CONDITION ASSESSEMENT OF STRUCTURES

USING
VIBRATION TECHNIQUE

C.K.FAIZAL
(2005CES3183)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Suresh Bhalla

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
MAY 2007

CERIFICATE
I do certify that this project report explains the work carried out by me in the
M.Tech project under the supervision of Dr.SURESH BHALLA and co-supervision of
Prof. ASHOK GUPTA .The contents of this report including text, figures tables

etc.have not been reproduced from other sources such as books, journals, reports,
manuals, websites etc.Wherever limited reproduction from another source had been
made the source had been duly acknowledged at that point and also listed in the
reference.

C.K.Faizal.
(2005CES3183)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the M.Tech project thesis entitled Condition

Assessment of Structures using Vibration Technique Submitted by C.K.Faizal
(2005CES3183) to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is record of original
bonafide research work carried out by him.
The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Dr. Suresh Bhalla)

Supervisor

(Prof. Ashok Gupta)

Co-Supervisor

Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology,

Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi 110016

New Delhi-110016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the M.Tech project thesis entitled Condition

Assessment of Structures using Vibration Technique Submitted by C.K.Faizal
(2005CES3183) to the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is record of original
bonafide research work carried out by him.
The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Dr. Suresh Bhalla)

Supervisor

(Prof. Ashok Gupta)

Co-Supervisor

Department of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology,

Indian Institute of Technology,

New Delhi 110016

New Delhi-110016

ABSTRACT
Structural Health Monitoring holds the Promise for improving the structural
performance with an excellent cost /benefit ratio. Condition assessment is a technique
used in health monitoring in the damage detection, to ensure the serviceability and the
durability of the structures.
In this report condition assessment of the structures using low frequency technique is
being done through experimental modal analysis and computational analysis software
ANSYS 9.0 over structural elements beam and steel frame.
In the Experimental Modal Analysis, investigation is carried over a 2m and 4m
Reinforced concrete beam and rectangular hollow section steel frame.
Response of the structure is obtained through accelerometer, PZT and
electric strain gauge
Aglient Multimeter is used as data analyzer for data acquisition
FFT analysis and FRF is carried out using MATLAB
In the computational Analysis using ANSYS 9.0 the Modal Analysis is done both in
the 1D and 3D modeling. Damage induced analysis is carried in the ANSYS 9.0 and
the difference in the modal frequency is noted, which was compared in the
experimental modal analysis of the damage induced analysis of the beam.
In 1D and 3D modal analysis experimentally and analytically the results were found
in close agreement with small error. Damage induced Analysis is done in 3D
modeling in computational analysis it has to be checked with the experimental modal
analysis.
Damage detection and Condition assessment of the beams were carried out with Mode
shape curvature and Flexibility method, changes in the beam element were compared
with the real time experimental specimen and damage detection was found in very
close approximation.

LIST OF TABLES

Page
26

Table 5.1

Elemental damage at various loads

Table 5.2

Change in flexibility of the beam elements

27

Table 5.3

Elemental damage in symmetric condition

28

Table 5.4

Elemental damage in unsymmetric condition

29

Table 5.5

Flexibility change in elements 4m beam

30

Table 6.1

1D ANSYS Output

20

Table 6.2

3D ANSYS Output

22

Table 6.3

3D ANSYS Output for Damaged Beam

25

Table 6.4

4m beam 1D analysis symmetric

39

Table 6.5

4m beam 1D analysis unsymmetric

39

Table 6.6

4m beam 3D analysis symmetric

40

Table 6.7

4m bean 3D analysis unsymetric

40

Table 7.1

Comparison of1D Analysis

42

Table 7.2

2m beam Experimental frequencies with PZT

43

Table 7.3

2m beam Experimental frequencies with Accelerometer 43

Table 7.4

2m beam Experimental frequencies with ESG

44

Table 7.5

4m beam experimental frequencies in symmetric

44

Table 7.6

4m beam experimental frequencies in unsymmetric

45

LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Fig 2.1

Function for FRF Generation

Fig 4.1

Bonded Metallic Strain Gauge

14

Fig 4.2 Basis Model of Accelerometer

15

Fig 4.3 Accelerometer attached to the Beam

16

Fig 4.4 Aglient Multimeter

16

Fig 4.5 Responses by PZT Patch

17

Fig 4.6

Regions Analyzed for PZT Patch

18

Fig 4.7

FFT Analysis for PZT Patch Response

18

Fig 4.8

FFT Analysis for Accelerometer Generated Response

19

Fig 4.9

FFT Analysis of Accelerometer generated response

20

Fig 4.10 Experimental mode shapes of frames

21

Fig 5.1 Experimental set up of 2m beam

31

Fig 5.2 PZT, Accelerometer and strain gauge set up

31

Fig 5.3 Crack formation at the center of 2m beam

31

Fig 5.4 Experimental set up for 4m beam

32

Fig 5.5 Crack formation at the loading point

32

Fig 6.1

1D Mode Shapes

35

Fig 6.2

Beam modeling

36

Fig 6.3 3D Mode Shapes

37

Fig 6.4 3D Mode shapes of the damaged beam

38

NOMENCLATURE
[F]

[ Fi" ]
I
[K]

Flexibility Matrix

Curvature Change at Location I

Moment of Inertia
Stiffness Matrix

Mass of single degree of Freedom

M(x)

Bending moment at a section of a beam

Angular Frequency

Scalar damage index for jth member

Curvature of the beam

ij

Damage location for i th mode at j th location

Poissons ratio

i i*

Pre-damage and Post damage i th mode shape vector respectively

[]

Mode shape Matrix

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1

BACKGROUND

Major civil engineering structures such as bridges, containment vessels, dams,

offshore structures, buildings etc. constitute a significant portion of the national
wealth. The maintenance costs of these structures is substantially high, and even a
small percentage reduction in the maintenance cost amounts to significant saving.
One of the most cost effective maintenance methods is structural health monitoring.
Early detection of problems, such as, cracks at critical locations, delaminations,
corrosion, spalling of concrete etc., can help in prevention of catastrophic failure and
structural deterioration beyond repair.
Structural health monitoring has great potential for enhancing the
functionality, serviceability and increased life span of structures and, as a result,
could contribute significantly to the economy of the nation. The concept of long-term
monitoring of civil engineering structures is evolving as a result of the requirement of
cost-effective maintenance of complex structures and the development of new sensor
technologies
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF CONDITION ASSESSMENT

Accurate Condition Assessment of civil engineering structures has become

increasingly important. The need for quantitative global damage detection methods
that can be applied to complex structures, has led to the development of methods that
examine changes in vibration characteristics of the structure. Doebling et al (1996)
provided an extensive overview of vibration-based detection methods. Those are non
destructive methods based on the fact that structural damage usually causes a decrease
in the structural stiffness, which produces changes in the vibration characteristics of
the structure. Damage is determined through the comparison between the undamaged
and the damaged states of the structure
The most common dynamic parameters used in damage detection are the natural
frequencies and the mode shapes. But changes in natural frequencies alone cannot
provide spatial information about structural damage. Therefore mode shape
information is additionally needed to uniquely localize the damage

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF STUDY

The primary objective of this study is to identify the damage induced in the
structures using low frequency techniques, to locate the damage location and
determine the severity of the damage, so that the life span of the structures can be
assessed and maintenance cost can be reduced.
In this study, the investigation was carried out on concrete beams of 2m and 4m
length using low frequency techniques. The response of the beam was obtained from
accelerometer, piezoelectric ceramic patch and electric strain gauge. Further, from the
frequency response function, the modal frequencies were obtained and were compared
with the finite element method analysis.
Again, inducing damage in the beam, modal frequency has to be obtained, and
from the experimental modal analysis using the change in flexibility method and the
mode shape curvature method the condition assessment and damage detection has to
be carried out.
Experimental mode shapes of the structural elements were obtained using the
dynamic technique.

