great amount of energy and cost as compared to other lamps which keep
28

turn on all night. The projects also rely on the amount of traffic on the road,
thus transmitting the road conditions to monitor. Another advantage of this
project is that this system comprises of an auto-alarm which will be ringing in
the condition when light get damage and the serial number of light will be
shown on computer screen, thus no difficulty to find damaged light and thus
repaired the damaged light. The system can be used in all areas which need
timely control system such as streets, stations, mining, schools etc. In
addition to these functions, this system contains a digital temperature
sensing device and humidity sensor, thus this system not only based on
street lights but also on temperature and humidity.

Figure: 2.1 Brightness Adjustments Technique

29

2.5.2

Automatic Street lighting using Induction Lamp

The main purpose of this project is time monitoring and also contains the
management of the nights lights both for vehicles and human as a
pedestrian, moreover this system presents the more efficient and more
efficient system and also is a stable system, can operate under all
weather conditions and whole night at automatic control basis thus saves
a lot amount of energy from consumptions. It is the efficient system of
lightning for urban areas. This technology reduces the energy as well as
cost also this is an efficient project to reduce other difficulties in sense of
lightning. This system thus saves the life of peoples by eliminating
accidents. This system can also base on automatic patrol of street lights
and have an automatic function. This system can save a considerable
energy by using induction lamps as the street lights they have a control
function and also data acquisition function. This system contains expand
functions: such as dimming and brightness control, cooperate with
induction lamps to adjust light brightness, under the premise that does
not affect the lighting; achieve the maximum energy saving effect. Thus it
is concluded that a maximum energy can be saved by automatic
brightness adjustment induction lamp systems.

2.5.3

Intelligent Light Emergency Ballast for

Fluorescent Lights
Main working using the common emergency light systems is to provide the low light brightness
level, when there occurs failure in line voltage. Therefore for this purpose it becomes necessary
to store the energy in battery to provide the electricity to the lamp when a fault or failure occurs
in them. In such type of illuminating systems the internal faults and damages e.g. overcharging
of the battery, damaged lamps and failure the main purpose of a common emergency lighting
system is the supply of a low level of lightning when a line voltage failure occur. Thus, it is
30

essential to store energy in a battery to supply the lights if failure occurs. In this type of lighting
systems the internal faults and damages e.g. overcharging of battery, faulted lamps and failure of
starting network should be observed and corrected by experts. Because of this, the intelligent
lighting prototype can test and observe its function in twelve days and input results into a LED
screen. With these types of specifications they can test themselves also check their position of
function and have a tendency to display their internal faults and damages. Also by doing so, cost
of the maintenance can be decreased up to a precise level. The main purpose is the commutation
of the line voltage which can be sensing block that showed in the systems by a complex
microprocessor based. The system is more efficient in a way that it has a more flexible, for
instant, so that become difficult to communicate the many devices with a computer, which can
check the position of every object every time. New emergency streets lightning systems are more
energy saving. Another important feature is the saving of money for mass production process
importantly whether a microprocessor with the programming in ROM can be used. Thus system
becomes more efficient of saving the cost and also saves the energy consumptions.

2.5.4

Limitations & Bottleneck

Main purpose of intelligent street lightning system is to design such a system

in which more energy and cost can be saved it means that such system
should have less limitations and bottlenecks as compared to their
disadvantages. Also these systems should be efficient, reliable and also
should provide intelligence about street lightning. Thus by doing so we can
minimize

the

dangers

of

accidents

and

other

crimes.

First

project

demonstrated here is also an intelligent street lightning system based on two

stations, sending and receiving stations thus it is based on vehicle
movements and climatic conditions. This is also an energy efficient project
but a main limitation in this system is that it becomes some uneconomical
system because when there occur a fault in based station or sending station
then intelligence process is interrupted and also this system is some costly
because more equipments are used here therefore such system becomes
31

uneconomical due to costly equipments present in the project. Second

project which is intelligent street lightning system using induction lamps is
also have many advantages but main disadvantage in this system is that it
uses induction lamps for street lightning. This technology has some major
advantages on other technologies and they are major step toward the LED
lighting system. But a major disadvantage of induction light technology is
that there is low dispersion and directionality of light as compared to
advanced LED technology. Their life is reduced due to production of heat in
them and also due to containing lead in them which leads them toward the
severe environment pollution. In third project smart lightning energy blast for
florescent lights it is also saves energy and cost but there are also some
limitations of using fluorescent lights in this project. One of the major
limitations of fluorescent lights is that they are often made larger thus they
become inappropriate in using street lights. Thus their fitting become more
difficult. Another main limitation of fluorescent lights color of lightning. CFLs
are unable to use in street lightning because these lamps become dimmer in
cold weather, thus they are inappropriate lightning system to use in outdoors
in winter season. And at last, perhaps one of the major limitations is that
they contain mercury. When mercury exposed in environment it cause severe
pollution. Thus intelligent street lightning system with automatic brightness
adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement presented in our project is
most efficient system of street light which use LED lights and also supply
intelligence up to a good level which is more economical.

