Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Microbial Pathogenesis
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micpath
Review
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Department, Yanbu, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
College of Sciences, Biology Department, Yanbu, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 October 2014
Received in revised form
16 February 2015
Accepted 19 February 2015
Available online 21 February 2015
Oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease are directly linked with the ability of bacteria
to form biolm. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria colonizing the supragingival biolm (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomycetes). Periodontal
diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria forming a subgingival plaque (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium). Cells embedded in biolm are up to 1000fold more resistant to antibiotics compared to their planctonic ones. Several mechanisms have been
proposed to explain biolms drug resistance. Given the increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics
currently used in dentistry, a great importance is given to natural compounds for the prevention of oral
bacterial growth, adhesion and colonization. Over the past decade, interest in drugs derived from medicinal plants has markedly increased. It has been well documented that medicinal plants and natural
compounds confer considerable antibacterial activity against various microorganisms including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens.
This paper provides a review of the literature focusing on the studies on (i) biolm in the oral cavity,
(ii) drug resistance of bacterial biolm and (iii) the potential use of plant extracts, essential oils and
natural compounds as biolm preventive agents in dentistry, involving their origin and their mechanism
of biolm inhibition.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Dental biolm
Oral bacteria
Drug resistance
Medicinal plants
1. Introduction
Oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease are
directly linked with the ability of bacteria to form biolm [1]. The
development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric
Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococci mutans, Lactobacillus and Actinomycetes). On the other hand, periodontal diseases have been
associated to anaerobic Gram negative bacteria (Porphyromonas
gingivalis, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium) [2]. Biolm
in the form of supragingival and subgingival plaque is the etiologic
agent in dental caries and periodontal diseases. The emergence and
progression of such pathologies are linked with the increased
resistance to antibiotics by bacterial biolms [3]. Therefore, control
of the dental biolm is a major objective of dental professionals for
the maintenance of oral health. With the increased resistance to
antibiotics and conventional treatment, the discovery of anti-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bochrak@yahoo.fr (B. Kouidhi).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2015.02.007
0882-4010/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
40
Pump efux are integral membrane proteins that utilize metabolic energy to expel drugs across the membrane against the concentration gradient [34]. They are one of the most important
mechanism of drug resistance in Gram-positive as well as in Gramnegative bacteria. These efux pumps can be specic for a given
drug or may recognize a wide range of structurally and chemically
unrelated compounds. The latter efux system, which is known as
multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter, is very important for the
emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens [34]. MDR
transporters are also important for bacteria to survive under
complex environment and facilitate biolm formation [34,35].
In oral biolm, bacteria are continuously challenged by changes
in the environmental conditions. As a response to such challenges,
S. mutans which can become dominant in oral biolms may rely on
MDR transporter allowing withstanding toxic compounds produced by competing species or present in the plaque environment.
Among the identied pumps, an ABC transporter, the VltA/B was
involved in the efux of viologens and QACs in S. mutans [36].
Recently, MdeA, a multidrug efux pump using the proton motive
force as the energy for efux drugs, was also identied in S. mutans
[37].
A further work demonstrated that S. mutans possesses a
conserved P-type ATPase which enables the bacterium to tolerate
high concentrations of extracellular copper. The expression of the
ATPase appears to be regulated by copper via the activity of two
other members, copY and copZ genes [38].
3.5. Quorum sensing
In most bacteria, cellecell communication and biolm formation depend greatly on quorum sensing (QS) activity [39,40].
However, the role of QS in biocide resistance is not yet clear.
Furthermore, a possible implication of QS in the regulation of
multidrug efux pumps has been described [41]. The over expression of S-ribosylhomocysteinelyase in antibiotic resistance
41
42
Table 1
Inhibitory effects of plant extracts, essential oil on biolm forming oral bacteria.