1.4 ORGANISATION OF THESIS

This thesis consists of total of eight chapters including this introductory chapter.
Chapter 2 presents a detailed review of the literature work done earlier in the field of
the structural health monitoring (SHM). Chapter 3 presents the various damage
detection methods in SHM and their implication. Chapter 4 presents the experimental
work carried out in this project work under various boundary conditions and the
details of the experimental mode shapes of the steel frame. Chapter 5 presents the
computational method followed in this work to determine the damage location and
severity of the structural elements. Chapter 6 presents the numerical work carried out
in the ANSYS9.0 over structural elements and various elements used and modelling
details of the beams. Chapter 7 presents the comparison of the experimental and
numerical work carried in this project and details are shown in histograms. Finally,
conclusions and recommendations are presented in Chapter 8.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The interest in the ability to monitor a structure and detect damage at the
earliest possible stage is pervasive throughout the civil, mechanical and aerospace
engineering communities.
Existence of structural damage in an engineering system leads to
modification of the vibration modes. These modifications are manifested as changes
in the modal parameters (natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping
values), which can be obtained from results of dynamic (vibration) testing. Changes
in the modal parameters may not be the same for each mode since the changes depend
on the nature, location and severity of the damage. This effect offers the possibility of
using data from dynamic testing to detect, locate and quantify damage.
Modal parameters can be easily obtained from measured vibration responses.
The responses are

acquired by some form of transducer, which monitors the

structural response to artificially induced excitation forces or ambient forces in the

service environment. Low input energy levels are sufficient to produce measurable
responses since the input energy is dynamically amplified.

2.2 EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ON FREQUENCY

The presence of damage or deterioration in a structure causes changes in the

natural frequencies of the structure. The most useful damage location methods (based
on dynamic testing) are probably those using changes in resonant frequencies because
frequency measurements can be quickly conducted and are often reliable. Abnormal
loss of stiffness is inferred when measured natural frequencies are substantially lower
than expected
2.3 METHODS OF DAMAGE DETECTION AND LOCATION

At modal nodes (points of zero modal displacements), the stress is minimum

for the particular mode of vibration. Hence, the minimal change in a particular modal
frequency could mean that the defect may be close to the modal node. The other
modal frequency variations can still be used to determine the magnitude of damage.

2.4 FACTORS TO CONSIDER USING NATURAL FREQUENCIES FOR

DAMAGE DETECTION IN PROTOTYPES

Some factors to consider when using vibration testing for integrity assessment
and for successful utilization of vibration data in assessing structural condition,
measurements should be taken at points where represented. The simplest way of
achieving this is to conduct a theoretical vibration analysis of the structure prior to
testing. The best positions would be those points where the sum of the magnitudes of
the mode shape vectors is maximized.
2.5 LOW FRQUENCY TECHNIQUE

Low frequency techniques are based on the analysis of structural dynamic

response measurements, typically made by subjecting the structure to low frequency
vibrations. By this analysis, a suitable set of parameters is identified, and any
variation in these parameters is an indication of the changing state of the structures.
Damage in a structure alters its modal parameters, namely the stiffness matrix and the
damping matrix .In these techniques, the structure is excited by appropriate means
and the response data is processed to obtain a quantitative index or a set of indices
representative of the condition of the structure.
2.6 EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS

Experimental modal analysis (EMA) was used to identify the modal

parameters of the structure: the resonant frequencies, modal damping ratios (MDR)
and mode shapes.
Linearity of the structural behavior is one of the basic assumptions of the
method. EMA can be used to monitor damage. Variations of the resonant frequencies
and mode shapes are mainly due to changes of the global and local linear stiffness
properties, while the variations of the MDR's are associated with an increase of the
internal energy dissipation or attenuation. Mode shapes are obtained by analysis of
the vibration response at multiple locations. Their changes are valuable indicators for
damage monitoring, since they provide local information.

2.7 TYPES OF VIBRATION

All vibration is a combination of both forced and resonant vibration. Forced
vibration can be due to
1. Internally generated forces
2 .Unbalances.
3. External loads.
4. Ambient excitation
Resonant vibration occurs when one or more of the resonance or natural
modes of vibration of a machine or structure is excited. Resonant vibration typically
amplifies the Vibration response far beyond the level deflection, stress, and strain
caused by static loading.
2.8 MODES
Modes (or resonance) are inherent properties of a structure. Resonances are
determined by the material properties (mass, stiffness, and damping properties), and
boundary conditions of the structure. Each mode is defined by a natural (modal or
resonant) frequency, modal damping, and a mode shape. If either the material
properties or the boundary conditions of a structure change, its modes will change.
For instance, if mass is added to a vertical pump, it will vibrate differently because its
modes have changed.
At or near the natural frequency of a mode, the overall vibration shape
(operating deflection shape) of a machine or structure will tend to be dominated by
the mode shape of the resonance.
2.9 FRF MEASUREMENTS

The frequency response function (FRF) is a fundamental measurement that

isolates the inherent dynamic properties of a mechanical structure. Experimental
modal parameters (frequency, damping, and mode shape) are also obtained from a set
of FRF measurements.
The FRF describes the input-output relationship between two points on a
structure as a function of frequency. Since both force and motion are vector
quantities, they have directions associated with them. Therefore, an FRF is actually
defined between a single input degree of freedom (point & direction), and a single
output degree of freedom.

Fig: 2.1 Functions for FRF Generation

An FRF is a measure of how much displacement, velocity, or acceleration
response a structure has at an output DOF, per unit of excitation force at an input
DOF. Figure so indicates that an FRF is defined as the ratio of the Fourier transform
of an output response (X (w)) divided by the Fourier transform of the input force (F
(w)) that caused the output.
Depending on whether the response motion is measured as displacement,
velocity, or acceleration, the FRF and its inverse can have a variety of names,
Compliance = (displacement / force)
Mobility = (velocity / force)
Inheritance or Receptance = (acceleration / force)
Dynamic Stiffness = (1 / Compliance)
Impedance = (1 / Mobility)
Dynamic Mass = (1 / Inertance)
2.10 MODAL ANALYSIS APPLICATION

Mode shapes and resonant frequencies of a structure (its modal response) can
be predicted by using a mathematical model known as a Finite Element Model
(FEM). An FEM uses points connected by elements possessing the mathematical
properties of the structures materials. Boundary conditions define how the structure
is fixed to the ground and what force loads are applied. After defining the model, a
mathematical algorithm computes the mode shapes and resonant frequencies. The
practical benefit is that it is possible to predict the vibration response of a structure
before it is even built.
After building the structure, its good practice to verify the FEM using
experimental modal analysis. This identifies errors in the model and leads to

improvements in future designs. Professionals can also use experimental modal

analysis without FEM models. In this case, the goal is to identify the modal response
of an existing structure in order to resolve vibration problems.
One of the common vibration problems identified by modal analysis is when
a forcing function excites the resonant frequency of a structure. A forcing function is
the mechanism that forces the structure to vibrate. Real world examples include
rotating imbalance in an automobile engine, reciprocating motion in a machine, or
broadband noise from wind or road conditions in a vehicle. The frequency of the
forcing function is extracted from a frequency domain analysis of its signal. When a
resonant frequency of the structure coincides with the frequency of the forcing
function, the structure may exhibit large vibrations that lead to fatigue and failure.
In this case, the mode-shape information can be used to redesign or modify
the structure to move the resonant frequencies away from the forcing function.
Structural elements can be added to increase the structures stiffness or simple
changes made to increase or decrease the mass. These changes will act to change the
structures resonance frequency values.