2.6

Summary

There are many technologies used for street lightning system which are
incandescent lamps and high discharge sodium lamps, fluorescent lamps
32

and induction and many other technologies. All of these technologies

have more disadvantages then their advantages which includes their
more energy consumption and dangerous for environments. Thus LED
technology is best technology which removes all the effects and best in all
parameters. The other projects presented here are either costly or they
use the technology which is cost effective as well as cause pollution of
environment. Therefore intelligent street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment sensing human and vehicle movement based on
LED technology best overcomes all limitations and bottlenecks presented
by other technologies and projects.

CHAPTER 03
33

HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Hardware Used with Technical Specifications
3.1.1

Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small chip integrated circuit. It consists of a processor

core, programmable input output and memory. We have used PIC16F887A
microcontroller which is a common microcontroller and have many
applications in industries, in control devices and in protection devices.

3.1.2

PIC16F877A Architecture and Pin Configuration

PIC 16F877A is a microcontroller with 40 pin 8 bit and only 35instructions to

learn. The core architecture is very high-performance CPU. Its operating
frequency is from 0-20 MHz with 5V power supply. It has 256 bytes EEPROM
memory and 368 bytes RAM.

Figure: 3.1 PIC16F877A

Microcontroller
PIC16F877A pin configuration is shown in figure.

34

Figure: 3.2 PIC16F877A pin configuration

3.1.3

Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid crystal display is a kind o display consists of two polarizing sheets with
liquid crystals between them. When a current passes through it crystals align
themselves so block the passage of light. In this way they work. In our
project we have used 16x2 LCD.

Figure: 3.3 LCD 16x2

35

3.1.4 Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electronic device which automatically keeps a
constant voltage level across a circuit. In our project we have used two
voltage regulators. They are used at relays ends to provide constant voltage
to them because relays are very sensitive to voltages. A typical voltage
regulator is shown in figure given below:

Figure: 3.4 Voltage Regulator

3.1.5 Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes

In our project we have used many resisters with ratings 10K, 220 ohm, 2.7K
used at voltage regulators, at LEDs and at relays. We used capacitors with
ratings 104uF, 27pF, and 1000uF at oscillator, at voltage regulator circuits
and at relays. Diodes used at full wave rectification circuit.

36

Figure: 3.5 Capacitor, Diode, Resister

3.1.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

Our project works on DC system whereas power supply is in AC. So
conversion of AC system to DC system is done by rectifier circuit and then
we use capacitors to filter the DC.

Figure: 3.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

37

3.1.7 Step down Transformer

As our requirement in project is to have 12V whereas supply is 220V so we
use step down transformer to step the voltage down to 12V. Coil ratio is 10:1
means number of turns on primary side is greater than that on secondary
side. Use of transformer in project is to only to step down the voltage to our
required level.

Figure: 3.7 Step Down Transformer

3.1.8 Oscillator
It is an electronic circuit used to produce sine wave or square wave. It
produces periodic signals for many devices such as microcontroller. The
oscillator used in our project to provide periodic signal to PIC16F877A
microcontroller. The signal frequency that we have chosen for microcontroller
is 4MHz. They have positive feedback. Thus, the signal regenerates and
sustains itself. A typical oscillator is shown in the figure.

38

Figure: 3.8 Oscilator with its Symbol

3.1.9 Relays
A relay is electrically operated switch and it has two operations first it
detects the fault then it gives the switch a signal to eliminate the faulty part
of circuit from main circuit. Switching can be electromagnetic,
electromechanical etc. in our project we have used electromechanical relays
connected to IR Photo diodes. One diode is acting as receiver and other is
acting as transmitter. Relay detect the signal from the diode and ask the
microcontroller to take suitable action. A typical relay is shown in figure.

Figure: 3.9 Relay

39

The relay is connected to IR Photo diode through variable resister and

Transistor. The internal circuit of relay is given below.

Figure: 3.10 Schematic diagram of Electromechanical Relay

3.1.10 Transistor
Transistor is an electronic device used as amplifier or as a switch. It is a
semiconductor device with three terminals called as emitter, collector and
base for connection to external circuit. In PNP transistors material used is Ntype, doped between two p-type materials whereas in NPN transistor p-type
is doped between 2 n-type materials. As shown in figure.

40

Figure: 3.11 PNP & NPN Transistors

In our project it is used as switching device. A small current passing through
one part of a transistor will make a bigger current flow through other part of
transistor. The small current as a result switches on the larger one which is
essential for all computer chips work.

3.1.11 Thermistor
A Thermistor is a temperature dependent resister whose resistance changes
with time. These are very sensitive to temperature therefore used as
inexpensive and reliable temperature sensors. Thermistor are widely used for
simple temperature measurements. They can be used for high temperature
due to some limitations but in their working range they are mostly used.
Their response time is very quick thats why they are used. A Thermistor
whose resistance can be increased by increasing the temperature are said to
have positive thermal co-efficient. A Thermistor whose resistance decreases
with an increase in temperature are said to have negative temperature co
efficient.