Plants
Extracts
Salvadora persica
- Miswak
Juglans regia
Compounds
Methanol
Ethanol
Chloroform
Acetone
Aqueous
Water
Inhibition effect
References
- In vivo growth
[48,134]
- Growth
- Biolm
- Quorum sensing
[50]
Biolm
Adherence
Adhesion
Coaggregation
Growth
Biolm
Virulence factors
Growth
Glucosyltransferases
Acid production
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
Glucosyltransferases
Acidogenicity
Growth
VAdherence
Biolm
Hydrophobicity
Growth
Glucosyltransferases
Biolm
Acidogenicity
Acidurity
Specic virulence factors
Adherence
Growth
Adherence
Glucosyltransferase
Glucan-binding lectin activities
Growth
[57]
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
[68]
Glucosyltransferase
Glucan production
Biolm
Biolm
Adherence
Virulence factors
Growth
Adherence
EPS formation
Glucosyltransferase
Growth
Biolm
Water-insoluble glucan
Adherence
[77]
Growth
Adherence
Glucosyltransferase
Glucosyltransferases
Glycolytic pH-drop
Dextransucrase
Growth
Adherence
Insoluble glucan synthesis
[91]
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Proanthocyanidins
- Licochalcone A
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Flavonols
- Proanthocyanidins
- Streptococcus mutans
- Juice
- Streptococcus mutans
- Juice
- Oral streptococci
- Polyphenols
- Streptococcus mutans
- Ethanol
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Streptococcus mutans
- Water
Morus alba
Mutans streptococci
Lactobacilli
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus mutans
- Streptococcus mutans
Camellia sinensis
Strains
Semi fermented
Non fermented extracts
Ethanol
- 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). Ethanol
-
Streptococcus mutans
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus sanguis
Streptococcus mutans
Actinomycete viscosus
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus lactis
Streptococcus mutans
Trachyspermum ammi
- Petroleum ether
- Ethanol
- Streptococcus mutans
Piper betle
- Water
- Streptococcus mutans
- Hydroxychavicol
- Extracts
Vitis Vinifera
- Phenol
- Streptococcus mutans
- Actinomyces viscosus
-
Candida albicans
Candida tropicalis
Candida krusei
Streptococcus mutans
- Streptococcus mutans
Azadirachta indica
- Water
- Streptococcus mutans
- Oral streptococci
[60]
[135]
[63]
[61]
[136]
[66]
[71]
[69]
[67]
[76]
[80,81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[92]
[99]
[137]
43
Table 1 (continued )
Plants
Extracts
Compounds
Strains
- Streptococcus mutans
- Lactobacillus
- Candida albicans
Sanguinaria canadensis
Myristica fragrans
- Streptococcus mutans
Methanol
Kaempferia pandurata
Macelignan
Panduratin A
Isopanduratin A
Pistacia atlantica
- Essential oil
- Water
- Chloroform
- Ethanol
Pistacia vera
- Water
- Chloroform
- Ethanol
Achyranthes aspera
methanol
Artocarpus
lakoocha
- Water
3,12-oleandione
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus sanguis
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus casei
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sanguis
Actinomyces viscosus
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sanguis
Actinomyces viscosus
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Propionibacterium acnes
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus salivarious
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sanguis
Actinomyces viscosus
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus salivarious
Streptococcus sobrinus
Streptococcus sanguis
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sobrinus
Aggregatibacter
Porphyromonas
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sobrinus
- Methanol
- Streptococcus mutans
Helichrysum litoreum
- Ethanol
Rosmarinus ofcinalis
- Water
- Streptococcus mutans
- Actinomyces viscosus
- Streptococcus sobrinus
Mentha spicata
Essential oil
- Streptooccus mutans
Eugenia caryophyllata
- Methanol
Biorin
Kaempferol
Rhamnocitrin
Myricetin
Gallic acid
Ellagic acid
Oleanoic acid
Streptococcus mutans
Actinomyces viscosus
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Inhibition effect
References
Aggregation
Biolm
Plaque index
Bacterial count
Growth
Adherence
Hydrophobicity
Biolm
number of CFUs
Dental plaque index
Growth
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
Growth
Growth
Growth
Adherence
Biolm
Biolm
Adherence
Salivary glycolysis
Acid-producing ability
Growth
Biolm
Adherence
Acid-producing ability
Biolm
Adherence
Glucosyltransferases
Qorum sensing
Growth
[113]
Growth
Biolm
Adherence
Glucosyltransferases
Glycolytic pH-drop
Growth
Biolm
Growth
Biolm
Glucosyltransferases
Glycolytic pH-drop
Acid production
F-ATPase activity
Water-insoluble polysaccharides
Growth
Adherence
Growth
Adherence
Glucosyltransferases
Growth
Biolm
Growth
[119]
[94,138]
[100]
[102]
[104]
[105]
[108,109]
[139]
[107]
[110]
[111]
[116]
[117]
[121]
[120]
[122].