Chapter 3
DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION METHODS
3.1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the amount of information provided regarding the damage state,

Farrar and Jauregui (1998) defined four distinct objectives of damage detection
a) To identify the damage.
b) To determine the location of the damage.
c) To determine the severity of the damage.
d) To determine the remaining useful life of the structure.
3.2 DAMAGE INDEX METHOD

The damage index method was developed by Stubbs and Kim (1994) to locate
damage in structures given their characteristic mode shapes before and after damage
.For a structure that can be represented as a beam, a damage index, , is developed
based on the change in strain energy stored in the structure when it deforms in its
particular mode shape. For location jth on the beam this change in the ith mode the
damage index ij was defined as

Where ij =

( [ ( x)] dx + [ ( x)] dx) [ "i ( x)] 2 dx

"
i

"
i

(3.1)

( [ ( x)] dx + [ ( x)] dx) [ i " ( x)]2 dx

"
i

"
i

th
mode shape
Where "i ( x) and *"
i ( x ) are the second derivatives of the i

corresponding to the undamaged and the damaged structures, respectively.

Here, a and b are the limits of a segment of the beam where the damage is
being evaluated. L is the length of the beam
For mode shapes obtained from ambient data, the modes are normalized such that
{ n }T {M }{ n } = 1

. (3.2)

3.3 MODE SHAPE CURVATURE METHOD

Pandey, Biswas and samman (1991) assume that structural damage only
affects the structures stiffness matrix and its mass distribution. The pre and postdamage mode shapes for the beam in its undamaged and damaged conditions can then
be estimated numerically from the displacement mode shapes with a central
difference approximation or other means of differentiation. Given the before and after
mode shapes, the author consider a beam cross section at location x along the length
of the beam, v(x) is
v(x)=M(x)/(EI)
Where E is the modulus of elasticity and I the moment of inertia of the section.
From the equation, it is evident that the curvature is inversely proportional to the
flexural stiffness, EI. Thus, a reduction of stiffness associated with damage will, in
turn lead to an increase in curvature. Differences in the pre and post damage
curvature mode shapes will, in theory be in the damage curvature mode shapes will in
theory be largest in the damaged region. For multiple modes the absolute values of
changes in curvature associated with each mode are summed to yield a damage
parameter for a particular location

3.4 CHANGE IN FLEXIBILTY METHOD

Pandey and Biswas (1994) show that for the undamaged and damaged
structures, the flexibility matrix, [F], can be approximated from the unit massnormalized modal data as follows

[F] 1 / i2 { i } { i }T

... (3.3)

i =1

and

[F]* 1 / i*2 { i }* { i }*T

...(3.4)

i =1

Where I is the ith modal frequency, i ith unit mass-normalized mode, n

the number of measured modes and the asterisks signify properties of the damaged
structure. From the pre and post damage flexibility matrices, a measure of the

flexibility change caused by the damage can be obtained from the difference of the
respective matrices as
[ F ] = [ F ] [ F ]

(3.5)

Where [F ] represents the change in flexibility matrix. For each column of

this matrix j = max 1 ij 1 , i =1..n. The column of the flexibility matrix

corresponding to the largest change is indicative of the degree of freedom where the
damage is located.
3.5 CHANGE IN UNIFORM LOAD SURFACE CURVATURE

The coefficients of the ith column of the flexibility matrix represent the
deflected shape assumed by the structure with a unit load applied at the ith degree of
freedom. The sum of all columns of the flexibility matrix represents the deformed
shape assume by the structure if a unit load is applied at each degree of freedom and
this shape is to as the uniform load surface. Change in curvature of the uniform load
surface can be used to determine the location of damage. In terms of the curvature of
the uniform load surface, F, the curvature change at location l is evaluated as
follows

F " = Fi*-F

(3.6)

Where F represents the absolute curvature change. The curvature of the

uniform load surface can be obtained with a central difference operator.

3.6 CHANGE IN STIFFNESS METHOD

Zimmerman and Kaouk (1994) have developed a damage detection method

based on changes in the stiffness matrix that is derived from measured modal data.
The eigenvalue problem of an undamaged, undamped structure is

( i[ M ] + [ K ]{ i } = {0}

(3.7)

The eigenvalue problem of the damaged structure is formulated by first

replacing the pre-damaged eigenvectors and eigenvalues with a set of post-damaged
modal parameters and second, subtracting the perturbations in the mass and stiffness
matrices caused by damage from the original matrices. Letting M d and K d
represents the perturbations to the original mass and stiffness matrices, the Eigen
value equation becomes
[*i [ M M d ] + [ K K d ]]{ i }* = {0}

(3.8)

Two forms of a damage vector, {Di } for the ith mode are then obtained by
separating

the terms containing the original matrices from those containing the

perturbation matrices.

Hence,

{Di } = (*i [ M ] + [ K ]){ i }* = (*i [M d ] + [K d ]]{ i }*

.. (3.9)

To simplify the investigation, damage is considered to alter only the

stiffness of the structure of the structure (i.e. M d = [0] ). Therefore, the damage
vector reduces to
{Di } = [K d ]{ i }*

.. (3.10)

In a similar manner as the modal-based flexibility matrices previously

defined, the stiffness matrices, before and after damage, can be approximated from
incomplete mass-normalized modal data as

And

[ K ] i2iiT

. (3.11)

[ K ]* i*2i*i*T

. (3.12)

Equation (6) is subtracted from equation (14) to obtain [K d ] . This matrix

is multiplied by the ith damaged mode shape vector to obtain the ith damage vector as
shown in equation (4). A scaling procedure discussed by Zimmerman and kaouk was
used to avoid spurious readings at stiff locations of the measured response is lower.

Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL AND DATA PROCESSING TOOLS
This study has investigated the low frequency dynamic response technique
utilizing accelerometer, electrical strain gauge and piezoceramic (PZT) patches.
4.1

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

For practical application of the technique, the following hardware

components are used
1. Electrical strain gauge, accelerometer and piezoceramic (PZT) patches are
bonded to the structures, which acts as integrated sensors.
2. Data analyzer, for structural frequency response function acquisition. In
this study
34411A Agilent multimeter was used

3. A personal computer, for graphic control and display.

4. Electro Dynamic Shaker machine with its Function generator.
4.2

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Build analytical models

- Determine theoretical sensitivity of method

- Address sensor placement
- Discuss the design of experiments
Experimental verification-

- Test simple structural level specimens with various damage, work up through
building block element
- Assess feasibility of implementing method in SHM system

System architecture
- Sensor integration
- Test samples with realistic sensors
- Test method on representative structures

4.3 STRAIN GAUGE

A strain gauge is a device used to measure deformation (strain) of an object.