41

.
Figure: 3.12 Thermistor

3.1.12 IR Photodiode
IR Photodiode is a photodiode and it is a semiconductor device that uses
light as a input and generates a current signal by creating a potential
difference. It is a PN junction with reverse biased phenomena. When light
falls on the junction then it works. When there is no light on the junction then
reverse current is very small and also called as Dark Current. It works as
when light falls on junction then light transfer some of its energy to atoms of
the junction that in a result creates more electrons and reverse current
increases. This phenomenon is called as inner photoelectric effect. This
current creates a potential difference that can be measured by using a series
resistor in some external circuit. IR photodiode can be used in zero bias
which is also called as photovoltaic effect. During zero mode it prevents the
photoelectrons (electron generated due to light on the junction) flow from
out of device due to which a voltage builds up. In reverse biased mode also
called photoconductive mode. In this mode when light falls on the junction it
generates electrons which as a result increase the depletion region thus
additional current will increase the depletion region which result in the

42

increase in light fall area on the region and reverse current increase more
rapidly.

Figure: 3.13 IR Photodiode

3.1.13 Infrared LED

Infrared light emitting diode is a electronic device which emits light of higher
wave length which are greater than visible light so these are invisible from
us. The light which they emit is called Infrared light. It is also called as IR
transmitter and it lie in the range of 760nm wavelength. Its appearance is
similar to common visible LED. Its operating voltage is around about 1.4V
and current is nearly about 20mA. Resisters are usually connected in series
to adjust voltages so that it can be used for different operating voltages. In
our project it used as infrared transmitter. When a vehicle or human passes
through it its lights blocked and the receiver on the other hand generates a
signal by using a relay. The relay sends this signal to microcontroller which
decides to switch ON the LED panels according to given programming
algorithm burned in it. It is P-N Junction diode, when activated it emits light.
When a suitable voltage is applied electrons recombine with electron holes
43

and thus releases energy in the form of photons. It is usually have small area
and shaped in such a way to focus its radiations.

Figure: 3.14 IR LED

3.1.14 LED Panels

LED panels are used in our project which is fixed at street light towers on one
side of road repeated after measured intervals. The height of tower is
designed with respect to light intensity of LED panels. The LED panel consists
of many rows of LEDs. Many rows are installed because we can easily
control the brightness of panel in this way. We switch ON some rows when we
need low brightness but when we need full brightness then we switches all
rows. This is done with the help of microcontroller. Microcontroller decides
when to switch the rows of LEDs but its decision depends upon the signal
from relay connected to sensor that senses the vehicle or human movement.

44

Figure: 3.15 LED Panel

3.2 Programming
Device 16F877A
XTAL 4
ALL_DIGITAL=true
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Declare LCD_TYPE 0

'in case we use alphanumeric then type 0 if graphical

then 1
Declare LCD_DTPIN PORTD.4 'this show that 4 pin interface with lcd and 4
data pins will start from b4....b7
Declare LCD_RSPIN PORTD.2 'declaring lcd reset pin
Declare LCD_ENPIN PORTD.1 'declaring enable pin
Declare LCD_RWPIN PORTD.0 'declaring read write pin
Declare LCD_LINES 2

'telling how much rows lcd has

Declare LCD_INTERFACE 4 '

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''SERIAL SETTINGS'''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'CCP1_PIN = PORTC.2

' PORTC.1 is the CCP1 pin on the 16F877 device

PORTB_PULLUPS=true
Symbol light1=PORTC.0
Symbol light2=PORTC.1
Dim i As DWord
Dim f As Byte
Dim freq As Word
freq=200
Cls
Cursor 1,1: Print "

Welcome"

Low PORTC.2
DelayMS 3000
Cls
While 1=1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"

45

If f=1 Then
For i=1 To 900000 Step 1
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"

EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Person"
Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:Off"
High light1
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"

EndIf
Next
f=0
EndIf
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Off"

If f=0 Then

46

For i=1 To 900000 Step 1

If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "

High light1
High light2
While PORTB.0=0
Inc i
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"

EndIf
If PORTB.1=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night Person

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:On Lit2:On "

High light1
High light2
While PORTB.1=0
Inc i
If PORTB.0=0 Then
Cursor 1,1: Print "Evening Vehicle"
EndIf
Wend
DelayMS 3000
Low light1
Low light2
Cursor 1,1: Print "Night

"

Cursor 2,1: Print "Lit1:Off Lit2:Of"

EndIf
Next
EndIf
Wend

47

3.3 Details about Software/ Algorithms/Tools

3.3.1

MikroC

As mentioned before Microcontroller is compatible of programming language

e.g. C/C++ and microC. In our project Intelligent Street lighting System
based on vehicle and human movement we have used microC language. We
used MikroC for this language.

