C16 The

American
Civil War

Statue of Mother Bickerdyke giving care to a Civil War.

General William
Sherman, stated
that the worth of
Mary Bickerdyke
was her weight in
gold. He said the
only one that out
ranks Mary is

After the outbreak of the Civil War, she joined a field hospital at Fort Donelson, working alongside
Mary J. Safford. Bickerdyke also worked closely with Eliza Emily Chappell Porter of Chicago's
Northwestern branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. She later worked on the first hospital
boat. During the war, she became chief of nursing under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant,
and served at the Battle of Vicksburg. When his staff complained about the outspoken, insubordinate
female nurse who consistently disregarded the army's red tape and military procedures, Union Gen.
William T. Sherman threw up his hands and exclaimed, "She ranks me. I can't do a thing in the
world."[1] Bickerdyke was a nurse who ran roughshod over anyone who stood in the way of her selfappointed duties. She was known affectionately to her "boys," the grateful enlisted men, as "Mother"
Bickerdyke. When a surgeon questioned her authority to take some action, she replied, "On the
authority of Lord God Almighty, have you anything that outranks that?"[2]
Mother Bickerdyke became the best known, most colorful, and probably most resourceful Civil War
nurse. Widowed two years before the war began, she supported herself and her two half-grown sons
by practicing as a "botanic Physician" in Galesburg, Illinois. When a young Union volunteer physician
wrote home about the filthy, chaotic military hospitals at Cairo, Illinois, Galesburg's citizens collected
$500 worth of supplies and selected Bickerdyke to deliver them (no one else would go).

Just before
the War

A Richmond, Virginia

A New Birth of Freedom: The Civil War, 18611865

Departure of the 7th Regiment

Map 14.1 The Secession of Southern States, 1860-1861

Contrast North
and South Pre Civil
War

Causes of Civil War

Figure 14.1 Resources For War: Union Versus Confederacy

Nourished by wartime inflation and government contracts

the profits of industry boomed. New England Mills
worked day and night to supply the army with blankets
and uniforms. Coal mines and iron workers had great
production. Even with 90,000 men in Wisconsin going to
war grain production and farm income continued to grow

The Government borrowed more that $2 Billion by selling interest bearing

bonds, thus creating an immense national debt. It printed more than $400
million worth of paper money called greenbacks declared to be legal
tender, The money was recognized. A heavy tax drove money issued by
the state banks out of Greenbacks and printed money directly for the now
existence. Thus their would be economic backlash.

Communities
Mobilize War

Anaconda Plan

An 1860 engraving of a mass meeting in Savannah

Map of the United States Before and During the Civil War

Jefferson Davis was Supposed to Keep the Confederacy part

of the United States, but he Failed.

Ft. Sumner
the War
Begins

http://youtu.be/cv-pTU99RcY
Bombardment of Fort Sumter

The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 1214, 1861) was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South
Carolina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states, South Carolina
demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On December 26, 1860, U.S. Major Robert Anderson
surreptitiously moved his small command from the indefensible Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial
fortress controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply
Anderson, using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West, failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861.
South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area, except for Fort Sumter.
During the early months of 1861, the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege. In March, Brig. Gen. P.
G. T. Beauregard, the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States of America, was placed in command of
Confederate forces in Charleston. Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed
at Fort Sumter. Conditions in the fort grew dire as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns.
Anderson was short of men, food, and supplies.
The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of President Abraham Lincoln. He notified the Governor
of South Carolina, Francis W. Pickens, that he was sending supply ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate
government: evacuate Fort Sumter immediately. Major Anderson refused to surrender. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the
Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they
were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreed to evacuate. There was no loss of life on either side as a
direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused one Union death.

Cotton King diplomacy

turned out to be ineffective.
Large crops in 1859 and
1860 created a stockpile in
English warehouse. Also
England need north wheat
as much as it did cotton.
England also trade with
India, Egypt and Russia for
cotton. Davis was an
inferior president he was
unable to calm Georgia
Governor over the draft.

The Border
States in the
Civil War

Delaware was loyal to the Union (less than 2% of its population were slaves) abut Marylands loyalty was
divided as an ugly incident on Aril 19 showed. The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment marched through
Baltimore a hostile crowd of 10,000 Southern sympathizers carrying Confederate flags pelted the troops with
bricks, paving stones and bullets, In desperation the troops fired on the crowd killing twelve people. In
retaliation Souter sympathizers burned the railroad bridges to the North and destroyed the telegraph line to
Washington.