The most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing
which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable
adhesive. As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical
resistance to change. This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone
bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge factor.

Fig: 4.1-Bonded Metallic Strain Gauge

In this project two 5mm strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2.09 are attached
on the 4m steel beam. Both the gauges are attached at the centre parallel to the central
axis of the steel beam as shown in the pictures below:
In this study, a reinforced concrete beam of 4m lengths, 0.15m widths, 0.2m
heights were instrumented with electric strain gauge, peizoceramic patches and
accelerometers. Fig shows the measurement set up, consisting of the test structure,
digital multimeter, a personal computer and shaker machine. The structure was
excited by the shaker machine and the vibration responses were measured using the
Agilent 34411A digital multimeter. The multimeter records measurements from all
the sensors one by one.
In the case of ESG, the multimeter measures the resistance with time and was
used to convert it into strain. In the case of Accelerometer and PZT patch, the
instantaneous voltage across the terminals was measured in time domain.
In all the measurement, a sampling interval of 1 millisecond was set in the
multimeter. After each measurement, the data recorded in the multimeter was

transferred to the PC via the USB interface. Now, the transferred data was
transformed from time domain to frequency response functions (FRF) was obtained.
4.4 ACCLEROMETER

An accelerometer is a linear seismic transducer, which produces an electric

charge proportional to the applied acceleration. A simple model of an accelerometer is
shown in Figure. A mass is supported on a piece of piezoelectric ceramic crystal,
which is fastened to the frame of the transducer body. Piezoelectric materials have the
property that if they are compressed or sheared, they produce an electric potential
between their extremities, and this electric potential is proportional to the amount of
compression or shear. As the frame experiences an upward acceleration it also
experiences a displacement. Because the mass is attached to the frame through the
spring-like piezoelectric element, the resulting displacement it experiences is of
different phase and amplitude than the displacement of the frame. This relative
displacement between the frame and mass causes the piezoelectric crystal to be
compressed, giving off a voltage proportional to the acceleration of the frame.

Fig: 4.2 Basis model of Accelerometer

Fig: 4.3 Accelerometer attached to the beam

From the frequency response function, the first 3 modal frequencies were
obtained from the Accelerometer, PZT and ESG
The equipment used in the data acquisition was AGILENT MULTIMETER,
data was collected at an interval of 1millisecond and the duration of the data
acquisition was kept to 20sec. Fig: 4.4 show the front and the rear views of the
multimeter.

Fig: 4.4 Aglient Multimeters

4.5 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

By conducting random vibration analysis on the Beam with the help of

impact hammer resistance is measured through electronic strain gauge and voltage
through accelerometer and peizoceramic patches. The data obtained is transformed
into frequency response function. From the plot modal frequencies of the first 3
modes is noted.
The smart piezo transducers were attached to the surface using CNX
adhesive and were soldered through wires to the multimeter. Multimeter was
appropriately calibrated to get the readings for time duration of 20 seconds with small
time interval of 1 milliseconds in order to capture the first few nodal frequencies Two
strikes were given by the hammer in order to generate sufficient response for time
duration of 20 seconds. These two strikes can be seen in the form of two peaks in the
fig:4.5. The response generated by the PZT patch and the region analyzed from the
response patch was shown in the fig: 4.6.The response of the PZT from time domain

to frequency domain through fast fourier transform and first three fundamental
frequency is considered for the analysis was shown in the fig:4.7.
4.5.1 Experiment on 2m concrete Beam

Experiment on 2m RC beam was carried out on a symmetric support condition

for the condition assessment as shown below
Simply supported overhanging 20cm on both sides.

RESPONSE FROM PZT(1)

Hammer 1

0.3

Area Analyzed

Responses by PZT patch

0.2

Voltage(V)

0.1
0
-0.1 0

10

15

20

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4

Hammer 2

-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
Tim e(Sec)

Fig: 4.5 Responses by PZT Patch

Due to some uncontrolled noise, the damping nature is shown in the Response
of the PZT, in analysis it is eliminated by Filtering technique and the Frequency
Response
The following region was analyzed for frequency response to obtain the experimental
values of modal frequencies for the 4-meter concrete beam

25

Analyzed Response from PZT

0.2
0.1

Voltage (V)

0
-0.1

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Tim e (sec)

Fig: 4.6 Regions Analyzed for PZT Patch

50

2nd mode at 60.78Hz

Response

1st mode at 41.16Hz

3rd mode at 98.566Hz

25

0
0

50

100

150

200

F r e q u e n c y (H z )

Fig: 4.7 FFT analyses for PZT patches

4.5.2 Experiment on 4m concrete beam

On 4m RC beam experiment was carried out in 2 support conditions as shown

below.Fig:4.8 shows the FFT analysis for the PZT patch response and the first 3
fundamental frequencies under the symmetric support condition. Fig 4.9 shows the
FFT analysis of the accelerometer generated response and first four fundamental
frequencies under the unsymmetric condition.
Similarly the experiment is repeated after inducing the damage in the RC
beam under the same support conditions. The fundamental frequencies of the
damaged RC beam were noted and condition assessments of the structures were
carried out.

Supported condition1: Overhanging of 50cm on either side. (Symmetric)

Supported condition 2: Over hanging 50cm and 100cm on either side. (Unsymmetric)

25
st m ode
1st mode at114.53Hz

a t 2 nd
2H z

3 rd m o d e a t 1 4 2 H z

2nd m ode at 68H z

2 mode at 31Hz

3rd mode at 63.99Hz

Response(v)

20

15

10

0
0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

-5
F re q u e n c y (H z )

Fig: 4.8 FFT Analyses for PZT Patch Response

(Support condition 1)
The first three distinct peaks in the FRF are seen at 14.53 Hz, 31Hz and
63.99Hz indicating them to be the first three modes of vibration for the 4-meter
concrete beam.

250

275

300

1st peak at
24.9 Hz

Response(v)

20

2nd peak
70.04 Hz

4th peak at
195.4 Hz

3rd peak at
130.03 Hz

10

0
0

50

100

150

200

Frequency (Hz)

Fig: 4.9 FFT Analyses for Accelerometer generated response

(Supported condition 2)
The peaks obtained using the PZT are at 24.90 Hz, 70.04 Hz, 130.03 Hz
and 195.40 Hz.
4.5.3 Experimental mode shapes on Steel frame

A hollow rectangular steel frame of sectional cross section .05m .025m was
tested for experimental mode shapes using ICAT software. During experiment the
steel frame were held in free-free support conditions and the excitation was given a
plane at different equivalent point with the help of hammer which was connected to
the digital multimeter .The response were read at a point through out the experiment
with accelerometer and the response were directly read into FRF plot by multimeter .
The frame was modelled in the ICAT software with the same number of nodes
as the excitation points in the experiment and the FRF were assigned in the model at
their respective nodal point and analyzed.
The frame was analyzed in the ANSYS and frequencies were found, Table 4.1
shows the experimental and numerical frequencies of the frame.

