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BS 5950: 2000 : Part 1

Continuous construction
Multi-storey frames

Simple Design pin joints

(a) Web Cleats

(b) End Plate

(c) Fin Plates

Department of Civil and Structural

Continuous Design rigid joints

Extended end plate connection


Continuous multistorey frame

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Base stiffness and strength

As in the lecture on portal frames

Department of Civil and Structural

Deformation of a multi-storey frame

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


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P - effects
P

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


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Stability effects
P
F

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Effective lengths and critical loads


PE = 2EI/L2
Pcrit= 0.252EI/L2 = 2EI/4L2 = 2EI/(2L)2
Hence the effective length LE for a cantilever is 2L

Department of Civil and Structural

Nominal effective lengths


Restraint

Position

Position
Direction

Restraint

Position

Position

Practical
LE

1.0 L

0.85 L

Position
Direction

None

Direction

Position
Direction
0.7 L

Position
Direction
2.0 L

Position
Direction
1.2 L

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Charts of Annex E
KTL

Ku
KTR
Kc

K
BL

K
BR
KL

1.0

Pinned 1.0
0.8
k1

0.8

0.6

0.9

0.7

0.4

0.6

0.2
Fixed

0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6
k2

0.8 1.0

Pinned

a) Non s way frames


INFINITY

Pinned 1.0

3.0

0.8
k1

0.6
0.4
0.2

Fixed

b)

2.0
1.3
1.2
1.1

1.6
1.4

1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6
k2

Sway frames

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

0.8 1.0

Pinned

Derivation of Charts
Model used by Scott
ku = KC / (KC + KTL + KTR)
k1 = Kc+ KU / (KC +KU + KTL + KTR)
kl = KC / (KC + KBL + KBR)
k2 = KC+ KL / (KC +KL + KBL + KBR)
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute

LE

Use of the charts of Annex E

k1 = (Kc + Ku) / (Kc+Ku+KTL +KTR)

k2 = (Kc + KL) / (Kc+KL+KBL +KBR)


The stiffness K for each member is taken
as a function of I / L.
If a beam supports a floor slab, its K value
should be taken as I / L.
For a beam which is not rigidly connected
to the column K should be taken as zero.

Department of Civil and Structural

Use of the charts of Annex E

For a beam which carries more than 90% of its


moment capacity, a pin should be inserted at that
location .
If either end of the column carries more than 90%
of Mpr the value of k1 or k2 as appropriate should
be taken as 1.0.
For other conditions, the appropriate values of K
are given in Tables E1, E2 and E3 of the code.
Department of Civil and Structural

Buckled mode shapes

Non Sway Frame

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Sway Frame

Beam stiffness values


buildings without floor slabs
Provided that the frame is reasonably
regular in layout:
For non-sway frames
Kb = 0.5 I/L
For sway frames
Kb = 1.5 I/L
Department of Civil and Structural

Beam stiffness values


buildings with floor slabs
Loading condition

Non-sway mode

Sway mode

Beam directly supporting


concrete floor or roof slab
Other beams supporting
direct loads
Beams with end moments
only

1.0 ( I/L )

1.0 ( I/L )

0.75 ( I/L )

1.0 ( I/L )

0.5 ( I/L )

1.5 ( I/L )

Department of Civil and Structural

Beam stiffness values 2


Rotational restraint at far Beam stiffness coefficient Kb
end of beam
1.0 (I/L ) { 1 0.4 (Pc/PE)}
Fixed at far end
0.75 (I/L ) { 1 1.0 (Pc/PE)}
Pinned at far end
1.5 (I/L ) { 1 0.2 (Pc/PE)}
Rotation as at near end
(double curvature)
0.5 (I/L ) { 1 1.0 (Pc/PE)}
Rotation equal and opposite
to that at near end (single
curvature)
Department of Civil and Structural

Frames with partial sway bracing

Two other plots exist as E4 & E5


Relate to kp =1 and kp =2
For frames which do not satisfy the requirements
for a non-sway frame, can still take advantage of
the stiffness of the bracing using kp.
kp is a measure of the stiffness of the partial sway
bracing to the stiffness of the bare frame.
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Frames with partial sway bracing


kp = h2Sp/(80EKc) but 2
cis the sum of I/h for all the columns in that storey
Sp is the sum of the stiffness of every panel in the storey
Sp
is given by (0.6(h/b) ) t Ep/[1+(h/b)2]2
h/b is the ratio of storey height to panel width
t
is the panel thickness
Ep is the modulus of elasticity of the panel material.
Department of Civil and Structural

Notional horizontal loads


0.5% of (D+I)
0.5% of (D+I)
0.5% of (D+I)
0.5% of (D+I)