Friday, April 19, 1861

The Sixth Massachusetts was the first regiment raised that was fully armed and equipped for battle. They
had rifled muskets, knapsacks, even a full brass band. The Sixth had been joined by some unarmed
Pennsylvania militiamen in Philadelphia. As the 36-car train pulled into the President Street Station, a
small crowd met them, throwing nothing but jeers and hisses in their direction.

An even bloodier division occurred in

Missouri where the south and the north had
already had great tension with Bleeding
Kansas who faced off. The proslavery
governor and most of the legislature fled to
Arkansas where they declared a Confederate
state government in exile, while Unionist
remained in control in St. Louis. Missouri
was plagued by guerrilla battles throughout
the war. In Kentucky division took the form
of a huge illegal trade with the Confederacy
through neighboring Tennessee, to which
Lincoln determined to keep Kentucky in the
Union turned a blind eye.

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky chose to stay in the Union was a severe blow
to the Confederacy. Among them the four states could have added 45% to the white
population and military manpower of the confederacy and 80 percent to its manufacturing
capacity. The decision of four slave states in the Union punched a huge hole in the
Confederate argument that the Southern states were forced to seed to protect their right to
own slaves.

Battle of Bull Run

The Union was very confident of an easy victory the Union army ried out On to Richmond. So
lighthearted an unprepared was the Union Army that the troops accompanied not only by journalist
but also by a crowd of politicians and sight seers. At first the Union troops held their ground
against the 25,000 Confederate troops commanded by general P.G.T. Beauregard. When a fresh
Confederate troops arrived as reinforcements, the untrained Northern troops broke ranks in an
uncontrolled retreat that swept up the frightened sight seers.

Relative Strengths
between the North
and the South Civil
War

The Governments
Organize for War

Treasury Secretary
Salmon P. Chase a
stanch abolitionist
opposed any
concession to the south
before the war started.
He would not
compromise

Treasure Secretary Samuel Chase would work closely with the

Congress to develop new ways of finance.

Lincoln was the firs president to act as commander in chief in both a practical and a symbolic
way. He actively directed military policy because he realized that a civil war was different
from a foreign war. Lincoln will also gain more presidential powers.

Expanding the
Power of the
Federal
Government

Lincoln had to feed cloth and arm over 700,000 soldiers. The task was insurmountable.

Philadelphia financier Jay

Cooke, the treasury used
patriotic appeals to sell war
bonds to ordinary people I
amounts as small as $50
Cooke sold $400 million in
bonds taking for himself
what was fair. The United
States had a $2.6 Billion debt
for the war effort.

Lincoln also initiated paper money (treasury notes). There was a true sense of unified money. Before
this the money in circulation had been a mixture of coins and state bank notes issued by 1,500
different state bans. The Legal Tender Act of February 1862 created a national currency called
greenbacks.

Centralizing of economic
power in the hands of the
federal government with
especially the Legal Tender
Act showed the increased
powers of the president.
Such a measure would have
been unthinkable if
Southern Democrats had
still been part of the
national government

It was named for its sponsor, Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont, who drafted it with the advice of
Pennsylvania economist Henry Charles Carey. The passage of the tariff was possible because many tariff-averse
Southerners had resigned from Congress after their states declared their secession. The Morrill Tariff raised rates to
encourage industry and to foster high wages for industrial workers.[1] It replaced the low Tariff of 1857, which was
written to benefit the South. Two additional tariffs sponsored by Morrill, each one higher, were passed during Abraham
Lincoln's administration to raise urgently needed revenue during the Civil War.
Justin Smith Morrill
The Morrill tariff inaugurated a period of continuous trade protection in the United States, a policy that remained until
the adoption of the Revenue Act of 1913 (the Underwood tariff). The schedule of the Morrill Tariff and its two
successor bills were retained long after the end of the Civil War.