250

Fig:4.11 shows the mode shapes obtained from the ICAT software .In the ansys as
the boundary condition were not simulated as in experimental conditions the result
were prone to erroneous .

Fig: 4.10 Steel frame

4.6 EXPERIMENTAL AND ANSYS MODAL FREQUECIES ON STEEL
FRAME
E X P E R IM E N T A L A N D A N S Y S M O D A L F R E Q U E N C Y

E X P E R IM E N T A L

AN S YS

1000

F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )

800
600
400
200
0
E X P E R IM E N T A L
A NS Y S

2 1 .7 2 9 4

6 8 .2 9 3 6

2 0 0 .8 6 5

2 7 1 .8 7 6

4 5 8 .7 6 5

6 9 5 .7 0 8

2 1 .1 4 9

7 3 .9 8 4

2 1 5 .2 2

2 8 4 .1 2

4 7 3 .5 2 4

7 1 9 .6 1 3

7 0 7 .8 6 2

8 2 5 .7 7

8 5 2 .5 6 2

7 3 2 .8 5 1

8 5 5 .2 2 3

8 7 5 .2 5

M O DES

Table 4.1: EXPERIMENTAL AND ANSYS FREQUENCIES OF STEEL FRAME

4.7 EXPERIMENTAL MODE SHAPES OF STEEL FRAME

MODE 1

MODE 3

MODE 2

MODE 4

MODE 5

MODE 7

MODE 6

MODE 8

Fig4.11: EXPERIMENTAL MODE SHAPES OF FRAME

4.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this chapter the sensors used, the data acquisition, support conditions of the
beams with which the experiments were done and the steel frame on which the
experimental mode shapes was carried were described.
In the experimental mode shape on the steel frame the boundary condition
were just supported on the floor and in the ANSYS it was in free-free end condition
by which the ansys comparison was in erroneous.

Chapter 5
CONDITTON ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE BEAMS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the condition assessment of the concrete beams was carried out

using Change in Flexibility Method and the Mode shape curvature method .The
experimental mode shapes was tried over a hollow rectangular cross-section steel
frame using the frequency response function in ICAT modeling software .
5.2 DAMAGE LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION METHOD 2m BEAM

This method requires only the information of the natural frequency changes of
the damaged structure and the mode shapes of the undamaged structure. The basic
framework of this work has been presented in Naidu et al., 2002.
The governing equation of motion for dynamic system is
..

[M]{ x } +[C] { x } + [K] {x} = {F (t)}

. (5.1)

Where
[M]=Mass matrix; [C] =Damping matrix; [K] =stiffness matrix.
The eigen frequencies and mode shape vectors of the dynamic system is given by
{}= {1, 2,

3, 4......}

. (5.2)

{}= {1, 2, 3, 4 }

. (5.3)

The angular frequency can be replaced by cyclic frequency, f, and as such set of
natural frequencies in Hertz is given by
{f}= {f1, f2, f3, f4 }

. (5.4)

After the structure is damaged, the shift in frequency is given by,

{f}m= { f1, f2, f3, f4, }

. (5.5)

Sorting the shift frequencies in the descending order we have

{f}m= { f1, f2, f3, f4, }

. (5.6)

The Damage indicator or Damage metric, DI for each element is given by

m

DIx=

IE
i =1

i
px

If i
DIy=

IE
i =1

i =1

i
py

If i
DIz=

IE
i =1

i =1

i
pz

If i

i =1

Where m=number modes chosen

P=number elements in the structure

i=number chosen mode shapes

f =shift frequency
E =element deformation parameter.
E ipx = longitudinal displacement of node i+ 1
E ipy = *{curvature value of node i+1 + curvature value of node i)
E ipz =rotation of node i+1 rotation i)

The damage metric index computed for the damaged beam elements of the 2m
and 4m beam were shown below. Fig: 5.1 shows the elemental damage at various
loads over the 2m beam in the symmetric condition .In the figures a threshold damage
metric index of 70% were taken. The beam was divided in 50 elements so that each
element was of 4cm in length.
During experiment the loads were applied at the center and it is found that the
bending cracks were found at the center and the shear cracks the support conditions as
shown in the Fig:5.7 and Fig:5.9..From the figures shown below it was evident that
the elemental damage propagation were taking place at the center and support
condition.
In the 2m beam numerical analysis only the modal displacement were used
,hence the damage location were found to be in close approximation with the
experiment but the severity of the damage location were not in much correlation.

5 0 K N

DAM AGE
M E T R IC

8 0

7 5

7 0
1

1 0

1 3

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 5

2 8

3 1

3 4

3 7

4 0

4 3

3 4

3 7

4 6

4 9

E L E M E N T S N O

7 0 K N
8 0

DAM AGE
M E T R IC

7 5

7 0
1

1 0

1 3

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 5

2 8

E L E M E N T S

3 1

4 0

4 3

4 6

4 9

N O

8 0 K N
8 0

DAM AGE
M E T R IC

7 5

7 0
1

1 0

1 3

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 5

2 8

3 1

E L E M E N T S N O

3 4

3 7

4 0

4 3

4 6

4 9

8 3 K N
80

DAM AGE
M E T R IC

75

70
1

10

13

16

19

22

2 5

28

31

34

37

40

43

46

49

E L E M E N T S N O

Fig 5.1: ELEMENTAL DAMAGE AT VARIOUS LOADS

5.3 CHANGE IN FLEXIBILITY 2m BEAM

In this method the change in flexibility of the beam was calculated using the
pandey and biswas and the change in elemental flexibility was plotted.
Fig:5.2 shows the change in elemental flexibility of the 2m beam .From the
figures it is clear that the bending and the shear crack development at the center and
support was in correlation with the high flexibility change in the plots at the center
and support elements as shown below .

5 0 K N

F L E X IB IL IT Y

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

0
0

1 0

2 0

3 0
E L E M E N T

4 0
N O

5 0

6 0

7 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

F L E X IB IL IT Y

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

0
0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

E L E M E N T

5 0

6 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

N O

8 0 K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6

F L E X IB IL IT Y

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0
0

1 0

2 0

3 0
E L E M E N T N O

8 3 K N

F A IL U R E

L O A D

F L E X IB IL IT Y

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0
0

1 0

2 0

3 0
E L E M E N T N O

Fig: 5.2: CHANGE IN FLEXIBILITY OF THE BEAM ELEMENT

5.4 DAMAGE LOCATION AND IDENTIFICATION 4m BEAM

Damage metric index were computed on the 4m beam under the symmetric
and unsymmetric conditions .In the symmetric condition only the final damage
inspection was done, whereas in the unsymmetric condition damage assessment at
various load levels were carried out.
In the unsymmetric condition the bending cracks at the center and shear cracks
at the unsupported condition found in experimental as shown in Fig:5.8 and Fig:5.9
was in correlation with the elemental damage at the corresponding element numbers.
4m SYMMETRIC
100

80

60

40
1

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

ELEMENTS

Fig: 5.3: ELEMENTAL DAMAGE IN SYMMETRIC CONDITION

3 0 K N U S Y M M E T R IC

D A M A G E M E T R IC

0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1

1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7

1 9 2 1 2 3
EL EM EN T S

2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1

3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9

4 1

37

39

41

4 1 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC

1
0 .9
DAM AG E M ETRI

0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1

1 0

1 3

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 5

2 8

3 1

3 4

3 7

4 0

EL EM EN T S

6 0 K N U N S Y M M E T R IC

0 .9
0 .8

0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 7

1 9

2 1

2 3

2 5

2 7

2 9

3 1

3 3

3 5

3 7

3 9

4 1

3 5

3 7

3 9

4 1

EL EM EN T S

6 8 K N

U N S Y M M E T R IC

1
0 .9
0 .8
D A M A G E M E T R IC

D A M A G E M E T R IC

0 .7

0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
1

1 1

1 3

1 5

1 7

1 9

2 1

2 3

2 5

2 7

2 9

3 1

E L E M EN T S

Fig: 5.4: ELEMENTAL DAMAGE IN UNSYMMETRIC CONDITION

3 3

5.5 CHANGE IN FLEXIBILITY METHOD ON 4m BEAM

Change in flexibility of the 4m beam was computed accordingly. The beam

was divided into 40 elements hence the overhanging of the beam was up to 10th
element and from the 35th element at the other end.