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Notional horizontal loads


Notional horizontal forces should NOT:
a) be applied when considering overturning
b) be applied when considering pattern loading
c) be combined with applied horizontal loads
d) be combined with temperature effects
e) be taken to contribute to the net reactions at
the foundations.
Department of Civil and Structural

Minimum horizontal forces


Greater of
Wind load or 1% of DL4
Wind load or 1% of DL3
Wind load or 1% of DL2

DL4
DL3
DL2
Factored dead load
DL1

Wind load or 1% of DL1

DL 1-4 are the total dead load at each floor level

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Resistance to horizontal forces


Resistance to horizontal forces may be provided in a
number of ways as follows:
a) triangulated bracing members.
b) moment resisting joints and frame action.
c) cantilever columns, shear walls, staircase
and lift shaft enclosures.
d) or a combination of these.
Department of Civil and Structural

Classification of frames
Frames may be
1. Braced or unbraced
depends on how horizontal forces are
transmitted to the ground.
2.

Sway or non-sway depends on significance or otherwise of


P- effects.
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Independently braced frames


a)

The stabilizing system must have a spring


stiffness at least four times larger than the total
spring stiffness of all the frames to which it gives
horizontal support (i.e. the supporting system
reduces horizontal displacements by at least 80%).
and
b) The stabilizing system must be designed to
resist all the horizontal loads applied including the
notional horizontal forces.
Department of Civil and Structural

Braced multi-storey frame

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Sway / non-sway
categorisation

A frame can be deemed to be non-sway if,


in the SWAY mode
cr

10

cr = 1 / 200 max = h / 200 max

Otherwise it is a sway frame.


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Annex F - Critical load of sway frame


cr = 1 / 200 max &

= {n n 1}/h

0.5%(D+I)
0.5%(D+I)

0.5%(D+I)
0.5%(D+I)

3
2

1
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Frame design
Braced

or

Unbraced

Sway

or

Non-sway

Elastic design

or

Plastic design

Department of Civil and Structural

Design of independently braced frames


Independently braced frames should be designed:

to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).

the non-sway mode effective length of the columns should be


obtained using Annex E.

pattern loading should be used to determine the most severe


moments and forces.

Sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of load cases to


be considered.

the stabilizing system must be designed to resist all the


horizontal loads applied including the notional horizontal forces.

Department of Civil and Structural

Design of non-sway frames


Non-sway should be designed:
to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).

the non-sway mode effective length of the


columns should be obtained using Annex E.
pattern loading should be used to determine the
most severe moments and forces.
sub frames may be used to reduce the number of
load cases.
the frame should be checked for combined vertical
and horizontal loads without pattern loading.
Department of Civil and Structural

Pattern Loadings : Maximum moments

Maximum beam span moments

Maximum beam support moments

Maximum single curvature bending Maximum double curvature bending


in columns
in columns
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Plastic design of non-sway frames

If beams are designed plastically,


they will contain moments in excess of 90%
of Mp.
Care must be taken when using Annex E
remembering that Kb is likely to be ZERO
in most cases,
giving LE/L factors close to 1.0
Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic design of non-sway frames

Normal plastic rules apply for local capacity and


member stability as for portal frames. Usually
the latter will be less onerous due to the presence
of floor slabs to provide stability.

Remember that the frame must be stable


perpendicular to the planes of the frames being
designed.
Department of Civil and Structural

Elastic design of sway sensitive frames


Sway sensitive frames should be designed as
follows:

Check in the non-sway mode i.e. design to resist


gravity loads (load combination 1) as for independently
braced frames without taking account of sway. (without
notional horizontal forces, but with pattern loading).

Check in the sway mode for gravity load (i.e. load


combination 1) plus the notional horizontal forces without
any pattern loading.

Check in the sway mode for combined vertical and


horizontal loads (i.e. load combinations 2 and 3), without
pattern loading.
Department of Civil and Structural

Elastic design of sway frames


Provided that cr is greater than 4, the sway should be
allowed for by using one of the following methods:
a) Effective length method.
Use effective lengths from the sway chart of Annex E.
b) Amplified sway method.
The sway moments should be multiplied by the
amplification factor kamp. LE/L is non-sway value.
Department of Civil and Structural

kamp for sway sensitive frames


1) for unclad frames
or for clad structures in which the stiffening effect of
masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of profiled
steel sheeting is explicitly taken into account in
determining cr :

kamp = cr / (cr 1)
Department of Civil and Structural

kamp for sway sensitive frames


2) for clad structures,
provided that the stiffening effect of
masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of
profiled steel sheeting is not explicitly taken
into account:

kamp = cr / (1.15 cr 1.5) but 1.0

Gives smaller amplification factors than previous slide.