3.3.2

Compiler

It is software used to burn the programming to a microcontroller.

Programming or burning a microcontroller is a process of transferring
programming of desired steps which are to be performed by microcontroller
from compiler to microcontroller. The programming of a microcontroller is
usually written in C, and assembly language etc. we have done programming
in microC for our project. The compiler converts the coding of program into
machine language which is the language of microcontroller.

3.3.3

Soldering

Soldering is a process which joined the two metals same or different type by
melting a solder between the joints of two metals. Solder has a melting point
less than the jointed metals. Solders can be in different shapes, sizes, forms
and alloys.

3.4 Summary
The components used in our project are described above with specifications,
their operation and their working with diagrams. The purpose of this project
48

is to provide such a system which is reliable, most efficient and economical

to install for betterment of citizens of a city. Also this project helps to
overcome power consumption in a country like Pakistan which is energy
deficient country. It is based on some facts that how to reduce power usage,
decrease maintenance efforts and to build a reliable system. We have used
LED technology that uses less power and its brightness can be control by
decreasing or increasing the power which also helps in decreasing the power
usage. Lighting system will work as it will be ON at evening depending on
light intensity value and remains ON for mid night and then it will work on
sensing the vehicle or human movement. Also the brightness will be
decrease for human and at the evening when full brightness is not needed.
So by using these techniques we have save a lot of power.

49

Chapter 04
METHEDOLOGIES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
4.1

Design of investigation

4.1.1 Objectives
Intelligent Street lighting system is to overcome the flaws which occur
usually occurs in the common street light systems. Firstly intelligent street
lightning based on LEDs have many advantages on other lightning systems
due to its low energy consumptions , thus reduce the overall cost and
secondly it is environmental friendly system in which there occurs no
pollution. On the other hand other type of lamps used in street lightning
cause emission of co2 which is very hazardous for our environment. The first
one, and maybe the most intuitive, is the use of recent technologies for the
sources of light. 1st consideration is based on LED technology which is
considered as best solution of these flaws but it initial cost of LEDs is little
high. 2nd consideration is that system is automatically controlled as there is
no need to adjust brightness manually and 3rd consideration is illumination of
lights occurs only when there is vehicle or a pedestrian is present on the
road.

4.1.2

Back Ground

In previous days, street lights were manually controlled where there was a
control switch which was connected with every lamp post to turn on and off
the lamps. So this was so called as first generation street lighting system.
And thus after this, another methodology was introduced that was method of
optical control. In this procedure there high pressure sodium lights were
using in this system. It can be observed that nowadays this procedure is
50

using in all over the world. This procedure is processing by setting an optic
control circuit, change the resistance of light dependent resistor so lights are
shut down in all day and turn on when the intensity of day light become low
and becomes night. Street lighting system can be grouped on the basis of
type of lamps using for example incandescent lights, mercury vapor lights,
metal halide lights, high pressure sodium lights, low pressure sodium light,
fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED lights.
LED is familiar to be a best solution to recent street lighting because of its
deportment and its unlimited advantages.

4.2 Procedure
Intelligent Street lightning system with automatic brightness adjustment
sensing human and vehicle movement is saves the energy and cost by
following methods:

4.2.1

Led Technology

Light emitting technology is very fast increasing technology in the world due
to their output, their efficiency and more reliability as compared to all other
technologies. In all aspects LED technology take a high lead on all other
technologies which have more disadvantages as compared to their
advantages. As the initial high cost of LED technology is very high but in
spite of it they are more efficient lights in reducing electricity consumptions,
high reliability and also this technology is environmental friendly. But if we
want to take the full advantage of this technology there is need to
differentiate between low quality technologies and LED technology,
as the low quality technologies have increased in the whole the
world as compared to LED. So main purpose is render supply of other
technologies.

51

Figure: 4.1 LED

4.2.2

Automatic Brightness Adjustment

Intelligent street lightning is based on automatic brightness adjustment. This

brightness adjustment is time dependent and flow of traffic dependent. So
the brightness increases of street lights is depend upon time of night. When
there is evening time after 6pm, street lights turn on with low intensity
because of light is present is present with low brightness also when it
became the full night up to 12am lights will turn on with low intensity due to
crowd of vehicles on the road need less light because lights of vehicles
themselves is enough. After 12 am when there is full night and less flow of
vehicles these lights will glow with full intensity until morning when there is
day light.

4.2.3

Intelligence

Intelligent Street lightning system main function is intelligence that is when a

vehicle or a pedestrian move on the road then lights automatically turn on
and then turn off when they went after a fix period which is pre settled.
When pedestrian comes then it will display on the LCD and when a vehicle
comes in front of lights then they turn on for a fix time and then off thus
state of vehicle is displayed on the LCD so it is easy to know if vehicle or
52

pedestrian is moving on the road so this system provides an efficient

intelligence.