[123]
[126]
[115]
[127]
44
Table 1 (continued )
Plants
Extracts
Compounds
- Essential oil
Eucalyptus
- Essential oil
Strains
-
Inhibition effect
Streptococci spp.
Candida spp.
Streptococci spp.
Actinomyces viscosus
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
- Growth
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - Adherence
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sobrinus
References
[128]
[140]
[114]
45
46
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
47
[43] S. Yang, C.R. Lopez, E.L. Zechiedrich, Quorum sensing and multidrug transporters in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006)
2386e2391.
[44] G. Brackman, P. Cos, L. Maes, H.J. Nelis, T. Coenye, Quorum sensing inhibitors
increase the susceptibility of bacterial biolms to antibiotics in vitro and
in vivo, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55 (2011) 2655e2661.
[45] D.I. Andersson, The ways in which bacteria resist antibiotics, Int. J. Risk Saf.
Med. 17 (2005) 111e116.
[46] M.A. Eid, H.A. Selim, A retrospective study on the relationship between
miswak chewing stick and periodontal health, Egypt Dent. J. 40 (1994)
589e592.
[47] A.J. Smith, J. Moran, L.V. Dangler, R.S. Leight, M. Addy, The efcacy of an antigingivitis chewing gum, J. Clin. Periodontol. 23 (1996) 19e23.
[48] K. Almas, Z. Al-Zeid, The immediate antimicrobial effect of a toothbrush and
miswak on cariogenic bacteria: a clinical study, J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 5
(2004) 105e114.
[49] M. Al-Otaibi, M. Al-Harthy, A. Gustafsson, A. Johansson, R. Claesson,
B. Angmar-Mansson, Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after
use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush, J. Clin. Periodontol. 31 (2004)
1048e1053.
[50] S. Al-Sohaibani, K. Murugan, Anti-biolm activity of Salvadora persica on
cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: in vitro and molecular docking
studies, Biofouling 28 (2012) 29e38.
[51] A. Sofrata, P. Lingstrom, M. Baljoon, A. Gustafsson, The effect of miswak
extract on plaque pH. An in vivo study, Caries Res. 41 (2007) 451e454.
[52] B. Amoian, A.A. Moghadamnia, S. Barzi, S. Sheykholeslami, A. Rangiani, Salvadora Persica extract chewing gum and gingival health: improvement of
gingival and probe-bleeding index, Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 16 (2010)
121e123.
[53] S.G. Joshi, Medicinal Plants, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India, 2007.
[54] H. Miraliakbari, F. Shahidi, Oxidative stability of tree nut oils, J. Agric. Food
Chem. 56 (2008) 4751e4759.
[55] E. Noumi, M. Snoussi, i T, Bakhrouf A. Antibacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant activities of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts, J. Med.
Plant Res. 5 (2011) 4138e4146.
[56] J.A. Pereira, I. Oliveira, A. Sousa, P. Valentao, P.B. Andrade, I.C. Ferreira, et al.,
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity
and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and chemical toxicology, Int. J. Publ. Br. Industrial Biological Res. Assoc. 45 (2007) 2287e2295.