Department of Civil and Structural

Sway effects

The distortions of a frame may be divided into two


components:
1) those which arise from sway with zero
rotation of every joint and
2) those which arise a result of joint rotations
without any sway of the frame.
In the case of a symmetrical frame, with
symmetrical vertical loads, the sway effects can
correctly be taken as comprising the forces and
moments in the frame due to the horizontal loads.
Department of Civil and Structural

Sway effects

In every other case need to separate


moments into sway and non-sway
components by either:

a) Deducting the non-sway effects

b) Direct calculation

Department of Civil and Structural

a) Deducting the non-sway effects:

1) Analyse the frame under the actual restraint conditions.


2) Add horizontal restraints at each floor or roof level to
prevent sway, then analyse the frame again.
3) Obtain the sway effects by deducting the second set of
forces and moments from the first set.
In 1) moments are due to sway + non-sway distortions.
In 2) moments are due to non-sway distortions.
In 3) moments are thus only due to sway distortions.
The forces and moments from step 3 are the sway effects
which require magnifying by kamp.
Department of Civil and Structural

b) Direct calculation:
1) Analyse the frame with horizontal restraints added
at each floor or roof level to prevent sway.
2) Reverse the directions of the horizontal reactions
produced, at the added horizontal restraint
locations.
3) Apply them as loads to the otherwise unloaded
frame under the actual restraint conditions.
4) Adopt the forces and moments from the second
analysis (step 3) as the sway effects which require
magnifying by kamp.
Department of Civil and Structural

Elastic design of sway sensitive frames


If cr 4.0 then
The frame is highly sensitive to instability
effects.
The kamp approach may not be suitable and
a full second order elastic analysis
should be used.
Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic design of sway frames


Frames may be designed using a second
order elastic-plastic analysis or by using the
sway stability check.
This is derived from the Merchant-RankineWood equation.
Origins: The Rankine strut equation is
1/PF = 1/PCR + 1/ PSQ

Department of Civil and Structural

M-R-Wood equation

Rankines formula proposed for struts prior to


development of Ayrton-Perry equation.

Merchant suggested its use for frames with:


Elastic critical load replacing Euler load.
Plastic collapse load replacing squash load.

Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic design of sway frames


Merchant-Rankine Equation
1 = 1 + 1
PF Psq Pcr

PF/Psq
1.0
Merchant-Rankine
0.5

Psq/Pcr
1.0
Department of Civil and Structural

Development of M-R-Wood Eqn


1/PF = 1/PCR + 1/ PSQ
1/F = 1/ CR + 1/ P
={ P + CR }/CR P
F = CR P / { P + CR }
But F = 1
P + CR = CR P
CR = CR P - P = P {CR 1}
P = CR /{CR 1}
Department of Civil and Structural

Development of M-R-Wood Eqn

But for CR / P >10

stray composite action &


strain hardening means
no need to reduce P .

1.0
Merchant Rankine-Wood

For 10<CR/ P <4.0

change 1 to 0.9 for


continuity at CR/ P =10

r = 0.9CR /{CR 1}

Merchant-Rankine

0.1

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0.25

P /CR

Combined plastic collapse mechanism


Determine plastic collapse load using sway mode shown

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Plastic collapse load


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The bases of the columns should be fixed.


Mechanism as on previous slide.
Ensure that columns remain elastic at assumed
plastic moment.
Check that no localised beam or storey
mechanism is more dangerous.
Storey height less than mean column spacing.
Department of Civil and Structural

Development of M-R-Wood Eqn


For actual unclad frames or clad frames
where cladding stiffness is utilised

For CR / P >20

strain hardening means


no need to reduce P .

1.0

For 20<CR/ P <5.75

change 1 to 0.95 for


continuity at CR/ P =20

r = 0.95CR /{CR 1}

0.05
0.1

Department of Civil and Structural

0.25

P /CR

Summary of design procedures

1.

Select member sizes for initial analysis


bases on experience.

2.

Choose elastic or plastic design (usually


elastic)

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Elastic Design

Classify frames as independently braced (5.1.4), sway or non sway


(2.4.2.6)
Independently braced frames (5.6.2):
Design to resist gravity loads (load combination 1)
The non-sway mode effective length of the columns should be found
from Annex E.
Pattern loading should be used to determine the most severe moments
and forces.
Sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of load cases
The stabilizing system must be designed to resist all the horizontal
loads applied including the notional horizontal forces.