AT 30K N
1 .2 0 E -2 3

F L E X IB IL IT Y

8 .0 0 E -2 4
4 .0 0 E -2 4
0 .0 0 E + 0 0
0

10

20

30

40

50

ELEM ENTS

A T 41K N

F L E X IB IL IT Y

1 .2 E -0 9
8 E -1 0
4 E -1 0
0
0

10

20

30
EL EM EN T S

40

50

A T 60K N
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
F L E X IB IL IT Y

2 .4 E -0 9
1 .8 E -0 9
1 .2 E -0 9
6 E -1 0
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

30

35

40

45

EL EM ENT S

AT 68K N

F L E X IB IL IT Y

0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
0

10

15

20

25

ELEM ENTS

Fig: 5.5: FLEXIBILITY CHANGE IN ELEMENTS OF 4m BEAM UNSYMMETRIC CONDITION

Fig 5.6: EXPERIMENTAL SET UP OF 2m BEAM

Fig5.7: PZT, ELECTRIC STRAIN GAUGE AND ACCELEROMETER SETUP

Fig 5.8: CRACK FORMATION AT THE CENTER OF 2m BEAM

Fig 5.9: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR 4m BEAM

Fig 5.10: CRACK FORMATION AT LOADING POINT

5.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this chapter it is shown that the Condition Assessment done with flexibility
and mode shape curvature is plotted in histogram and the experimental pictures
shown concludes that damage detection and the condition assessment is in very close
approximation.
The change in the flexibility of the elements beyond the overhanging was very
high as the curvature method is applicable within the support condition only, beyond
the overhanging it is more flexible.

Chapter 6
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter analytical detail of the experiments was described through the
modelling software ANSYS 9.0. Elements used in analysis for 1D and 3D,
computational results of the analysis and the mode shapes were given.
By using the modelling software ANSYS 9.0, the beam is modeled with
different beam elements in 1D and 3D modelling.
6.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF ELEMENTS

In 1D analysis the beam is modeled using BEAM4 element (i.e. 3D Elastic 4)

Specification of BEAM4:
Nodes

I, J, K (K orientation node is optional)

Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ

In 3D analysis the beam is modeled using SOLID45 element (i.e. Brick 8 node45)
Specification of SOLID45:
Nodes

I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P
Degrees of Freedom

UX, UY, UZ
6.3 COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS

By using ANSYS 9.0 analysis software, computational analysis is carried

over a 4m span beam both in 1D and 3D modeling. In 1D analysis the ANSYS output
is compared with the analytical value.
Table 6.1 shows the ansys 1D frequencies of the 2m beam, Fig: 6.1 shows
the mode shapes of the 1D analysis and element modelling .

6.3.1 1D ANALYSIS (2m Concrete Beam)

1 D

M O D E

1 D

M O D E

2 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
1 0 0 0
5 0 0
0
1 D

M O D E

1 0

1 6 .9 3

6 7 .5 3

1 5 1 .2

2 6 6 .9

4 1 3 .3

5 8 8 .9

7 9 1 .7

1 0 2 0

1 2 7 1

1 5 4 4

Table: 6.1 1D ANSYS Output

1D ANALYSIS MODESHAPES IN ANSYS

Fig: 6.1 1D Mode Shapes

6.3.2 3D ANALYSIS

Table 6.2 and Fig 6.2 shows the ansys output of the 3D analysis and the
element modelling of the 2m beam at the various load level.
3D ANALYSIS: ANSYS OUTPUT (2m Concrete Beam)
A NS Y S DA T A
BEFO RE DA M A G E

A T 5O KN

A T 70KN

A T 80KN

A T 8 3 K N ( F A IL U R E L O A D )

250

C H A N G E IN H z ( % )

200

B EFO RE DA M A G E

150
100
50
0
4 1 .0 6

5 8 .3 3 1 0 2 .7

1 2 2 .6 1 3 5 .5
122

135

10

1 5 5 .3

1 6 6 .2 2 0 3 .3

2 1 6 .1 2 2 7 .2

A T 5O K N

41

5 8 .2 2

102

1 5 4 .9

1 6 5 .2 2 0 2 .1

2 1 5 .2 2 2 6 .2

A T 70K N

3 6 .0 9

5 3 .6

9 6 .6 3

1 1 7 .5 1 3 3 .3

1 5 1 .4

1 6 3 .2 2 0 0 .3

2 1 2 .8 2 2 3 .4

A T 80K N

2 9 .8 2

5 2 .2 4 9 3 .2 7

1 1 2 .6 1 3 0 .2

1 4 9 .2

1 6 0 .4 1 9 8 .2

2 1 0 .9

221

A T 8 3 K N ( F A IL U R E L O A D ) 2 3 . 3 6

5 0 .2 6 9 2 .4 7

1 0 5 .6 1 2 9 .6

1 4 8 .3

1 6 0 .2

2 0 9 .7

220

198

M O DES

Table: 6.2 3D ANSYS Output

Fig: 6.2 showing the Beam Modeling and Nodal Points.

3D ANALYSIS MODE SHAPES IN ANSYS 9.0 (2m Concrete Beam)

Fig: 6.3 3D Mode Shapes

In 3D analysis, the beam is modeled into block volume, Using solid45, and brick
element. The block is meshed into hexagonally of dimensions (0.1 .05 .05) m3. In order to
eliminate the longitudinal mode shapes the beam is supported as pinned-pinned conditionAs
in experimental setup the beam is over hanged by 0.2m at both the ends.
The torsional effect can be seen in the 3D analysis, which can be compared with
the experimental data.
6.4 DAMAGE INDUCED ANALYSIS IN CONCRETE BEAM

To stimulate the damage condition (Crack) in the Beam, the Beam is modeled
in three sub beams in which the propagation of the crack is varied by varying the width and
the height of the crack between the sub beams. The beams are glued in the ANSYS so that it
behaves as a monolithic beam with the crack propagation.