Congressman Justin Morrill of Vermont

Morrill-Land-grant colleges
Morrill Hall, on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park (a land-grant university), is named for Senator Justin Morrill, in honor of the act he
sponsored.
The purpose of the land-grant colleges was:
without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactic, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic
arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the
several pursuits and professions in life.
Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 acres (120 km2) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of
congress the state had as of the census of 1860. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions
described above. Under provision six of the Act, "No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be
entitled to the benefit of this act," in reference to the recent secession of several Southern states and the currently raging American Civil War.
USPS commemorative stamp showing the first federal land-grant colleges
Beaumont Tower at Michigan State University marks the site of College Hall which is the first building in the United States to teach agricultural science.
After the war, however, the 1862 Act was extended to the former Confederate states; it was eventually extended to every state and territory, including those created
after 1862. If the federal land within a state was insufficient to meet that state's land grant, the state was issued "scrip" which authorized the state to select federal
lands in other states to fund its institution.[7] For example, New York carefully selected valuable timber land in Wisconsin to fund Cornell University.[8]p. 9 The
resulting management of this scrip by the university yielded one third of the total grant revenues generated by all the states, even though New York received only
one-tenth of the 1862 land grant.[8]p. 10 Overall, the 1862 Morrill Act allocated 17,400,000 acres (70,000 km2) of land, which when sold yielded a collective
endowment of $7.55 million.[8]p. 8
On September 11, 1862, the state of Iowa was the first to accept the terms of the Morrill Act which provided the funding boost needed for the fledgling State
Agricultural College and Model Farm (eventually renamed Iowa State University of Science and Technology).[9]
With a few exceptions (including Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), nearly all of the Land-Grant Colleges are public. (Cornell
University, while private, administers several state-supported contract colleges that fulfill its public land-grant mission to the state of New York.)
To maintain their status as land-grant colleges, a number of programs are required to be maintained by the college. These include programs in agriculture and
engineering, as well a Reserve Officers' Training Corps program.

There were over 76 different colleges that received land grants from the Morrill Land Grant Bill: Ohio Colleges
that were given this land were Central State and Ohio State University. Southern states received grants after the
war.

The Pacific Railroad Acts were a series of acts of Congress that promoted the
construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through
authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to
railroad companies. Although the War Department under then Secretary of
Way Jefferson Davis was authorized by the Congress in 1853 to conduct
surveys of five different potential transcontinental routes from the Mississippi
ranging from north to south and submitted a massive twelve volume report to
Congress with the results in early 1855, no route or bill could be agreed upon
and passed authorizing the Government's financial support and land grants
until the secession of the Southern states removed their opposition to a central
route. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (12 Stat. 489) was the original act.
Some of its provisions were subsequently modified, expanded, or repealed by
four additional amending Acts: The Pacific Railroad Act of 1863 (12 Stat.
807), Pacific Railroad Act of 1864 (13 Stat. 356), Pacific Railroad Act of 1865
(13 Stat. 504), and Pacific Railroad Act of 1866 (14 Stat. 66).
The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 began federal government grant of lands
directly to corporations; before that act, the land grants were made to the
states, for the benefit of corporations

Railroads during
the Civil War

The period from 1843 when prosperity returned to 1857 when another economic down turn hit,
witnessed explosive economic growth, especially in the North. The catalyst was the completion
of the railroad network. From 5,000 miles in 1848 when prosperity returned to 11857, when
another economic downturn hit, witnessed explosive economic growth, especially in the North.
The catalyst was the completion of the railroad network. From 5,000 miles in 1848 railroad
track mileage grew to 30,000 by 1860 with most of the construction occurring in Ohio, Illinois
and other states of the Old North west. Four great trunks railroads now linked eastern cities
with western farming and commercial centers

http://youtu.be/r6tRp-zRUJs

By 1860 60 million bushels of wheat were passing

though Buffalo on their way to market in the eastern
cities consolidating Republican Political Alliance.

An 1853 broadside for one section of the

Illinois Central Railroad.

The Lackawanna Valley

The railroad network, 1850s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8s2TyffKwzk

2:50-4:50

Minority workers built the railroads and were given dangerous

jobs such as handling nitroglycerin (an explosive).

National
Bank Act

The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864

were two United States federal banking acts
that established a system of national banks for
banks, and created the United States National
Banking System. They encouraged
development of a national currency backed by
bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and
established the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency as part of the United States
Department of the Treasury and authorized the
Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally
chartered banks. The Act shaped today's
national banking system and its support of a
uniform U.S. banking policy.