4.2.4

Analysis Procedure

Let us suppose that the cost of electricity in the Pakistan is 12 per kilowatt
hour it means that if we use 1,000 watts for an hour, cost of the electricity
will be Rs.12000
Now suppose for example, that each house uses lights for 6 hours per day.
Let 30 days in a month (on average), for 6 hours per day.
6 hours X 30 days = 180 hours

(2.2)

Including all factors lets make a comparison between LED lights and
incandescent lights on the basis of the cost of their energy consumption. The
formula is:
KW used X Cost per kWh X Hours Used = Monthly Lighting Costs
(2.3) Kilowatt is 1,000 watts; now divide the wattage by 1,000 for this
formula.
Monthly Cost of using Incandescent Bulbs is
4.000 X Rs.12 X 180 hours = Rs. 8640

(2.4)

Monthly Cost of Using LED light Bulbs

0.750 X Rs.12. X 180 hours =Rs. 1620

(2.5)

Now it has become clearer from this example that LEDs consume very less
light as compared to other lights and thus low in cost.

53

4.3 Implementation Procedure

4.3.1

Details about Hardware

Figure: 4.2 Circuit Diagram of Project

In this topic we are briefly explain the all hardware components which are
use in our project. There are total 4 circuit boards in this project. As shown in
the hardware model of project.

54

Figure: 4.3 Hardware of Project

DC Supply section
Controller section
Relay section
LED Panel section
Sensing section

4.3.2

DC Supply Side Components

Step down transformer

Bridge Rectifier
diodes ( 1K )
capacitor (1000uf)
55

Description
Step down transformer(220V to 12V and 50 mA)

We are using step down transformer of rating 220V/12V. It consists of

primary 220 high voltage side and secondary 12V low voltage side, and
current is 50 mA; it converts 220V ac in to 12V ac. Which is then passed to
the rectifier bridge circuit?

4.3.2.1

Bridge Rectifier

Rectification (AC to DC) is done using bridge rectification. The input of bridge
rectifier is ac and output of rectifier is pulsating dc .the process of
rectification is done by using a combination of diodes known as bridge.
during positive cycle of the input two diodes become forward biased and two
becomes reverse biased in this way half cycle is obtained at the output,
during negative cycle the reverse biased becomes conducting and other two
becomes reverse biased in this way the other cycle is used and output is
pulsate

Figure: 4.4 Bridge Rectifier Circuit

4.3.2.2

Capacitor (1000uF)

The pulsating dc is not good for the system so it passes through the
capacitor filter which makes it ripple free and output is constant dc supply.
56

In this way our constant dc supply is made this supply power to the controller
as controller input is dc and also supply dc to the relays.

4.3.3

Controller Section Board

4.3.3.1

PIC-Microcontroller (16F887A)

It is used in project for data communication between the grid, loads

connected and the PC monitoring and for the proper functioning of the
system to make it reliable.
4.3.3.2

Pin Configuration

40 pins

1 pin, regulator circuit

Pin2, analog to digital

Pin3, analog to digital

Pin4, analog to digital

Pin5, analog to digital

Pin6 , analog to digital

Pin7 , analog to digital

Pin8, analog to digital

Pin9 , analog to digital

Pin10 , analog to digital

Pin 11, (+5v)

Pin 12, 31 (Ground)

Pin 13, 14 (crystal oscillator)

Pin 15,16 relay to PIR sensor

Pin19,20 relays to LED panel

Pin21 reset

Pin 22 enable
57

Pin27,28,29,30 output to LCD

4.3.3.3

Microcontroller Trainer

It consists of oscillator, capacitors and a resistor for its basic operation.

4.3.3.4

Crystal Oscillator

It is at pin no 13 & 14 gives clock pulses to controller for its operation.

Figure: 4.5 Oscillator

4.3.3.5

Relay Section Board

Relay 12V
PIR sensor
Transistor PNP
Variable resistor
LED panel

4.3.3.6 Relaying Section

58

There are total 4 relays used in this circuit board for the purpose of
controlling three devices. Although we can control two sensors with two
relays and two rows of LED panel are control with other two relays.

4.3.3.7

Infrared Sensor

Passive Infrared sensor is electronic equipment that is used for detection of

an object. It operates when there are infrared rays present in its vicinity. Two
basic types of passive infrared sensors have following detail:

Thermal infrared sensor:

It operates on change of heat in the environment.

photo infrared sensor:

Photo infrared sensor utilizes the photo diode for the detection of infrared
rays. In this project photo infrared sensor is used. It consists of a LED as a
transmitter and photodiode as a receiver so any object is sensed by this
transmitter receiver circuit.
Advantages of PIR sensor:
Some advantages and applications of PIR sensor are given below:

Detection of an object

Detection of motion

Detection of glass breakage

Detection of smoke

Measuring distance

Also use in robotics

For counting objects and more other applications

Passive infrared sensor circuit diagram is given below. It contains LED as

infrared sending and a photo diode for infrared receiver both act as are major
59

components of this sensor. Photo diode radiate infrared rays which when hit
with any object in its way thus these rays move behind with deflected angle.
Infrared receiver observes rays which are deflected back. As photo diode is
used in this sensor for this reason it is known as photo infrared sensor.