DAMAGED INDUCED 3D ANALYSIS: ANSYS OUTPUT (2m Concrete Beam)

A N S Y S

D A M A G E IN D U C E D

5 0 K N

7 0 K N

B E A M

8 0 K N

8 3 K N

F R EQ U EN C Y(H z

2 5 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
0

1 0

5 0 K N

4 1

5 8 .2

1 0 2

1 2 2

1 3 5

1 5 5

1 6 5

2 0 2

2 1 5

2 2 6

7 0 K N

3 6 .1

5 3 .6

9 6 .6

1 1 8

1 3 3

1 5 1

1 6 3

2 0 0

2 1 3

2 2 3

8 0 K N

2 9 .8

5 2 .2

9 3 .3

1 1 3

1 3 0

1 4 9

1 6 0

1 9 8

2 1 1

2 2 1

8 3 K N

2 3 .4

5 0 .3

9 2 .5

1 0 6

1 3 0

1 4 8

1 6 0

1 9 8

2 1 0

2 2 0

M O D E

Table 6.3: 3D ANSYS Out put of Damaged Beam

MODE SHAPES OF 2m CONCRETE BEAM AFTER DAMAGE INDUCED

Fig: 6.4 3D Mode shapes of the Damaged Beam

6.5 ANSYS ANALYSIS OF 4m CONCRETE BEAM
1D ANSYS ANALYSIS (4m SYMMETRIC)
4m

1 D A n a ly sis S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S

70
60
50
FREQUENC
Y (H z )

40
30
20
10
0
1D M O D E S

9 .0 2

1 9 .1 6 4

6 0 .3 7 1

M O D E S

Table 6.4: 4mBeam 1D Analysis symmetric

1D ANSYS ANALYSIS (4m UNSYMMETRIC)

4 m 1 D A n a ly sis U N S Y M M E T R IC
1D M O D E S

F R E Q U E N C Y (H
z)

100
80
60
40
20
0
1D M O D E S

1 2 .1 3 6

3 7 .0 8 5

9 0 .7 9

M O D ES

Table 6.5: 4mBeam 1D Analysis Unsymmetric

3D ANSYS ANALYSIS (4m SYMMETRIC)
3 D S Y M M E T R IC

F R E Q U E N C Y (H z

B E F O R E D A M A G E

A F TE R D A M A G E

80
60
40
20
0

B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E

1 4 .5 2 9

31

6 3 .9 8 9

6 .6 4 2

1 4 .4 5 1

4 1 .1 5 4

M O D ES

Table 6.6: 4mBeam 3D Analysis symmetric

3D ANSYS ANALYSIS (4m UNSYMMETRIC)

3 D
B E F O R E

D A M A G E

A N S Y S
A T 3 0 K N

U N S Y M M E T R IC
A T 4 1 K N

A T 6 0 K N

A T 6 8 K N

1 4 0

F R E Q U E N C Y (H z)

1 2 0
1 0 0
8 0
6 0
4 0
2 0
0

2 5 .4 5 7

8 7 .8 7 4

1 2 3 .2 4 8

A T 3 0 K N

2 5 .1 5 2

8 7 .2 7 3

1 2 2 .8 5 4

A T 4 1 K N

2 1 .5 4 3

8 0 .1 0 1

1 1 5 .3 9 1

A T 6 0 K N

1 6 .4 4 1

7 1 .9 3 6

1 0 2 .7 5 8

A T 6 8 K N

9 .6 3 8

6 0 .6 4 2

8 6 .3 2 1

B E F O R E

D A M A G E

M O D E S

Table 6.7: 4m Beam 3D Analysis Unsymmetric

6.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this chapter the beam element used in the ANSYS9.0, modeling, meshing
done in the beam is described .The analytical computation done in the software and
the results were shown in the histogram. The change in the frequencies at the various
load levels was shown.

Chapter 7
COMPARISION OF RESULTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the experimental and analytical results were compared and in the
experiment the three sensors Electric Strain Gauge, PZT and Accelerometer performance was
also interpreted
7.2 1D ANALYSIS

In 1D analysis, analytically modal frequency of the simply supported beam can be obtained by
fn =

n 2
2

2L

EI
M

. (7.1)

Where
L=length of the beam
E=Youngs modulus of concrete (i.e. 5000 f ck )
I=Moment of inertia
M=mass of the concrete block

N=mode number
For the beam under consideration, the numerical values are
L=4m,

f ck = 20 N / mm 2 , E=2.236E10 N/mm 2 , I=10-4mm4, M=75kg/m2

The Modal Frequency that is obtained by ANSYS and Analytical are

compared and the Percentage of error is given below.
MODES ANALITICAL
(Hz)
1
16.95
2
67.80
3
152.55
4
271.20
5
423.75
6
610.20
7
830.55
8
1084.80
9
1372.95
10
1695.00

ANSYS (Hz)

16.934
67.528
151.17
266.87
413.30
588.85
791.69
1019.90
1271.30
1543.80

PERCENTAGE
ERROR
0.09
0.40
0.90
1.60
2.47
3.50
4.68
5.98
7.40
8.92

Table 7.1: Comparison of 1D Analysis

7.3 EXPERIMENTAL DATA

In 3D analysis, the ANSYS modal frequency obtained was compared with the
first 3 modal frequency obtained from the accelerometer, PZT and ESG was
compared below it is found that the accelerometer and PZT were giving close value.
Table 7.2, Table 7.3, Table 7.4 gives the experimental values obtained by the
sensors at various damaged location.
DAMAGED INDUCED 2mCONCRETE BEAM
P Z T D A T A
B EFO R E D A M A G E

A T 50K N

A T 70K N

A T 80K N

A T 83K N

2 0

C H A N G E IN H z ( % )

1 5
1 0
5
0
1

10

B E F O R E D A M A G E 0 .2 3 6 2 4 .2 1 2 6 4 .0 1 0 5 2 .0 7 5 4 8 .8 9 0 9 9 .6 6 5 7 1 7 .7 5 7 8 .8 6 5 2 1 3 .1 5 1 1 7 .6 5 3
A T 50K N

0 .1 2 9 1 1 .9 0 8 8 4 .0 9 9 9 2 .3 1 3 1

A T 70K N

2 .4 5 8 6 4 .7 6 5 5 3 .5 7 1 4 2 .8 1 9 8 6 .3 1 8 2 6 .1 4 0 5 1 3 .2 8 3 4 .7 4 3 4 8 .7 8 9 9 1 2 .8 5 9
5 .4 9 5

A T 80K N

8 .2 8

8 .4 9 7 6 1 5 .3 2 3

8 .2 1 8

1 1 .4 7 1 1 4 .9 5 7

1 .8 2 8 5 7 .2 5 9 1 3 .6 0 3 8 4 .6 1 2 7 4 .9 1 0 1 1 1 .6 9 7 1 .5 3 9 7 6 .2 5 0 9 5 .9 6 7 2

1 2 .0 0 4 2 .0 5 0 8

A T 83K N

1 4 .3

4 .0 3 2 7 1 .8 5 7 4 1 .6 6 2 3 9 .0 3 9 6 1 .6 5 6 7 3 .6 1 3 6 3 .4 5 4 9
M O D ES

Table 7.2:2m Beam Experimental frequencies with PZT

A C C D A T A
B EFO R E D A M A G E

A T 5 0 K N

A T 7 0 K N

A T 8 0 K N

A T 8 3 K N

2 5
2 0
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )

7.3.1

1 5
1 0
5
0
1

B EFO R E D A M A G E

1 .4 4 6 7

3 .3 1 0 8

4 .3 2 9

1 .3 2 5 7

9 .3 8 2 4

9 .4 1 3 8

1 7 .5 5 7

8 .3 9 4

1 3 .1 1 6

1 9 .3 6 1

A T 5 0 K N

0 .5 7 2 3

3 .1 4 2 5

4 .1 0 7 4

1 .6 5 3 2

8 .6 7 0 8

8 .6 0 6 2

1 4 .9 4 1

8 .1 9 1 4

1 1 .5 1 9

1 5 .9 6 8

A T 7 0 K N

0 .5 7 5 8

6 .8 2 3 4

1 .7 2 0 1

2 .1 7 1 7

7 .1 7 4 9

7 .1 3 5

1 2 .9 5 7

9 .0 3 9 4

9 .4 5 1 4

1 3 .1 6 6

A T 8 0 K N

8 .3 0 4 9

1 .9 3 1 9

6 .9 2 7 1

2 .7 5 9 3

3 .6 8 7 2

5 .7 2 4 6

1 2 .4 9 3

2 .4 5 2 5

6 .7 9 9 6

6 .5 0 5 1

A T 8 3 K N

1 4 .8 9

0 .1 5 3

1 1 .5 4

2 .8 9 3 8

3 .3 0 6 2

2 .4 3 6 3

9 .5 8 5 7

1 .0 7 3 3

5 .8 4 5

4 .1 0 4 9

M O D ES

Table 7.3:2m Beam Experimental frequencies with Accelerometer

1 0

ES G DATA
BEFO RE DA M A G E

A T 50KN

A T 70KN

A T 80KN

A T 83KN

25
C H A N G E IN H z ( % )

20
15
10
5
0

10

B E F O R E D A M A G E 2 .1 9 9 3

4 .3 3 2 6

4 .3 0 8 5

0 .0 1 4 7

8 .6 3 4 9

1 2 .0 9 2

1 8 .1 7 3

1 2 .8 9 4

1 3 .6 3

2 4 .2 1

A T 50KN

2 .3 5 6 5

3 .2 0 0 4

4 .2 4 1 4

0 .0 9 5

7 .9 9

1 0 .9 3 8

1 5 .9 3 5

1 1 .6 0 4

1 1 .9 9 2

1 9 .7 4 2

A T 70KN

7 .3 5 9 6

6 .8 3 7 9

0 .3 1 6 6

0 .6 5 3 5

7 .5 1 5 7

8 .0 1 9 3

1 3 .7 3 8

1 0 .0 3 4

1 0 .2 2 5

1 8 .3 1 8

A T80KN

1 1 .1 3 3

6 .6 9 9 8

3 .6 8 3 1

0 .2 7 5 2

5 .3 2 1 4

6 .2 7 2 3

1 3 .4 9 2

3 .3 9 8 5

7 .7 7 6 7

6 .8 9 4 7

A T 83KN

2 0 .9 9 3

3 .7 8 6 7

1 2 .4 4 6

2 .3 0 4 9

3 .4 9 6 3

2 .6 1 8 3

1 0 .1 5

0 .8 8 2 2

7 .0 5 0 1

4 .4 2 5 7

M O DES

Table 7.4:2m Beam Experimental frequencies with ESG

7.3.2 DAMAGED INDUCED 4m CONCRETE BEAM

E X P E R IM E N T A L S Y M M E T R IC
B E F O R E D A M A G E

A F TE R D A M A G E

F R E Q U E N C Y (H
z)

80
60
40
20
0
B E F O R E D A M A G E
A F TE R D A M A G E

1 4 .6 6 3

3 2 .5 9 8

6 5 .9 8 7

6 .8 5 6

1 5 .6 5 4

4 2 .5 5 6

M O D E S

Table 7.5: 4m Beam Experimental frequencies in symmetric condition

E X P E R IM E N T A L U N S Y M M E T R IC

B E FO RE D A M A G E

A T 30K N

A T 41K N

A T 60K N

A T 68K N

F R E Q U E N C Y (H z )

150
100
50
0

B E FO RE D A M A G E

2 5 .6 2 2

8 8 .9 9 5

1 2 5 .8 8 6

A T 30K N

2 6 .5 4 8

8 8 .7 7 3

1 2 5 .3 6 9

A T 41K N

2 2 .6 6 5

8 3 .5 6 4

1 2 0 .2 6

A T 60K N

1 8 .6 6 5

7 4 .2 2 5

1 0 5 .9 9 8

A T 68K N

1 1 .1 5 4

6 3 .8 7 1

8 9 .2 5 6

M O DES

Table 7.6: 4m Beam Experimental frequencies in unsymmetric condition

There is considerable change in frequency, due to the damage induced in
the structure, this experimental change in frequency and modal displacement is used
in the condition assessment of the structure.
7.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this chapter analytical computation and the experimental results of the

beams both in the 1D and 3D were compared and shown in the histogram .The
analytical results have been updated considering the first modes of the experimental
value. The change in experimental frequencies and numerical frequencies were shown
in histograms.

Chapter 8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this project experimental and computational modal analysis is carried over a
2m and 4m RC beams and experimental mode shapes have obtained for a rectangular
hollow cross section steel frame. The modal frequencies were calculated both
experimentally using MATLAB by Frequency Response Function and in ANSYS 1D
and 3D modelling
In 1D modelling using beam elements the modal frequencies obtained in

ANSYS and analytically computed are in close approximation.

In 3D modelling using solid elements the modal frequencies obtained in

ANSYS and experimentally obtained through accelerometer, the PZT patch,

the ESG are varying by a small margin. This may be due the isotropic
consideration in the ANSYS and variability and deviation in elastic properties
in the real structure.
The modal frequencies obtained in1D and 3D differs considerably, this is due

to torsion effect consideration in 3D Modal analysis, whereas in1D analysis it

is not considered.
In the data acquisition process it is found that PZT yields good results in

comparison to that accelerometer and electric strain gauge.

ON 2m REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Damage detection and condition assessment carried over the 2m beam using

only modal displacements instead of curvature and it has been found that the
damage location can be detected conveniently but the severity of the damage
is not properly quantified.
Change in flexibility of the beam element has been found to be in close

approximation to locate the damage and the intensity of the flexibility gives
the severity of the damage occurred.

ON 4m REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

In the 4m beam, the curvature of the nodes of the beam elements was used and

the damage location and the severity of the damage in the beam were found to
be well correlated with actual observation.
Change in flexibility of the beam element under different support condition

was found according to damage location which is checked through

experimental pictures available.
ON STEEL FRAME
The experimental mode shape found through the frequency response function

and by using the ICAT modeling software under free suspended condition
were not in close approximation with those of computational mode shapes
obtained using ANSYS 9.0. This may due to the approximation boundary
condition adopted in computational method.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Further work can carry out in structural elements by considering various

boundary conditions and structured frames with will stimulate real time
analysis.
Assessment of different structures taking time history analysis real time data

of any earthquake can be done which will stimulate the actual scenario.
Wireless network for data acquisition for the experiments and monitoring the

structures can be done, so as to make it more feasible to the structural health

monitoring.
The condition assessment work can be carried out to plates, steel frames,

composites fibers etc.

Monitoring of the structures with the embedded sensors, data acquisition has

to be done over the structural elements which is more useful in the wireless net
work system and a compatibility study can be done over the structural health
monitoring.

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