For most of the nineteenth century, the American banking system

consisted of state-chartered banks. The paper currency issued by
state-chartered banks had to be redeemable. Depending on the
state, the capital requirements for banks, set forth in the bank
charter, differed. If a bank could not redeem its bank notes for
money (gold or silver), the bank had committed fraud and was
subject to prosecution. Most of the state-chartered banks in the
North and East created redeemable currency against Bills of
Exchange (Real Bills) under the real bills doctrine set forth by
Adam Smith. (See "The Wealth of Nations", 1776 by Adam
Smith). Real Bills were negotiable instruments, payable in 90
days, which banks discounted. Real Bills were a means of
financing production of consumer items moving to market. Banks
created uniformly denominated redeemable bank notes against the
value of the Real Bills in their inventory.
If redemption demands exhausted their gold or silver reserves,
these banks could rediscount the Real Bills to obtain gold or
silver. The discounting of Real Bills by banks was particularly
suited to the banking business in the industrial states of the north
and the east of the country. As to the state-chartered banks,
predominantly located in the West and South, many practiced
fractional reserve lending for lack of availability of Real Bills to
discount. Fractional reserve lending depended on low demand to
redeem the paper currency. Fractional reserve lending amounted
to the issuance of multiple demand receipts for the same amount
of gold and silver held by the banks. Holders of this kind of paper
currency could redeem it only at the bank's branch office.

The union made Nevada a state since Nevada had a great deal of silver to help pay for the war.

Diplomatic
Objectives

Britain found new ways of obtaining cotton 1) Egypt 2) India

3) Saved cotton from South
Britain made six battle ships for the Confederates. But Britain did not make two ironclad ships for the South since, the
North threatened war.

The Trent Affair was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. On November 8, 1861,
the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and
removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. The envoys were bound for Great
Britain and France to press the Confederacy's case for diplomatic recognition and financial support for the Confederacy in the
name of King Cotton.
The initial reaction in the United States was to rally against Britain, threatening war; but President Abraham Lincoln and his
top advisors did not want to risk war. In the Confederate States, the hope was that the incident would lead to a permanent
rupture in Anglo-American relations and even diplomatic recognition by Britain of the Confederacy. Confederates realized
their independence potentially depended on a war between Britain and the U.S. In Britain, the public expressed outrage at this
violation of neutral rights and insult to their national honor. The British government demanded an apology and the release of
the prisoners while it took steps to strengthen its military forces in Canada and the Atlantic.
After several weeks of tension and loose talk of war, the crisis was resolved when the Lincoln administration released the
envoys and disavowed Captain Wilkes's actions. No formal apology was issued. Mason and Slidell resumed their voyage to
Britain but failed in their goal of achieving diplomatic recognition.

Fearing France might recognize the Confederacy or invade Texas, Seward had to content himself with refusing to
recognize the new Mexican government. Although the goal of Seward's diplomacy preventing recognition of the
Confederacy by the European powers.

William Seward

Jefferson Davis tries to Unify

the Confederacy

This print captures the president and cabinet of the Confederate

States of America, and Confederate general Robert E. Lee,
shortly after the beginning of the American Civil War (1861
1865). Depicted are, from left to right: Stephen Mallory,
secretary of the navy; Judah P. Benjamin, attorney general;
Leroy Pope Walker, secretary of war; President Jefferson Davis;
General Robert E. Lee; John Regan, postmaster; Christopher
Memminger, secretary of the treasury; Vice President Alexander
Stephens; and Robert Toombs, secretary of state. This print was
originally published in New York shortly after the end of the
war, but does not include any of the replacement appointments
made during the course of the fighting.

Contradictions of
Southern Nationalism

General Scott of the North place the Anaconda Plan

which were blockades for Southern merchandise import
or export. Cotton was difficult to trade.

General Lee
General Lee was known by his men as the
King of Spades because he was an
excellent defensive strategist.

The Fighting
through 1862

The War in Northern

Virginia

General Robert E. Lee boldly counterattacked catching

McClellan off guard. McClellan took in many lost lives. This
counter attack by Lee was called Seven Days.

The Seven Days counter attack caused 15,800 Northern lives.

Davis asked the people of Maryland

to become part of the Confederates.
After the request, there was a brutal
battle of Antietam on September
17,1862 which claimed more than
5,000 dead and 19,000 wounded.
McClellans army checked Lees
advance. Lee retreated to Virginia,
inflecting terrible losses on Northern
troops at Fredericksburg.

The Battle of Antietam

Union army wagons crossing the Rapidan

River in Virginia in May 1864.

