Cryogenic Lecture PDF

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryogenics for Synchrotrons
Introduction
MB / 12811
Course Material
Introduction
- Monroe Brothers Ltd

- Structure of the talk
Principles of Refrigeration
- Carnot efficiency
- Real Efficiency
- Costs
Refrigeration Systems
- Main components
- Cold Box operation
Superconducting RF cavities
- Cooling requirements
- Valve Box & transfer lines
- Control
Other Cooling Requirements
- Cryocoolers
- Economics versus practicalities
MEDSI Shanghai 300-2 Introduction.ppt
Page 1 of 6
Monroe Brothers Ltd 2012. Please do not reproduce without the permission of the author.
Print date 15 Oct 2012

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Introduction
MB / 12811
Background
Over 25 years experience
Pollution control systems
Page 2 of 6

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Introduction
MB / 12811
Background
20 Years Experience
Pollution control systems
Superconducting magnets
Closed loop helium systems
Low loss cryogenic systems 10 mW
Reaction cooling at 120 kW
Nitrogen for breweries
Page 3 of 6

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Introduction
MB / 12811
Background
Cryogenics A Range of Applications!
Without
liquid
nitrogen
With
liquid
nitrogen
Page 4 of 6

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Introduction
MB / 12811
Monroe Brothers Ltd
Where is the other brother(s)?

Founded in 1920 - Shipping
Wound up in 1992
Restarted in 1996
Page 5 of 6

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Introduction
MB / 12811
Expectations?
Page 6 of 6

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Introduction
%
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MB / 12811
Overview
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Objective
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MB / 12811
Bulk Cryogens
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Helium Liquefiers
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
refrigeration Systems
Helium Refrigeration Systems
1400
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Refrigeration W
1000
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600
400
$ .%
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L280
L140
Helial ML
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MB / 12811
Cryocoolers
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Helium Refrigeration Systems
1400
1200
Refrigeration W
1000
800
600
400
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L280
Helial ML
L140
L70
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MB / 12811
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MB / 12811
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Refrigeration at 4 K
COP =
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COP =
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COP =
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MB / 12811
80 K
COP =
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COP =
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COP =
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COP =
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= R = 67
COP qC
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Strobridge Plot
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MB / 12811
Refrigeration Sizing
COPRe al = COPIdeal Percent of Carnot
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MB / 12811
Strobridge Plot
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Comparison 1969 to 2009

100.0%
Percent of Carnot
10.0%
Strobridge
Air Liquide, Helial Liquefier
Linde L series Liquefier
Linde L series Refrigerator
StirLIN
StirlAIR
Sumitomo GM
Sumitomo PT Single stage
Sumitomo PT Tw o stage
Sumitomo Stirling
Qdrive Accoustic
Cryomech GM
Cryomech PT Single stage
Cryomech PT Tw o stage
1.0%
0.1%
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
Equivalent Refrigeration (Lowest temperature) Watts

6
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%
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Comparison 1969 to 2009

100.0%
Percent of Carnot
10.0%
Strobridge
Linde L series Liquefier
Linde L series Refrigerator
StirLIN
StirlAIR
Sumitomo GM
Sumitomo Stirling
Qdrive Accoustic
Cryomech GM
1.0%
0.1%
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06

7
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
Helium Liquefiers
-
MB / 12811
~ 100 Watts
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MB / 12811
Installed Costs
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MB / 12811
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Technologies
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MB / 12811
Superconductivity
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Large Scale Refrigeration Systems

Large Scale Helium Refrigeration Systems
1400
1200
Refrigeration W
1000
800
600
9(
(
400
$ .%
'
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L280
Helial ML
L140
Helial SL
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Cryocoolers
L1410 / L1610
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MB / 12811
Low Loss NMR Cryostat
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MB / 12811
2 Helium vessel necks
Magnet
Working inventory of the

liquid helium reservoir
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
3 Nitrogen reservoir
neck tubes

Nitrogen Screen bore
tube (Full length)
Magnet
Liquid nitrogen
reservoir
Horizontal support for the

