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Continuous construction
Multi-storey frames
Continuous multistorey frame
P - effects
P
Stability effects
P
F
Position
Position
Direction
Restraint
Position
Position
Practical
LE
1.0 L
0.85 L
Position
Direction
None
Direction
Position
Direction
0.7 L
Position
Direction
2.0 L
Position
Direction
1.2 L
Charts of Annex E
KTL
Ku
KTR
Kc
K
BL
K
BR
KL
1.0
Pinned 1.0
0.8
k1
0.8
0.6
0.9
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.2
Fixed
0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6
k2
0.8 1.0
Pinned
Pinned 1.0
3.0
0.8
k1
0.6
0.4
0.2
Fixed
b)
2.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.6
1.4
1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
k2
Sway frames
0.8 1.0
Pinned
Derivation of Charts
Model used by Scott
ku = KC / (KC + KTL + KTR)
k1 = Kc+ KU / (KC +KU + KTL + KTR)
kl = KC / (KC + KBL + KBR)
k2 = KC+ KL / (KC +KL + KBL + KBR)
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute
LE
Sway Frame
Non-sway mode
Sway mode
1.0 ( I/L )
1.0 ( I/L )
0.75 ( I/L )
1.0 ( I/L )
0.5 ( I/L )
1.5 ( I/L )
DL4
DL3
DL2
Factored dead load
DL1
Classification of frames
Frames may be
1. Braced or unbraced
depends on how horizontal forces are
transmitted to the ground.
2.
Sway / non-sway
categorisation
10
= {n n 1}/h
0.5%(D+I)
0.5%(D+I)
0.5%(D+I)
0.5%(D+I)
3
2
1
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute
Frame design
Braced
or
Unbraced
Sway
or
Non-sway
Elastic design
or
Plastic design
kamp = cr / (cr 1)
Department of Civil and Structural
Sway effects
Sway effects
b) Direct calculation
b) Direct calculation:
1) Analyse the frame with horizontal restraints added
at each floor or roof level to prevent sway.
2) Reverse the directions of the horizontal reactions
produced, at the added horizontal restraint
locations.
3) Apply them as loads to the otherwise unloaded
frame under the actual restraint conditions.
4) Adopt the forces and moments from the second
analysis (step 3) as the sway effects which require
magnifying by kamp.
Department of Civil and Structural
M-R-Wood equation
PF/Psq
1.0
Merchant-Rankine
0.5
Psq/Pcr
1.0
Department of Civil and Structural
1.0
Merchant Rankine-Wood
r = 0.9CR /{CR 1}
Merchant-Rankine
0.1
0.25
P /CR
For CR / P >20
1.0
r = 0.95CR /{CR 1}
0.05
0.1
0.25
P /CR
1.
2.
Elastic Design
Plastic design
Classify frames as independently braced
(5.7.2), sway or non sway (5.7.3)
Effectivelengthsinacontinuousmulti-storeyframe
2
1
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
3
7.2m
7.2m
7.2m
3.6m
7.2m
Ix beams = 21500cm 4
Ix columns = 6090cm 4
Absolute
deflections
9mm
F2
8mm
F2
6mm
F2
4mm
Only the upper storey does not violate the nonsway limit.
Using Appendix E
Column 1
Beams KTL = KTR = KBL = KBR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns
Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom
Using Appendix E
Column 2
Beams
Columns
Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC) / (KC +KTL) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL +KTL) = 0.53
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2
LE/L = 1.4
i.e. L E = 1.4 x 3.6 = 5.04m
Using Appendix E
Column 3
Beams
KTL = KTR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns
KU = KC = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9
Restraint factors
Top
k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC) / (KC + 0.1 x KC ) = 0.91
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2
LE/L = 2.0
i.e. LE = 2.0 x 3.6 = 7.20m
The design would then proceed as normal using the effective
lengths calculated above.
Department of Civil and Structural
Restraint factors
Top
k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC) / (KC + 1.0 x KC ) = 0.50
From Figure E.2 LE/L = 1.35 i.e. LE = 1.35 x 3.6 = 4.86m
The effective length is much reduced and the column will be smaller
but the cost of providing moment resisting foundations may outweigh
the cost of the savings in steelwork. The fixity would also be
beneficial in controlling sway deformations.
Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU + 0+ 0) = 1
Bottom k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL + 0+ 0) = 1
From Figure E.2, the effective length ratio would be
equal to infinity.
Department of Civil and Structural