Shiloh and the

War for the
Mississippi

Map 14.2 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862

The Eagles Nest

Grant met a 40,000 man Confederate

for commanded by Albert Johnston
at Shiloh Church in April 1862.
Seriously outnumbered on the first
Day, Grants forces were reinforced
by the arrival of 35,000 troops under
the command of General Buell. After
two days of fighting the
Confederates withdrew. The North
lost 13,000 men and the South lost
11,000 men. Including General
Johnston. The Union kept moving
capturing Memphis in June and then
captured Vicksburg.

Battle of
Shiloh

Map 14.3 The Civil War in the East, 1861 - 1862

Memphis was captured soon after the Northern victory at Shiloh

Vicksburg was capture

July 4, 1863 by the
North

War in the TransMississippi West

The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 to 28,

1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive
battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American
Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" (a term that
"serves the novelist better than the historian" [6]) by some
authors, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate
forces to break the Union possession of the West along the
base of the Rocky Mountains. It was fought at Glorieta Pass
in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New
Mexico, and was an important event in the history of the
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War.
There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance forces
from each army, with the main battle occurring on March
28. Although the Confederates were able to push the Union
force back through the pass, they had to retreat when their
supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and
mules killed or driven off. Eventually, the Confederates had
to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate
Arizona and then Texas. Glorieta Pass thus represented the
peak of the campaign

The Long Walk of the Navajo, also called the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo (Navajo: Hweldi), refers to the 1864
deportation of the Navajo people by the government of the United States of America. Navajos were forced to walk up
to thirteen miles a day at gunpoint from their reservation in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico. Some 53
different forced marches occurred between August 1864 and the end of 1866. Some anthropologists claim that the
"collective trauma of the Long Walk...is critical to contemporary Navajos' sense of identity as a people

A Union soldier stands guard over a group of Indians

Hanging of 38
Indians in
Mankato
Minnesota on
December 26,
1862. Because of
an uprising of
Santee Sioux in
Minnesota in
August 1862

Naval War

Battle of the Iron-clads Monitor and Merrimac

The Union ironclad Monitor, under the command of Lieutenant John Worden, arrived the same night. This 172-foot Yankee
Cheese Box on a raft, with its water-level decks and armoured revolving gun turret, represented an entirely new concept of
naval design. Thus the stage was set for the dramatic naval battle of March 9, with crowds of Union and Confederate
supporters watching from the decks of nearby vessels and the shores on either side. Soon after 8:00 am the Virginia opened
fire on the Minnesota, and the Monitor appeared. They passed back and forth on opposite courses. Both crews lacked
training; firing was ineffective. The Monitor could fire only once in seven or eight minutes but was faster and more
maneuverable than her larger opponent. After additional action and reloading, the Monitors pilothouse was hit, driving iron
splinters into Wordens eyes. The ship sheered into shallow water, and the Virginia, concluding that the enemy was disabled,
turned again to attack the Minnesota. But her officers reported low ammunition, a leak in the bow, and difficulty in keeping
up steam. At about 12:30 pm the Virginia headed for its navy yard; the battle was over.
The Virginias spectacular success on March 8 had not only marked an end to the day of wooden navies but had also thrilled
the South and raised the false hope that the Union blockade might be broken. The subsequent battle between the two
ironclads was generally interpreted as a victory for the Monitor, however, and produced feelings of combined relief and
exultation in the North. While the battle was indecisive, it is difficult to exaggerate the profound effect on morale that was
produced in both regions.
The two ironclads faced off once more, on April 11, 1862, but did not engage, neither being willing to fight on the others
terms. The Union side wanted the encounter to take place in the open sea. The Virginia, on the other hand, tried
unsuccessfully to lure the Monitor into another battle in Hampton Roads harbour.