Department of Civil and Structural

Elastic Non-sway frames (5.6.3):


Design to resist gravity loads (load combination 1)
The non-sway mode effective length of the columns should
be found from Annex E.
Pattern loading should be used to determine the most
severe moments and forces.
Sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of load
cases.
The frame should be checked for combined vertical and
horizontal loads without pattern loading.
Department of Civil and Structural

Elastic sway sensitive frames


Check in the non-sway mode i.e. design to resist gravity
loads (load combination1) as for independently braced
frames without taking account of sway. (without
notional horizontal forces, but with pattern loading).
Check in the sway mode for gravity load (i.e. load
combination 1) plus the notional horizontal forces
without any pattern loading.
Check in the sway mode for combined vertical and
horizontal loads (i.e. load combinations 2 and 3) without
pattern loading.
Allow for sway using the effective length method
Annex E or the amplified sway method.
Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic design
Classify frames as independently braced
(5.7.2), sway or non sway (5.7.3)

Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic braced frames


Independently braced frames (5.7.2)
Design to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).
The effective length LE of the columns in the plane
of the frame should generally be taken as equal to
the storey height L.
Check columns under pattern loading using an
effective length from Annex E.

Department of Civil and Structural

Plastic design- unbraced frames


Check for possible non-sway modes of failure
as recommended for independently braced frames.
Satisfy the simplified M-R-Wood frame
stability check (given in clause 5.7.3.2),
Or design to resist sway mode failure using a
second order elastic-plastic analysis.

Department of Civil and Structural

Example : Use of Annex E

Effectivelengthsinacontinuousmulti-storeyframe
2
1

3.6m
3.6m
3.6m

3
7.2m

7.2m

7.2m

3.6m
7.2m

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield


In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Ix beams = 21500cm 4
Ix columns = 6090cm 4

Check if the frame is a sway frame


F1

Absolute
deflections
9mm

F2

8mm

F2

6mm

F2

4mm

Factored dead plus live load


16kN/m run
72kN/m run

The notional horizontal force


= 0.5% factored dead plus imposed load =
at roof level F1 = 0.5 (16 x 28.8)/100 = 2.3 kN
at each floor F2 = 0.5 (72 x 28.8)/100 = 10.4 kN
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield
In association with the Steel Construction Institute

Sway or non-sway frame

The deflection in the lower storey exceeds h/2000


= 3600/2000 = 1.8mm and the frame is a sway
frame.

Only the upper storey does not violate the nonsway limit.

(*these deflection values have been guessed and


are not the result of an analysis!)
Department of Civil and Structural

Using Appendix E
Column 1
Beams KTL = KTR = KBL = KBR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns

KU = KC = KL = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9

Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom

k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL +KTL+KTR) = 0.36

The frame is a sway frame; use Figure E.2


LE/L = 1.27
i.e. LE = 1.27 x 3.6 = 4.57m
IF bracing were provided and the frame became a non-sway frame, the
effective length ratio from Figure E.1 of the code would be 0.625
i.e. LE = 0.625 x 3.6 = 2.25m

Department of Civil and Structural

Using Appendix E
Column 2
Beams
Columns

KTL = KBL = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9


KC = KL = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9

Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC) / (KC +KTL) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL +KTL) = 0.53
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2
LE/L = 1.4
i.e. L E = 1.4 x 3.6 = 5.04m

Department of Civil and Structural

Using Appendix E
Column 3
Beams
KTL = KTR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9
Columns
KU = KC = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9
Restraint factors
Top
k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC) / (KC + 0.1 x KC ) = 0.91
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2
LE/L = 2.0
i.e. LE = 2.0 x 3.6 = 7.20m
The design would then proceed as normal using the effective
lengths calculated above.
Department of Civil and Structural

If the column bases were fixed


Beams
Columns

KTL = KTR = I/L =21500/720 = 29.9


KU = KC = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9

Restraint factors
Top
k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU +KTL+KTR) = 0.36
Bottom
k2 = (KC) / (KC + 1.0 x KC ) = 0.50
From Figure E.2 LE/L = 1.35 i.e. LE = 1.35 x 3.6 = 4.86m
The effective length is much reduced and the column will be smaller
but the cost of providing moment resisting foundations may outweigh
the cost of the savings in steelwork. The fixity would also be
beneficial in controlling sway deformations.

Department of Civil and Structural

Beams carrying >90% of their moment capacity


Column 1
Beams
Columns

KTL = KTR = KBL = KBR = 0


KU = KC = KL = I/L = 6090/360 = 16.9

Restraint factors
Top k1 = (KC+KU) / (KC + KU + 0+ 0) = 1
Bottom k2 = (KC+KL) / (KC + KL + 0+ 0) = 1
From Figure E.2, the effective length ratio would be
equal to infinity.
Department of Civil and Structural

Using the amplified sway method.


Alternatively consider the design of the original frame
using the amplified sway method.
The maximum value of the sway index is in the lower
storey and is given by
= (u-l)/h = 4/3600 = 1.1 x 10-3
The elastic critical load factor cr is then given by :
cr = 1/(200) = 4.55
(Note this suggests a very flexible frame)
Amplification factor = cr /(cr-1) = 4.55/(4.55-1) = 1.28
The design can proceed using effective length ratios of one
and all the moments due to horizontal deformations
multiplied by 1.28.

Department of Civil and Structural

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