4.3.3.8

Some Elements of Infrared Sensor

Infrared receiver TSFF5210

Photodiode

Resistor 100 ohm

Resistor 10kohm

Variable resistor 10kohm

IC LM358

IC LM358 is a comparator when Infrared receiver observes infrared

radiations, LM358 becomes high and thus LED is put on.
4.3.3.9

Transistor PNP

Signal comes at the base of power transistor and hence relay gets operated.
Signal comes from the passive infrared sensor.
60

Figure: 4.6 PNP Transistor

4.3.3.10 Transistor NPN

NPN transistor is used between the between for LED panel thus it carry the
signal between the microcontroller and relays on the basis of which relays
operate for evening and night time.

61

Figure: 4.7 NPN Transistor

4.3.3.11

LED Panel

Panel consists of two rows of white LEDs. At evening time up to 6pm to 12

pm when there is intensity of light due to high traffic one row of LED lights
will be turn on and when there is deficiency of vehicles on the road all LED
panel will be illuminate with full intensity.

4.4 Software/ Algorithms/Tools

4.4.1 MikroC
As mentioned before Microcontroller programming is compatible of
programming language e.g. C/C++ and mikroC. In our project we are using
mikroC language which is uses as an interface between PIR sensors, LCD and
LED panel.

4.4.2 MicroC
It is denoted as microC. This language is general purpose language, OOP
language, modern and simple. It is suitable for applications written or both
embedded system and hosted system. The application written is microC
language or economical in requirement of memory and processing power.
4.4.3 Specifications of programming language mikroC
The mikroC PRO for PIC is a powerful, feature-rich development tool for PIC microcontrollers.
It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to developing
applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control. PIC and C fit
together well: PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a wide variety of
62

applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the natural choice for developing embedded
systems. MikroC PRO for PIC provides a successful match featuring highly
advanced IDE, ANSI compliant compiler, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive
documentation, and plenty of ready-to-run examples.

Chapter 05
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1

Presentation of the Findings

5.1.1 Result Procured in Chapter One

In chapter one we defined our project, merits and why we are choose this project. We defined the
LED technology which is basically the core of our project because LED technology is most
efficient technology in all aspects. Secondly automatic brightness control of street lighting
system is defined in which it is concluded that all street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment is save more energy in addition to LED technology used in this project.
Thus the main result concluded is that intelligent street lightning system with automatic
brightness adjustment is more cost saving, energy saving and more efficient intelligence
providing system.

5.1.2 Result Procured in Chapter Two

In this chapter we discussed the technologies related to LED technology
related studies of intelligent street lightning system and also related projects
of intelligent street lightning system. In related technology comparisons we
found that all other street lightning technologies related to street lightning
are fail to fulfil the all energy saving requirements and therefore these
technologies are more costly even they have low initial cost but their running
cost is very high and also they are more dangerous to the environment due
63

to emission of mercury and lead. So the result concluded is that LED street
lightning technology is more energy and cost saving though the initial cost is
high and also environmental friendly. Projects related to our project
(intelligent street lightning system sensing human and vehicle movement
with automatic brightness adjustment) is more efficient project due to LED
technology used in it also due to intelligence of street lightning provision and
most important thing is automatic brightness adjustment which makes the
street lightning system cost effective.

5.1.3 Result Procured in Chapter One

This stage consists of tools and techniques involved in our project with hardware and software
techniques used and their complete technical specifications. Project components enlisted with
their complete portrayal. Division based methodology to explain the techniques step by step and
at the end software that we have used which is Visual Basic, C++, C#, C programming is written.

5.1.4 Hardware Results

We divided hardware section of our project into different stages. They are Supply side, IR sensor
side, Transformer side and load side. In Supply side a step down transformer, bridge rectifier and
a capacitor is used that steps down and converts 220V AC to filtered 12V DC. This section is the
power supply of the complete intelligent street lightning system. A regulator circuit is connected
with the microprocessor to supply it. This is 5V regulator circuit which converts 12V DC to 5V
DC for microcontroller. Two regulator circuits are used, one for microprocessor and one for relay
circuit for the reason that one regulator cannot afford the power for both circuits. In PIR sensor
module 5V DC from PC to microcontroller (16F877A) 5V Dc supply is given to the PIR sensor
and thus to microcontroller. A crystal oscillator a pin 13, 14 that gives clock frequency for the
operation of microcontroller. LCD (16*4) displays the condition of light intensity if it is evening
or full night and also displays the presence of pedestrian or vehicle on the road. In short this
section provides visual monitoring and controlling. Transformers circuit side includes a stepdown and two voltage regulators are used. 220V are stepped down to 12V AC which is converted
64