Helium Vessel

nitrogen vessel
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
3 Nitrogen reservoir
neck tubes
Gas Cooled Screen bore
tube (Half height)
Nitrogen Screen bore
tube (Full length)
Magnet
Liquid nitrogen
reservoir

Helium Vessel and the Gas
Cooled Screen

nitrogen vessel
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MB / 12811

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Costs
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MB / 12811
Wiggler Magnet
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Wiggler Magnet
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MB / 12811
Wiggler Magnet
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MB / 12811
Costs
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Introduction
Introduction

- Carnot efficiency
- Real Efficiency
- Costs
- Main components
- Control
- Cryocoolers
MEDSI Shanghai 302-2 Refrigeration at 4K.ppt
Page 1 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Helium Liquefiers
Diamond Light
Source Ltd
Page 2 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Basic Principles
Compressor
Gas buffer
2 to 15 bar A
Pressure
Control
Panel
High
pressure
Warm helium
gas return
Liquefier
Cold Box
Helium two phase flow

& return
Cold helium gas

return
Helium dewar
Cryogenic system
Page 3 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Refrigeration at 4K
MB / 12811
~ 100 W
100.0%
TH
qH
10.0%
WR
Percent of Carnot
qC
Strobridge
Linde L series Liquef ier
Linde L series Ref rigerator
StirLIN
StirlAIR
Sumitomo GM
Sumitomo Stirling
Qdrive Accoustic
Cryomech GM
1.0%
0.1%
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
TC
COP =
qC
TC
=
WR TH TC
1
W
= R = 67
COP Ideal qC
W
1
= R = 300
COP Re al
qC
Strobridge Plot
Page 4 of 34
700

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Efficient heat exchangers
Page 5 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Page 6 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Page 7 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Page 8 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Page 9 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compression
Turbine expansion
Joule Thomson
Page 10 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Turbine Expansion
Valve
Isenthalpic
Constant enthalpy
Ideal Turbine
Isentropic
Constant entropy
Page 11 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Turbine Expansion
Valve
Isenthalpic
Constant enthalpy
80.0
13.8 bar A
70.0
10.0 bar A
60.0
Temperature K
Ideal Turbine
Isentropic
Constant entropy
Turbine Expansion
50.0 K
50.0
40.0
40.1 K
6.0 bar A
3.0 bar A
35.8 K
30.0
1.15 bar A
18.0 K
20.0
10.0
11.7 K
9.2 K
0.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
Entropy kJ / kg.K
Page 12 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Turbine expansion
Temperature drop from to 50.0 K to 40.1 K 9.9 K
Compared to a total drop from 300 K to 4 K
Page 13 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Temperature K
300
Heat Exchangers
250
200
150
100
Turbines
50
0
Page 14 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Turbine expansion
Compared to a total drop from 300 K to 4 K
Joule Thompson expansion
High pressure gas at 13.8 bar A and 5 K
Expansion to 1.3 bar A 4.5 K 63% liquid & 37% vapour
Page 15 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
100.0
Joule
Thompson
Expansion
n Curve
JT Inversio
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 16 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
100.0
Joule
Thompson
Expansion
n Curve
JT Inversio
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 17 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
100.0
Joule
Thompson
Expansion
n Curve
JT Inversio
5.0 K & 13.8 bar A

to
1.3 bar A (4.5 K)
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
37.2 % vapour&
62.8 % liquid
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 18 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Temperature K
300
Heat Exchangers
250
200
150
100
Turbines
50
0
Page 19 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
11
The impact of a
100 W heat
load on the
vapour return
line
100.0
n Curve
JT Inversio
10.0
Pressure bar A
5.6 K & 14.0 bar A

to
1.3 bar A (4.5 K)
Notes
1.0
37.2 % vapour&
62.8 % liquid
10
20
30
40
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
0.1
4.22 K
3.50 K
46.9 % vapour&
53.1 % liquid
-10
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 20 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Refrigeration & Liquefaction

