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Afterknowingthepropertiesofconcrete,thislecturewilldevelopageneral
proceduretoevaluatethenominalflexuralstrength,Mn,foravarietyofbeam
sections(notetheemphasisonflexuralstrengthonly).Laterdiscussionwillcover
combinedbendingandaxialloadsorcolumns.
Fromdoingpreviouslectureexercise(i.e.requiredstrengthcalculation),theclass
wasabletorecognizethattheflowofforcesonatypicalreinforcedconcrete
structureisusuallyfromslabtobeams,tocolumnsandfinallytofoundations.
Notethat(a)and(b)arebothsubjectedtoflexure(bending),while(c)is
subjectedtoaxialcompressionandbending
Lookingatthefigureshownandconsideringtheshadedregion,theloadPis
transferredfromslabtobeaminonedirection(onewayslab)topointsBandC.
Fromthesepoints,theforcetravelstothecolumnviathebeams.
Requiredstrength=loadeffects
Designstrength=resistance,fromnominaldimensionandmaterialstrength
FromES13,weweretaughttorelateExternalEffectstotheInternalEffectsand
thentoprovideSpecifications(thatwilladdresstheinternaleffects)
InthestudyofRCstructures,problemsaretypicallyclassifiedas:
Designgiventheloadeffects,computeforresistance(required)andthen
providespecifications
Analysisgiventhespecifications,providetheresistance(allowed)and
comparewithloadeffects
Theoretically,analysisistheeasierproblem,butinreality,itismuchmore
complicatedthanbookproblems(structuralsurveyorbackwardengineering,
fromfoundationup).Soourdiscussionwillbedevelopedwithan"analysis"
problem(designproblemswillbediscussedduringthenextlecture)
StrengthCriteria:Reducednominalstrength factoredloadeffects(or
sometimesreferredasdesignmoment,thoughconfusing)
Mostpracticalbeamswillbetensioncontrolledsectionsand willbe
equalto0.90.TheconceptofTCsectionswillalsobediscussedinthis
lecture
JokeTimeQ:Anoangtawagkapagangcrushmoaymaycrushdinsaiyo?A:
Assumption
Beforeproceeding,itisimportanttoestablishthefollowingassumptionsinorder
tounderstandbettertheflexuralbehaviorortheMomentCurvature
relationship(ACIChapter10)
1.PlaneSectionremainsPlane(BernoullisPrinciple)linearityofstrains,
compatibilityofstrains,
*exception:DeepFlexuralMembers(ACI10.3)
Membersloadedononefaceandsupportedontheopposite
faceandhave
Clearspan,ln 4hor
regionswithconcentratedloadswithin2hfromtheface
ofthesupport
Mustconsidernonlinearityofstressandstrainduetoshear
deformations
implication:reducedleverarm
Maybedesignedusingstrutandtiemodel
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11
12
StrainsbelowfyshallbetakenasEstimessteelstrain.Forstrainsgreaterthanfy,
stressinreinforcementshallbeconsideredindependentofstrainandequaltofy
strainhardeningisneglected
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Tensionstrengthofconcreteisequaltoonetenthofitscompressivestrengthandis
negligiblecomparedtotensilestrengthofreinforcingsteel
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Note:Analyticexpressionforstressdistributionforconcreteisnotexplicitlyknown
(experimentalonly)
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16
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Largechangeinfc'donotcausesignificantchangeinmomentcapacityeitherfc'
maybeused(k3istypicallytakenequalto0.85)
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20
Note:Thedashedlinewhichshowstheformulafor givesaverygood
agreementwithtestdataforcalculationofthenominalflexurestrengthof
beams
Fromtheassumedrectangularstressblock,Cccannowbecomputed
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Assumesteelyieldsfirstorunderreinforced.
Underreinforced,whenthesectionisloadedinbendingbeyonditselasticrange,
thetensionzonesteelwillyieldbeforetheconcreteinthecompressionzone
reachesitsmaximumusablestrain
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0;
0.85
0.85
and
T 0.85
Therefore, C
Solvingfor and ,toevaluatethecompressiveforceofconcrete
0.85
Now,checkfortheassumptionofunderreinforcement:Fromsimilartriangles
Tocheckforunderreinforcedsection,showthat
Onceconfirmed,thenominalsectionmomentcapacityisequaltothecouple
momentof &
2
2
(foranalysisproblem,expressthisequationintermsofthegivensteel
reinforcement)
2
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Seepp107108Macgregor6Eforothervariabledefinitions
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a=90mm
c=76.5mm
0.0138
ANS:247.4kNm
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ANS:325kNm
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ANS:325kNm
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ANS:325kNm
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Sincewearedealingwithflexuralmembers,wewouldlikethesectiontobeductilethan
brittle.Therefore,thereisanupperlimitofreinforcement(limitinthenumberof
reinforcement)tomaintainductility
30
Todifferentiatetheanalysisearlier,parameterswillbelabelledas"bal"toindicate
balancedcondition
Fromtheforceequilibrium
0.85
Thus,
0.85
Trueonlyforsinglyreinforcedbeam.Themoreusefulparameterthoughisthe
reinforcementratio,definedas:
0.85
Substitute
0.003andmultiplythefunctionby
600
0.85
600
200,000
31
NoteonACI2002code:Maximumusablestrainintheconcreteisnotreachedacase
ofunderreinforcedsection.
NoteonACI2011code:Thestrainvaluewasselectedtoapproximatelycorrespond
totheformerACICode
Note:donotbeconfusedwithreinforcementratioandtensilestrainsincethey
areofbothmagnitudes
32
NoteonACI2002code:Maximumusablestrainintheconcreteisnotreachedacase
ofunderreinforcedsection.
NoteonACI2011code:Thestrainvaluewasselectedtoapproximatelycorrespond
totheformerACICode
33
OnceMnhasbeencomputed,strengthreductionfactorscanbeappliedand
finally,beamstrengthcanbecomparedwithloadeffects
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ifthecalculatedcis
0.002,thebeamiscompressioncontrolled
lessthan3/5 then
0.005,thebeamistensioncontrolled
greaterthan3/8 then
inbetweenthetwozones,thebeamisintransitionzone
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ANS:222.3kNm
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41
42
ANS:near300kNm
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