to DC by bridge rectification thus 12V supply of step down transformer after rectification
converted into +5V supply

and gives it to relay circuit for its operation and also to

microcontroller and other components. In short this side gives DC current for the operation of
relays. This is relay section which has relays to which are given 5V from regulator circuit from
the main DC supply. PIR sensors operate from microcontroller. PIR sensors have photodiode as
transmitter and LED as a receiver that uses 5V of regulator circuit. LED light will short circuit
the photo diodes and gives power to transistors and then relay gets turned on. Relay will transfer
to microprocessor and thus these 5V are given to LED panel through NPN transistors and relays.
Negative of all LEDs is common. Two rows of LEDs are used when there is evening time only
one row will be turn on through one relay connected to microcontroller and when there is full
night both relays will connected to microcontroller to turn on both the rows with full intensity.
This is load side of our project which are operated by relays.

5.1.5 Software Results

The software we implemented in our project to achieve our task is Visual Basic, C# and JAVA
AND C, C++ language. This enables us to detect the state of road if there is evening or full night
so illuminate the LED panel with low intensity and full intensity and also we come to know
about the object on the road f there is vehicle or pedestrian on the road. The programming take in
the intelligent street lightning based and automatic brightness adjustment based scheme in coding
which helps better energy saving and intelligent provision system.

5.1.6 Discussion of the Findings

In fact we developed a street lightning system which has three major specifications. The first
major advantage is use of LED technology in this system which is considered as a best
technology in all aspects and in all parameters. We can compare LED technology with that of
other technologies in all aspects. Only disadvantage of using LED lights is that these lights have
high initial cost but this initial cost is not due to their efficiency this is due to their high quality
scheme for their production because LED lights are not prepare like other cheap technologies but
a high experience and quality materials and lot of time is required in preparation of LEDs
therefore high initial cost of LEDs is not a problem but if we observe the running cost of LED
65

lights it is clearly find that LED lights are most efficient lights in purpose of energy saving and
cost saving. One another major aspect of using LED lights is that they result no pollution due to
their explosion or disposal therefore it is find that LED technology is environmental friendly
technology. Thus it best meets the requirements to use them in intelligent street lightning system.
Second major specification is intelligent provision. Intelligence means the provision of such a
system in which can easily detect the evening time or full night time. Thus lights glow according
to time provide by intelligence system. Another intelligence system provide the information
about the object on the road either it human or vehicle on the road thus send both the results on
LCD for display. Third main and important feature is automatic brightness adjustment which
saves more energy as compared to use energy efficient LED technology. When it is evening time
as LED lights will glow with low intensity and at full night automatically brightness become full
due to deficiency of vehicles on road and full night time.

Figure: 5.1 Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)

5.2

Intelligent street lightning technologies (ISLT)

There are following technologies if intelligent street lightning

LED Technology
LED technology used in intelligent street lightning system makes it low cost street lightning
technique. Thus these lights give white bright light which make them more excellent source
for intelligent street lightning system.
66

 Intelligence Technology
This technology provides the intelligence about the presence of pedestrian and vehicle on the
road and time period of evening and morning.

Sensing Technology

This technology is used to sense the presence of an object i.e. human or vehicle on the road.
This technology is based on PIR transmitter and receiver system and provides information of
object to microprocessor unit.

Automatic Brightness Technology

This technology is based on automatic variation of brightness of LED panel on the basis of
evening time and full night time.

Advanced Components
Advanced components such as relays, PIR sensors, LED panels and some controlling
components are present in this system.

5.3

Future Work

The project work has been studied and implemented a complete working model using a PIC
microcontroller. The programming and interfering of PIC microcontroller has been mastered
during the implementation. This work includes the study of energy saving system in many
applications. The design and verification of Automatic Street light successfully. The main
advantage of the present system is power saving. It requires the initial cost only for designing
and installation and not for utilization. Hence, such systems are very much useful for the
government to reduce the utilization of conventional power (generated by hydraulic power
67

stations).Therefore, such systems are once implemented on a large scale can bring significant
reduction of the power consumption caused by street lights. This initiative will help the
government to save this energy and meet the domestic and industrial needs. The other advantages
of the circuit are that it is simple circuit, avoids constant supervision of time and flexibility in
design. After having implemented this Intelligent System, what remains is the scope for
improvements. Firstly, we could directly go for Wireless Power Transmission which would
further reduce the maintenance costs and power thefts of the system, as cable breaking is one of
the problems faced today .In addition to this, controlling the Traffic Signal lights would be
another feature that we could look into after successful implementation of our system.
Depending on the amount of traffic in a particular direction, necessary controlling actions could
be taken. Also emergency vehicles and VIP convoys can be passed efficiently. Moreover,
attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is self-sufficient on nonconventional
energy resources like solar power, windmills, Piezo-electric crystals, etc. We hope that these
advancements can make this system completely robust and totally reliable in all respects.