Refrigeration - Gas returned cold
Watts
40
70
35
65
30
60
25
55
20
50
15
45
200
10
40
100
35
Refrigeration g / s
Helial 2000
Refrigeration W
600
500
400
300
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
0
0.00
1.00
3.00
4.00
30
5.00
Liquefaction g / s
Liquefaction l / hr
2.00
Turbine Flow Rate g / s
Liquefaction - Gas returned warmed Liquid litres per hour
Page 21 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pressure Control Panel

PCV
PCV
Differential pressure control valve
Holds the HP line at 15 bar above the LP line
Increase Inventory
Absolute pressure control valve
Holds the LP line at 1.05 bar by drawing gas from the buffer
tank
Reduce Inventory
Absolute pressure control valve
Vents gas from the HP line when the LP line is high
Page 22 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
Follow the lines of

constant entropy
Page 23 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
100.0
.0
14
ba
,
rA
4 .0
.0
14
K
ba
5 .0
.0
14
,
rA
A
ar
,6
.0
.0
14
A
ar
rsion
JT Inve
,7
.0
Curve
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 24 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
100.0
.0
14
ba
,
rA
4 .0
.0
14
K
ba
.0
.0
14
5
A,
A
ar
,6
.0
.0
14
A
ar
rsion
JT Inve
,7
.0
Curve
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 25 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
Follow the lines of

constant entropy
Install a turbine
before the JT valve
Page 26 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Third Turbine
MB / 12811
Notes
15
Follow the lines of

constant entropy
Install a turbine
before the JT valve
Third turbine
(+water brake
circuit)
Page 27 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
100.0
.0
14
ba
,
rA
4 .0
.0
14
K
ba
.0
.0
14
5
A,
A
ar
,6
.0
.0
14
A
ar
rsion
JT Inve
,7
.0
Curve
Pressure bar A
10.0
1.0
-10
10
20
30
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
4.22 K
3.50 K
0.1
40
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 28 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Third Turbine
JT Expansion
5.0 K & 13.8 bar A

to
1.3 bar A (4.5 K)
Turbine + JT
Expansion
.0
14
ba
,
rA
4 .0
.0
14
K
ba
5 .0
.0
14
,
rA
A
ar
,6
.0
.0
14
A
ar
rsion
JT Inve
,7
.0
Curve
10.0
Pressure bar A
37.2 % vapour &

62.8 % liquid
599 W
100.0
1.0
-10
10
30
40
50
60
10.0 K
8.5 K
7.0 K
6.0 K
4.80 K
5.195 K
0.1
4.22 K
3.50 K
14.4 % vapour &

85.6 % liquid
816 W
20
Enthalpy kJ / kg
Page 29 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Sensitivities
Contamination
Incorrect pressures on the turbines
Low pressure or high temperature on the JT valve
High pressure drop on the return gas line
High temperature on the return gas
Page 30 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Compressor
Compressor
Oil Removal System
Gas Management
Panel
Second Compressor
Redundancy
Maintenance
scheduling
Diamond Light Source Ltd

Page 31 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Buffer Tank
Either Small buffer regulate the LP / HP line pressures
Or
Large buffer regulate the LP / HP line pressures

plus hold the entire helium inventory
2000 liquid litres
2 bar A to 15 bar A
115 m
Diamond Light Source Ltd

Page 32 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Adsorbers
80 K Adsorber
Single or parallel
20 K Adsorber
Normally single
Page 33 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Finish
Page 34 of 34

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Superconducting RF Cavities
MB / 12811
Introduction
$
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(
&
!!
#
&
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!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Technologies Superconductivity
(/
!!
#
&
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)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Technologies Suerconductivity
RF Cavities
1E+11
(/
Qo
1E+10
Qo Padamsee
Qo
1E+09
Interpolation
1E+08
1E+07
1E+06
1E+05
1E+04
1
10
100
Temperature K
!!
#
&
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)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
(/
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
(/
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Large Scale refrigeration Systems