Black Response

The Battle of Port Royal was one of the earliest amphibious operations of the American Civil War, in which a
United States Navy fleet and United States Army expeditionary force captured Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, between
Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, on November 7, 1861. The sound was guarded by two forts on opposite
sides of the entrance, Fort Walker on Hilton Head Island to the south and Fort Beauregard on Phillip's Island to the north. A
small force of four gunboats supported the forts, but did not materially affect the battle.
The attacking force assembled outside of the sound beginning on November 3 after being battered by a storm during their
journey down the coast. Because of losses in the storm, the army was not able to land, so the battle was reduced to a contest
between ship-based guns and those on shore.
The fleet moved to the attack on November 7, after more delays caused by the weather during which additional troops were
brought into Fort Walker. Flag Officer Du Pont ordered his ships to keep moving in an elliptical path, bombarding Fort Walker
on one leg and Fort Beauregard on the other; the tactic had recently been used effectively at the Battle of Hatteras Inlet. His
plan soon broke down, however, and most ships took enfilading positions that exploited a weakness in Fort Walker. The
Confederate gunboats put in a token appearance, but fled up a nearby creek when challenged. Early in the afternoon, most of
the guns in the fort were out of action, and the soldiers manning them fled to the rear. A landing party from the flagship took
possession of the fort.
When Fort Walker fell, the commander of Fort Beauregard across the sound feared that his soldiers would soon be cut off with
no way to escape, so he ordered them to abandon the fort. Another landing party took possession of the fort and raised the
Union flag the next day.
Despite the heavy volume of fire, loss of life on both sides was low, at least by standards set later in the Civil War. Only eight
were killed in the fleet and eleven on shore, with four other Southerners missing. Total casualties came to less than 100.

Robert Smalls (April 5, 1839 February 23, 1915) was an enslaved

African American who, during and after the American Civil War,
became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician. He freed himself, his
crew and their families from slavery on May 13, 1862, by
commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in
Charleston harbor, and sailing it to freedom beyond the Federal
blockade. His example and persuasion helped convince President
Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army.
He was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. After the American Civil
War, he became a politician, elected to the South Carolina State
legislature and the United States House of Representatives. As a
politician, Smalls authored state legislation providing for South
Carolina to have the first free and compulsory public school system in
the United States, and founded the Republican Party of South
Carolina. He is notable as the last Republican to represent South
Carolina's 5th congressional district until 2010.

The Death of
Slavery

The Politics of
Emancipation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs 2:15-5:00

Freed Negroes Celebrating President

Lincolns Decree of Emancipation

Map 14.4 The Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation was a

presidential proclamation[1] issued by President
Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure
during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas
in rebellion and all segments of the Executive branch
(including the Army and Navy) of the United States. It
proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were
still in rebellion,[2] thus applying to 3 million of the 4
million slaves in the U.S. at the time. The Proclamation
was based on the president's constitutional authority as
commander in chief of the armed forces;[3] it was not a law
passed by Congress. The Proclamation also ordered that
suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into
the paid service of United States' forces, and ordered the
Union Army (and all segments of the Executive branch) to
"recognize and maintain the freedom of" the ex-slaves. The
Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not itself
outlaw slavery, and did not make the ex-slaves (called
freedmen) citizens. It made the eradication of slavery an
explicit war goal, in addition to the goal of reuniting the
Union

Black Fighting Men

Robert Fitzgerald a fee African American from Pennsylvania

served the above Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry.

After two months of training Fitzgerald's company was sent on to Washington and then to battle in northern
Virginia. Uncertain of the reception they would receive in Northern cities. Fitzgerald found himself well
received by these Northern cities.

Nearly 200,000 African Americans one out of every five black mailes in the nation served in the Union army of navy.
A fifth of them 37,000 died defending their own freedom and Union. African American soldier were nto treted equally
by the union arm they were segregated in camp given the worst jobs and paid less than white soldiers $10 a month
compared to $13 a month of the whites.

African American Unit

Freedom to the Slave.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOyO75HJygI 0:003:30

This widely reprinted recruiting poster urged

African-American men

Photographs of four anonymous black

Civil War soldiers, including a sergeant

Charlotte Forten a member of one of Philadelphias most

prominent black families and Laura Towne a white native
of Pittsburgh devoted themselves to teaching the freed
blacks. Towne who in 1862 helped to establish Penn
school on St. Helena Island remained there as a teacher
until her death in 1901

The Front Lines and the

Home Front

Toll of the War

War technology had improved. Improved weapons with

modern rifles, replaced smooth-bore muskets in the Civil War.
At a distance of a few hundred yards a man could fire at you
all day and not hit with muskets. The new Springfield and
Enfield rifles were more accurate.

Enfield Rifle

Anderson Prison Camp of the south was

an open stockade which held 33,000
Northern Prisoner. The camp had around
1000 calories per day per prisoner.
During the summer around 100 prisoners
died of exposure each day.

Confederate prisoners of war at Camp Douglas,

Chicago, in 1864.

Army Nurses

Ann Bell
Nurse for
the Union
Army.
Help
origination
of nurses.

Camp of Thirty-first Pennsylvania Infantry,

Near Washington, D.C.