5.4

Comparison with Initial Goal

Our main purpose of designing this system is to make an intelligent street lightning system
which can saves more energy with respect to other energy saving projects through lightning. Our
goal was to construct the more efficient energy saving street lightning system which can save
energy up to more than 50% but we can design a system which can saves the total energy up to
30-40%. Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide more intelligence about the
street lights and different times of day and night and can give full information about every object
on the road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success in designing some intelligence
which is not more enough as compare to our goal and future advancement of street lightning
system. Another goal was to build a system which can automatically vary the lights brightness
from evening to mid night and then from midnight to morning. In this aspect we also became
successful up to some level.

5.5 Reasoning for Short Comings

Our main goals which we have to achieve, they we cannot achieve because of following reasons
and short comings we have to design our project powered by the control panel but due to high
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cost of control panel is so high that we cannot purchase a solar panel. Thus our system is
dependent upon the distribution supply. We cannot provide the efficient intelligent system due to
high cost of GSM system which is unaffordable by the students. Thus the end short coming is
that can we can design more efficient brightness control system due to reason of complex
programming and software is require building such a system.

What we achieved
But what matters here for us we successfully achieved to manage load by our intelligent street
lightning system by using two special techniques that favors both energy saving best provision
of intelligence.

5.6

Limitations

Energy consumption is major issue in the present era which is increasing day by day. There are
many different methods through which energy consumption can be controlled and can be saved
up to some extent. Our project is also about saving the electrical energy so we decided to save
the electrical energy through street lightning system. Intelligent street lightning system sensing
human and vehicle movement can save the energy up to a good extent but this energy saving is
up to 35-40% so energy saving greater than 50% could not achieved. Moreover the programming
used in microcontroller is C++ which have some limitations that it is difficult to build
programming through C++ and also difficult to understand by a user. Another limitation of
intelligent street lightning is that it Our goal was to use a street lightning system which provide
more intelligence about the street lights and different times of day and night and can give full
information about every object on the road and at footpath but in this aspect we become success
in designing some intelligence which is not more enough as compare to our goal and future
advancement of street lightning system. Another goal was to build a system which can
automatically vary the lights brightness from evening to mid night and then from midnight to
morning. In this aspect we also became successful up to some level. We successfully gain the
requirements of energy saving by intelligent street lightning system up to an extent which we can
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do with our best hard work and intelligence. But there are some limitations in our project which
we have explained and Insha Allah we will try to overcome them in future by designing an
intelligent street lightning system which will give better output like a system which we have
described to design in future.

5.7

Summary

In this chapter we discussed results we achieved its comparison with other similar projects and
discussion of the findings. This chapter contains all the results about hardware and software of
this project and about the feasibility of hardware and software. Also we discussed above the
intelligent street lightning technology and our future goal for making improvements in intelligent
street lightning system for saving more energy. Thus comparison of our project with initial goals
are discussed which we could not achieved and reasons behind them and at last the limitations of
this project are discussed. We talked about what we claimed initially and what we can't
accomplish our limitations and recommendations.

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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
The project is all about energy saving by doing some
intelligent things with street lighting. This system offers ease of maintenance
and energy savings. It is obtained by providing highly economical LED
technology. The proposed system is particularly suitable for the roads in
Remote urban and rural areas where traffic is low at all times and there is
less need of traffic lights. Also this system is quite economical and anyone
can invest in this to save money, power and time. The lifetime of LED street
lights is usually 10 to 15 years. Quick turn on and off: Unlike fluorescent
lamps, which take time to heat up once switched on, LEDs come on with full
brightness instantly. Also we can vary the brightness during evening and
night time by using a highly efficient intelligence system. The equipment
used like microcontroller, LED, voltage regulators, capacitors, PIR sensors
and LCD etc. are easily available and less costly. Overall the system is very
good system which saves power and cost by less initial cost. This system can
be improved if we could directly go for Wireless Power Transmission which
would further reduce the maintenance costs and power thefts of the system,
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as cable breaking is one of the problems faced today .In addition to this, we
can use SCADA system but its initial cost is high and its expensive system.
Moreover, attempts can be made to ensure that the complete system is selfsufficient on nonconventional energy resources like solar power, windmills,
Piezo-electric crystals, etc. We hope that these advancements can make this
system completely robust and totally reliable in all respects. All in all we can
say by keeping in mind the overall scenario of the initial cost, power
consumption and other factors this system looks very economical and
efficient. This is done by replacing sodium vapor lamps by LED and adding
dimming technology to it. E-Street provides an effective measure to save
energy by preventing unnecessary wastage of electricity, caused due to
manual switching of street-lights when it is not required. The system is
versatile, extendable and totally adjustable to user needs.

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Philips Lighting, A solution for smart city lighting,

www.lighting.philips.com/main/smartcities/, accessed July 2014.

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[3]

WU YUE 1, N2, SHI CHANGHONG3, ZHANG XIANGHONG3, YANG WEIL,

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