Melody T.

Cabanding
AIT - 2A
Define the essential properties of Operating System(OS).
1. Batch processing - Jobs with similar needs are batched together and run through the computer
as a group by an operator or automatic job sequencer. Performance is increased by attempting to
keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times through buffering, off-line operation, spooling, and
multi-programming. Batch is good for executing large jobs that need little interaction; it can be
submitted and picked up later.
2. Interactive System - This system is composed of many short transactions where the results of
the next transaction needs to be short (seconds) since the user submits and waits for the result.
3. Time sharing - This systems uses CPU scheduling and multipro-gramming to provide
economical interactive use of a system. The CPU switches rapidly from one user to another.
Instead of having a job defined by spooled card images, each program reads its next control card
from the terminal, and output is normally printed immediately to the screen.
4. Real time operating system - Often used in a dedicated application, this system reads
information from sensors and must respond within a fixed amount of time to ensure correct
performance.
5. Network - Provides operating system features across a network such as file sharing.
6. SMP (Symmetric multiprocessing) - Used in systems where there are multiple CPUs each
running the same copy of the operating system.Communication takes place across the system
bus.
7. Distributed systems - This system distributes computation among several physical
processors. The processors do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own
local memory. They communicate with each other through various communication lines, such as
a high-speed bus or local area network.
8. Clustered system - A clustered system combines multiple computers into a single system to
perform computational task distributed across the cluster.
9. Handheld System - A small computer system that performs simple tasks such as calendars,
email, and web browsing. Handheld systems differ from traditional desktop systems with smaller
memory and display screens and slower processors.

The Branches of Science

The Physical Sciences

Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such
subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of
Relativity.

Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure
of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process
of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs.

Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere.

The Earth Sciences

Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical,
and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing.

Oceanography: The exploration and study of the ocean.

Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods.

Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather
and climate.

The Life Sciences (Biology)

Botany: The study of plants.

Zoology: The science that covers animals and animal life.

Genetics: The study of heredity.

Medicine: The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury.

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Branches of Physics
1. 1. INTRODUCTIONLECTURE 1
2. 2. PHYSICS- Is the study of everyday phenomena. It aimsto explain these phenomena in
terms of thefundamental laws of nature.- Is the study of matter and energy and
theirrelationship.
3. 3. Physics and its BranchesPHYSICSClassicalPhysicsModernPhysics
4. 4. Physics and its Branches CLASSICAL PHYSICS refers to the traditionalforces that were
recognized and developedbefore the beginning of the 20th century MODERN PHYSICS
refers to the concepts inphysics that have surfaced since the beginningof the 20th century.
5. 5. CLASSICAL PHYSICS1. MECHANICS the study of forces acting onbodies whether at
rest or in motionpicture from: Giancoli, 2005
6. 6. CLASSICAL PHYSICS2. ACOUSTICS The studyof the production andpropagation of
soundwaves.
7. 7. CLASSICAL PHYSICS3. OPTICS the study of lighta. PHYSICAL OPTICS on the
production, natureand properties of lightb. PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS on the part played
bylight in visionc. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS on the reflection andrefraction of light as
encountered in the study ofmirrors and lenses
8. 8. CLASSICAL PHYSICS4. THERMODYNAMICS the study of therelationship between
heat and other forms ofenergy5. ELECTROMAGNETISM the study of theproperties of
electric current and magnetismand their relationshipa. ELECTROSTATICS on electric
charges at restb. ELECTRODYNAMICS on moving chargesc. MAGNETOSTATICS on
magnetic poles at rest
9. 9. MODERN PHYSICS1. ATOMIC and NUCLEAR PHYSICS the studyof the components,
structure and behavior ofthe nucleus of the atom.2. QUANTUM PHYSICS the study of
thediscrete nature of phenomena at the atomicand subatomic levels its focus is on
theinvisible units of energy called quanta asdescribed by the quantum theory.
10. 10. MODERN PHYSICS3. RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS - the study ofphenomena that take
place in a forms ofreference that is in motion with respect to anobserver.4. SOLID STATE
PHYSICS study of allproperties of solid materials includingelectrical conduction in crystals
of semi-conductor and metals
11. 11. MODERN PHYSICS5. CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS study of theproperties of
condensed materials (solids,and liquid and those intermediate betweenthem and dense gas)
with the ultimate goaland developing new material with betterproperties; it is an extension of
solid statephysics6. PLASMA PHYSICS the study of the fourthstate of matter; plasma
12. 12. MODERN PHYSICS7. LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS the study ofthe production and
maintenance oftemperatures down to almost absolute zeroand the various phenomena that
occur onlyat such temperature