1400
1200
Refrigeration W
1000
800
600
3)
)
400
&
%,
(
%
&
Helial LL
L280
'
5
Helial ML
L140
Helial SL
L70
Cryocoolers
L1410 / L1610
200
&
'
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Basic Principles
(
>
&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control
(
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control
(
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control - Linde Valve Box
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control
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MB / 12811
Process Control
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Process Control
!
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Transfer Lines - Justification
&
%,
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&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Construction Details
Vacuum jacket
( &
$ && '
&
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conductivity
spacer
Vacuum space
(Multilayer
superinsulation)
Flow
pipe
Heat Load of 1 W / m
5
#
&
'
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)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Transfer Lines

Liquid
helium
Cold helium
gas return
Liquid nitrogen
cooled screen
Liquid nitrogen
path
=
#
&
'
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811

%,
& ( & '
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MB / 12811
53 <
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Cryogenic Valves
2
&
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&
(
4
& & )
&
8
& '
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#
&
'
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Welded Transfer Line Connection

Pump out port
Vacuum space
(Multilayer superinsulation
and sorb pump)
Long thermal path length,

thin wall, low heat load
Flow pipe
Welded joint sleeve

Flow pipe closing weld
!!
#
&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Vacuum Insulated Pipeline Technology
Joint section
Typical 6 metre
pipe length
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#
&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Bayonet Couplings
?(<
&
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&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Modular Tranfser Line Systems
!
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Couplings
Liquid helium
9
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Couplings
Liquid helium
Cold helium gas return
5
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Couplings
Liquid helium
Liquid nitrogen
=
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Couplings
Liquid helium
Liquid nitrogen
@
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Multiflow Couplings
#
&
(<
&
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6
#
&
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!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pressure Drop
- &
&
& '
& '
&
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m
G=
A
P f G2
=
L 2 .dh
>
P f 16 m 2
=
L 2 2 .dh5
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&
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#
&
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pressure Drop - Friction Coefficient
f = max(
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#
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pressure Drop
- &
&
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m
G=
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=
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=
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Pipeline Sizing
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Two Phase Flow
& '
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<
%,
%,
& )
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& '
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Two Phase Flow

Nitrogen Vapour Quality
100%
)&,
90%
80%
& (
Quality by Volume
70%
0.0 bar G
60%
50%
2.0 bar G
40%
5.0 bar G
30%
10.0 bar G
20%
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10%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Quality by Mass
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Two Phase Flow
&& (
5
&
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!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Lockhart Martinelli - Two Phase Flow Pressure Drop

&
&
&,
&
DP
X tt =
DP
&
DP
DL L
DL L
9
& '
&
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% (
% (
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3'
DP
DL V
&
%,
DL V
&
X tt + C X tt + 1
X tt
DP
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'
&
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!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Control Valves
' E
&& & '
$ &&
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2
&
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& ) & <

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Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Control Valves
Cv = Q
G
P
Kv = Q
G
P
A
D > &&
0
(J B
&
'
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<
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'
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#
&
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!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Control Valves
& '
&
'
& & '

2
&
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'
%,
!
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Control Valves
Valve Lift Flow Curve
100%
Linear Trim
90%
Equal Percentage Trim
80%
Trim Capacity
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Opening
!
#
&
'
!!
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)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryogenic Valves
% '
Valve Trim Characteristics
&
1.00
'
&
(
& <
0.80
Valve Kv
>
&
MB / 12811
(
&
0.60
0.40
0.20
& <& )
0.00
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Valve Lift
: * ?>F ' A &

!
#
&
'
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
MB / 12811
Return Line Pressure Drop

(
<&
>
&
&
% '
9<
& $ +
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&
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&
&
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!!
!"
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Monroe Brothers Ltd
!!
#
&
'
MB / 12811
!!
!"
)
Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Introduction
Introduction

- Carnot efficiency
- Real Efficiency
- Costs
- Main components
- Control
Other Cooling Requirements - Cryocoolers

MEDSI Shanghai 301-3 Cryocoolers.ppt
Page 1 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Large Scale refrigeration Systems