Ann Bell
First volunteered her services as a nurse in October of 1862
Was present at: Harper's Ferry, Acquia Creek, and Gettysburg
Was matron of Hospitals 1 and 8 in Nashville until end of War


Clara Harlowe Barton (North)
Born in Oxford, Massachusetts; December 25, 1821
At start of War collected medical supplies and distributed them
at hospitals via mule train
Was present at: Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run, Antietam,
Fredericksburg, eight months at the siege of Charleston, Fort
Wagner, Petersburg, and the Wilderness
Performed her first operation at Antietam (removed a minie
ball from the cheek of a wounded soldier)
Worked at various hospitals near Richmond and Morris Island
At end of War went to identify unmarked graves at
Andersonville Prison
Organized the American Red Cross throughout the 1870s,
although it did not take form until 1882)

The illustration accompanying The American Flag

Whimsical potholders expressing hope for a better life for

emancipated slaves were sold at the Chicago Sanitary
Fair of 1865

Civil War
Medicine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6du2B10K2w

A surgeons kit used in the Civil War

Civil War Medicine was primitive and there

was a lack of hygiene in camps, which led to
typhoid fever, dysentery, and measles just to
name a few illnesses.

An 1863 advertisement for a runaway domestic

slave circulated by Louis Manigault

Confederate dead at Spotsylvania

War Time
Politics

The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats located in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the
American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling antiwar
Democrats "Copperheads", likening them to the venomous snake. The Peace Democrats accepted the label, reinterpreting
the copper "head" as the likeness of Liberty, which they cut from copper pennies and proudly wore as badges.[1]
They comprised the more extreme wing of the "Peace Democrats" and were often informally called "Butternuts" (for the
color of the Confederate uniforms). Two of the more famous Copperheads were Democratic congressmen from Ohio:
Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long. Republican prosecutors accused some leaders of treason in a series of trials
in 1864.[2]
Copperheadism was a highly contentious, grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well
as some urban ethnic wards. Some historians have argued it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid
modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party, and looked back to Jacksonian Democracy for inspiration.
Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion, and
forming conspiracies, but other historians say the draft was in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the
conspiracies for partisan reasons. Some historians argue the Copperheads' goal of negotiating a peace and restoring the
Union with slavery was naive and impractical, for the Confederates refused to consider giving up their independence.
[citation needed] The copperhead beliefs were a major issue in the 1864 presidential election; its strength increased when
Union armies were doing poorly, and decreased when they won great victories. After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864,
military success seemed assured, and Copperheadism collapsed.

Vallandigham
was an Anti-War
Politician from
Ohio.

Lincoln banished Vallandigham to the Confederacy.

John Merryman was in

jail for anti war
speeches. Chief
Justice Roger B. Taney
ordered the president
to release John
Merryman but the
president ignored him.

Money of the Civil War

http://youtu.be/9mVSkCOb-pI
Inauguration of Mr. Lincoln

Union Commander Benjamin Butler

Butler decided that the fugitive slave law no
longer had any bearing and that slaves who
fled to the North were considered
contraband. Many slaves fled to his fortress
and were accepted and used for building
fortifications.

Sheet music for two of the best-known patriotic songs

written during the Civil War.

Lincoln and the Female Slave

Abe Lincolns Last Card

Life of the Civil

War Warrior

Filling Cartridges at the U. S. Arsenal of Watertown

Sergeant James W. Travis, Thirty-eighth

Illinois Infantry

Business Made Money off of

the Civil War: Rich mans
war and a poor mans fight.

Fortunes were made during the Civil War among them

iron and steel entrepreneur, Andre Carnegie, oil magnate
John D. Rockefeller, financiers Jay Gould and JP Morgan
and Philip D. Armour who earned millions supplying beef
to the Union. Captains of industry escaped military
service

J.P. Morgan made over $100,000 at age 23 when he purchased

obsolete/ damaged rifles from the military for $3.50 each and
resold the same rifles back to the military for $22.00 each when
the civil war broke out and the government was desperate for
weapons.

The McCormick Brothers

grew rich from sales of
their reapers in pat
because women left to
tend the family farm
while men went to war,
could manage the
demanding task of
harvesting if they had
mechanized equipment.

By the end of the war government contracts had exceeded $1 Billion. Not all of this business was free from
corruption. New wealth was evident in every north city. $ 3million raided by female volunteers went to the United
States Sanitary Commission.