[57] N. Faraz, Z. Islam, R. Rehman, Sehrish. Antibiolm forming activity of naturally occuring compound, Biomedica 28 (2012) 171e175.
[58] K. Chaieb, B. Kouidhi, R. Ben Slama, K. Fdhila, T. Zmantar, A. Bakhrouf,
Cytotoxicity, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antibiolm properties of tunisian
Juglans regia bark extract, J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 19 (2013) 168e179.
[59] K. Feghali, M. Feldman, V.D. La, J. Santos, D. Grenier, Cranberry proanthocyanidins: natural weapons against periodontal diseases, J. Agric. Food
Chem. 60 (2012) 5728e5735.
[60] D. Polak, R. Naddaf, L. Shapira, E.I. Weiss, Y. Houri-Haddad, Protective potential of non-dialyzable material fraction of cranberry juice on the virulence
of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum mixed infection, J. periodontology 84 (2013)
1019e1025.
[61] H. Koo, P. Nino de Guzman, B.D. Schobel, A.V. Vacca Smith, W.H. Bowen,
Inuence of cranberry juice on glucan-mediated processes involved in
Streptococcus mutans biolm development, Caries Res. 40 (2006) 20e27.
[62] A. Yamanaka, R. Kimizuka, T. Kato, K. Okuda, Inhibitory effects of cranberry
juice on attachment of oral streptococci and biolm formation, Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 19 (2004) 150e154.
[63] S. Gregoire, A.P. Singh, N. Vorsa, H. Koo, Inuence of cranberry phenolics on
glucan synthesis by glucosyltransferases and Streptococcus mutans acidogenicity, J. Appl. Microbiol. 103 (2007) 1960e1968.
[64] Y. Xie, W. Yang, F. Tang, X. Chen, L. Ren, Antibacterial activities of avonoids:
structure-activity relationship and mechanism, Curr. Med. Chem. 22 (2015)
132e149.
[65] L. Kohlmeier, K.G. Weterings, S. Steck, F.J. Kok, Tea and cancer prevention: an
evaluation of the epidemiologic literature, Nutr. Cancer 27 (1997) 1e13.
[66] X. Xu, X.D. Zhou, C.D. Wu, The tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate suppresses cariogenic virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother. 55 (2011) 1229e1236.
[67] A. Araghizadeh, J. Kohanteb, M.M. Fani, Inhibitory activity of green tea
(Camellia sinensis) extract on some clinically isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria, Med. Princ. Pract. 22 (2013) 368e372.
[68] A.S. Hassani, N. Amirmozafari, N. Ordouzadeh, K. Hamdi, R. Nazari,
A. Ghaemi, Volatile components of Camellia sinensis inhibit growth and
biolm formation of oral streptococci in vitro, Pak. J. Biol. Sci. PJBS 11 (2008)
1336e1341.
[69] J. Limsong, E. Benjavongkulchai, J. Kuvatanasuchati, Inhibitory effect of some
herbal extracts on adherence of Streptococcus mutans, J. Ethnopharmacol. 92
(2004) 281e289.
[70] J.M. Hamilton-Miller, Anti-cariogenic properties of tea (Camellia sinensis),
J. Med. Microbiol. 50 (2001) 299e302.
[71] S. Sakanaka, M. Aizawa, M. Kim, T. Yamamoto, Inhibitory effects of green tea
polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60 (1996) 745e749.
[72] X. Xu, X.D. Zhou, C.D. Wu, Tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate inhibits
Streptococcus mutans biolm formation by suppressing gtf genes, Archives
48
[101]
[102]
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110]
[111]
[112]
[113]
[114]
[115]
[116]
[117]
[118]
[119]
[120]
[121]
[122]
[123]
[124]
[125]
[126]
[127]
[128]
[129]
[130]
[131]
[132]
49