1400
1200
Refrigeration W
1000
800
600
400
Helial LL
L280
Helial ML
L140
L70
Helial SL
Data from the internet
L1410 / L1610
Cryocoolers
200
Liquefaction duties factored to estimate the Refrigeration power

Page 2 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocoolers
Cooling powers up to 1.5

W at 4 K
40 W at 45 K
Enabling technology
HTSC leads
Zero Loss - cryostats with zero boil-off
Dry Systems - no inventory of cryogens
Sumitomo SRDK-415D
Image courtesy of Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Cryogenics Group
Page 3 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
Refrigeration at 4K
MB / 12811
~1W
100.0%
TH
qH
10.0%
WR
Percent of Carnot
qC
Strobridge
Linde L series Liquef ier
Linde L series Ref rigerator
StirLIN
StirlAIR
Sumitomo GM
Sumitomo Stirling
Qdrive Accoustic
Cryomech GM
1.0%
0.1%
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
TC
COP =
qC
TC
=
WR TH TC
1
W
= R = 67
COP Ideal qC
W
1
= R = 5000
COP Re al
qC
Strobridge Plot
Page 4 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Costs
Equipment
Operating costs
Cryocooler
Helium Refrigerator
1 W to 1.5 W
500 W
$ 40 k to $ 65 k
$ 2 M to 4 M
$ 25 k pa
$ 700 k pa
$ 50 k per W
$ 5 k per W
$ 15 k pa per W
$ 2 k to $ 4 k pa per W
Bulk Cryogens
Specific Costs
- equipment
- refrigeration
$ 100 k to $ 200 k pa per W
Specific Costs
- equipment
$ 20 k per l / hr
- liquefaction
$ 0.50 to $ 2.00 per litre
$ 10 to $ 20 per litre
Design the cryostat to match the capacity of a cryocooler

Avoid the equipment cost of a Liquefier
Page 5 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
Principles
Four steps
MB / 12811
Notes
Compression
Cooling
Expansion
Heating
Regenerator
Page 6 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Principles
Step 2
Step 1
Warm gas
exits the
regenerator
Step 3
Step 4
Warm gas
enters the
regenerator
Reject
heat QH
Regenerator
Regenerator
Regenerator
Thot
Regenerator
Thot
Compress
the gas
Work WH
Tcold
Cold gas
enters the
regenerator
Cold gas
exits the
regenerator
Tcold
Absorb
heat QC
Expand the
gas
Work WC
Page 7 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Regenerator - Ideal Properties
Perfect insulator along the length

High thermal conductivity at the surface
High thermal capacity
Large surface area
Low flow impedance
Page 8 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Subcomponents
Compressor (air cooled or water cooled)

Regenerator
Displacer
Coldhead
Page 9 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocooler Types
Stirling Cycle
Gifford McMahon
Phase shift between

the compressor and
the cold displacer
Valves on the
coldhead to
sequence the cold
displacer movement
Efficient
Reliable
Low vibration
Effective
Remote
compressor
Compressor close
to the coldhead
Vibration
Pulse Tube
Cooler
Orifice
instead of
cold displacer.
No cold moving parts.
Effective
Remote
compressor
Low vibration
Low
maintenance
Vertical
axis for the
coldhead
?
Page 10 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Two Stage Cooler Capacity Curves

Cryomech PT407
5.50
0W
Second Stage Temperature K
5.00
20 W
30 W
37 W
1.0 W
4.50
0.7 W
4.00
0.5 W
3.50
0.3 W
3.00
2.50
2.00
25.0
0.0 W
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
First Stage Temperature K

Page 11 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811

Cryomech PT407
5.50
0W
Second Stage Temperature K
5.00
20 W
30 W
37 W
1.0 W
4.50
0.7 W
4.00
0.5 W
3.50
0.3 W
3.00
2.50
2.00
25.0
0.0 W
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
First Stage Temperature K

Page 12 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811

Cryomech PT407
0W
20 W
30 W
37 W
1.0 W
0.7 W
0.5 W
0.3 W
0.0 W
Page 13 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811

Cryomech PT407
0W
20 W
30 W
37 W
1.0 W
0.7 W
0.5 W
0.3 W
0.0 W
23 W at 48 K and 0.65 W at 4.2 K

Page 14 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocoolers versus Helium Liquefiers

Cryocooler
Liquefier
Equipment Cost
Liquefier
$ 40 k Liquefier
Infrastructure
Cryostat mounting $ 40 k
$ 1 000 k
Dewar
TOTAL
$ 80 k
Page 15 of 33
$ 50 k
Transfer lines
$ 100 k
Valve Box
$ 100 k
Infrastructure
$ 200 k
$ 1 500 k

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Zero Loss and Cryogen Free
Zero Loss
Cryogen inventory
Coldhead recondenses cryogens
Cryogen Free
No cryogen inventory
Coldhead connects directly to the system
Page 16 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Advantages of Cryocoolers
Zero Loss
Independent of cryogen supply
Cryogen Free
Reduced fabrication cost
Reduced pressure vessel coding requirements
Simplified pressure relief
So what is holding back the applications?
Page 17 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Technical Challenges
Limited power
Thermal links
Point heat loads
Magnet quenching
Cryocooler maintenance & loss of performance
Lack of countercooling
HTSC leads
Undercooling (? zero loss systems only)
Vibration
Page 18 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocoolers
Cooling powers up to 1.5 W at 4K

40 W at 45 K
HTSC leads
Cryostats with zero boil-off
Systems with no inventory of cryogens
Sumitomo SRDK-415D
Images courtesy of Sumitomo Heavy
Industries
Cryogenics Group
Page 19 of 33

Typical Load Map of 4K-GM

(50Hz)
4K-GM Typical Load Map (50Hz)
RDK-415D
RDK-408D2
RDK-305D
RDK-205D
RDK-101D
8.0
4W
7.0
2nd Stage Temp. [K]
5W
6.0
0.3W
5.0
0.2W
0.6W
4.0
1W
0.4W
0.7W
1.5W
0.5W
0.1W
0.2W
0W
3.0
0W
0W
2.0
20.0
0W
25.0
0W
0W
20W
30.0
35.0
4W
30W
15W
0W
0W
0W
40W0W
20W
3W
5W
3W
40.0
1W
45.0
2W
60W
80W
40W
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
1st Stage Temp. [K]

20
Typical Load Map of 4K-GM

(60Hz)
8.0
7.0
RDK-415D
RDK-408D2
RDK-305D
RDK-205D
RDK-101D
4K-GM Typical Load Map (60Hz)
4W
2nd Stage Temp. [K]
5W
6.0
0.3W
5.0
4.0
0.2W
0.7W
0.6W
1.5W
0.4W
1W
0.5W
0.2W
0W
0W
3.0
0W
0W
2.0
20.0
0.1W
0W
0W
25.0
40W
20W
20W
0W
0W 0W
0W
30.0
20W1W
40W
35.0
2W
6W
4W
60W
40.0
3W
5W
4W
40W
45.0
80W
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
1st Stage Temp. [K]

21
Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocoolers
Cooling powers up to 1.5 W at 4 K

40 W at 45 K
HTSC leads
Cryostats with zero boil-off
Systems with no inventory of cryogens
Cryomech PT410
Page 22 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryocoolers for HTS
Useful cooling
between from
20 K upwards
Cryomech
Dry systems
or
Zero Loss
(wet systems)
Other suppliers
Page 23 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cryogens, Cryoolers & HTS Applications

Cryogen coolant:
Easier to design and
build than a dry system
Below 60 K
Warmer than this, the
useful performance of
HTSs is disappearing.
Unfortunately
nature has not given us
a working cryogen
between
40 K and 60 K
Argon
Oxygen
Neon
Hydrogen
10.00
Helium
Pressure bar A
Useful working temperature of

the currently available HTS:
Above 20K
Ccryocoolers are providing
useful cooling powers;
100.00
1.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Nitrogen
0.10
0.01
Temperature K
Page 24 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Wiggler Magnet
Four two stage cryocoolers

2 radiation screens
Recondensing helium
3 W at 4.2 K
Image courtesy of Diamond Light Source Ltd

Page 25 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Wiggler Magnet
Cryocooler Design
Principle:
Go for broke!
If the heat loads exceed
the cryocooler capacity then
remedial work is VERY
difficult.
The design has to minimise
the heat loads without
countercooling
Image courtesy of Diamond Light Source Ltd
Page 26 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Costs
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Superconducting RF
Cavities
(3 Cavities)
Low Loss NMR

Magnet
Small
Low Loss NMR Magnet

Large
Wiggler Magnet
350 W
15 mW
150 mW
3W
20 cc / hr
200 cc / hr
4 300 cc / h
$ 7.50 per litre
$ 30 per litre
$ 15 per litre
$ 7.50
$ 30 million pa !
$ 5 700 pa
$ 26 000 pa
$ 280 000 pa
$ 30 000
$ 50 000
$ 180 000
Electricity
4 kW
6.5 kW
26 kW
Electricity
$ 6 300 pa
$ 10 200 pa
$ 41 000 pa
Maintenance
$ 10 000 pa
$ 13 500 pa
$ 46 000 pa
Total
$ 16 000 pa
$ 24 000 pa
$ 90 000 pa
Heat load
Evaporation rate
Bulk liquid helium
Cryocoolers
Transfer lines $ 200 000
$ 4 000 000 plus
Refrigerator
Electricity
200 kW
Electricity
$ 320 000 pa
Maintenance
$ 80 000 pa
Total
$ 400 000 pa
Refrigerator
$ 50 000 pa
Bulk
Bulk / Cryocoolers
Cryocoolers (Refrigerator)
Noise - Reliability of Supply

Page 27 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Technology
Isolation
Level
control
2 000 l dewar
Wiggle
r
Labyrinth
Level control
Wiggle
r
Page 28 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Technology
Isolation
Level
control
2 000 l dewar
Wiggle
r
Labyrinth
Compressor
suction
Batch Filling
Level control
Gas monitoring
Wiggle
r
Page 29 of 33
Liquid nitrogen shield

minimises the
quantity of liquid
helium for the
cooldown
Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Technology
Isolation
Level
control
2 000 l dewar
Wiggle
r
Labyrinth
Compressor
suction
Level control
Gas monitoring
Wiggle
r
Page 30 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Cost Evaluation
Transfer lines from a liquefier or dewar batch filled from the
liquefier
Transfer lines to Liquefier
Transfer lines
100 m
$ 150 k
Other equipment
$ 50 k
Total Equipment
Cost
$ 200 k
Running Costs
Helium consumption
Cryocoolers
Cryocoolers
4 litres / hr at $ 1.50 per litre

Electricity, maintenance,
water
$ 180 k
$ 50 k pa
$ 90 k pa
Other Considerations
Real marginal cost of liquid helium
Convenience of factory test, site test commissioning a unit with cryocoolers
Page 31 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Introduction
Introduction

- Carnot efficiency
- Real Efficiency
- Costs
- Main components
- Control
- Cryocoolers
Page 32 of 33

Monroe Brothers Ltd
Cryocoolers
MB / 12811
Finish
Page 33 of 33


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Monroe Brothers Ltd

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MEDSI Shanghai 300-2 Introduction.ppt

Print date 15 Oct 2012

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Print date 15 Oct 2012

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Print date 15 Oct 2012

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Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

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MEDSI Shanghai 300-2 Introduction.ppt

Print date 15 Oct 2012

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

MEDSI Shanghai 300-2 Introduction.ppt

Print date 15 Oct 2012

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Monroe Brothers Ltd

Cryogenics for Synchrotrons

Comparison 1969 to 2009

Equivalent Refrigeration (Lowest temperature) Watts