The United States Sanitary Commission was a

private relief agency created by federal legislation
on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded
soldiers of the U.S. Army during the American
Civil War. It operated across the North, raised an
estimated $25 million in Civil War era revenue
and in-kind contributions,[1] to support the cause,
and enlisted thousands of volunteers. The
president was Henry Whitney Bellows, and
Frederick Law Olmsted acted as executive
secretary. It was modeled on the British Sanitary
Commission, set up during the Crimean War

If you had a substitute

for the war you did not
have to go.
Exemptions ranged
from $300-$1,000 in
the North

An unpopular law was when the Union introduced a draft in Mach ,1863. There was unpopular provision
allow a fee of $300 to exempt you from fighting the Civil War.

New York City

Riots

Between July 13-16 In New York City 105

people were killed through lynching and
fighting. The rioting the worst up to that
time in American history was only stopped
when five unites of the United States Amy
came to New York City.

On July,1863 the introduction of the draft provoked four

days of rioting in New York City. The mob composed
largely of Irish immigrants assaulted symbols of the new
order over 105 people died.

The Riots in New York:

The Failure of
Southern
Nationalism

This women in Atlanta Georgia is apart

of food riots in her city. People were
starving to death.

Blacks meeting with Civil War Confederates. Both parties

outraged with rising food prices.

Richmond the federal capital almost

tripled to 70,000 people. Because of
the need for military manpower, a
good part of the Confederate
bureaucracy consisted of women
who were referred to as government
girls. There was tremendous
government control, much of which
was not welcomed, especially with
the laissez-faire attitude of pre Civil
War South. Taxes increased control
was used.

Upper class southern at least 50,000 avoided military service

by paying $5,000 for substitutes. The average southern farmer
did not like rich mans war, poor mans fight.

Alexander Stephan wanted in

1864 a peace settlement.
Showing the division of the
Southern people.

Alexander Hamilton Stephens

(February 11, 1812 March 4,
1883) was an American politician
from Georgia and Vice President
of the Confederate States of
America during the American
Civil War. He also served as a U.S.
Representative from Georgia (both
before the Civil War and after
Reconstruction) and as the 50th
Governor of Georgia from 1882
until his death in 1883. He was an
old Whig Party friend and ally of
Abraham Lincoln; they met in the
closing days of the Civil War but
could not come to terms

Women in the
Civil War

Sanitary fairs were held throughout the country to sell items

to raise money for the war. In New York one fair raised
more than $1 million with a crowd of 30,000

A female nurse photographed between two

wounded Union soldiers

Mary Livermore the wife of a Chicago minister toured

military hospital to assess their needs. She also ran two
sanitary fairs. Mary went on to campaign for womens rights

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZODFBm3Sds
After the war her movement help initiate what is now the
Geneva Conventions. Laws of humanity on the battle field

Convinced her father to

release slaves before war.
She gave money and
supplies to POW of the
north.
She also became a spy for
the North during the Civil
War.
She lived in Richmond and
helped prisoners in Libby
Prison.

Rose ONeal Greenhow was a spy for the southern soldier.

She was caught and exiled to the south were Davis gave
her $2,500. Above was her code.

The centrality of slavery to the Confederacy

The Twenty Negro Law was the popular name given

to a section of the Second Conscription Act passed by
the Congress of the Confederate States of America on
11 October 1862, during the American Civil War. This
particular portion of that statute specifically exempted
from military service one white male for every twenty
slaves on a Southern plantation, or for two or more
plantations within five miles of each other that
collectively had twenty or more slaves.[1] A reaction to
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation issued barely three weeks
earlier, the law addressed Southern fears of a slave
rebellion due to so many white males being absent
with the Confederate Army. It would prove extremely
unpopular with poorer white Southerners, many of
whom did not own slaves at all, and would contribute
to the oft-repeated adage of the war being "a rich
man's war, but a poor man's fight.

A drawing by Langdon Cheves III

An engraving in the New York

The Tide Turns

The Battle of Chancellorsville was a major battle of the

American Civil War, and the principal engagement of the
Chancellorsville Campaign.[4] It was fought from April
30 to May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia,
near the village of Chancellorsville. Two related battles
were fought nearby on May 3 in the vicinity of
Fredericksburg. The campaign pitted Union Army Maj.
Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an
army less than half its size, Gen. Robert E. Lee's
Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. Chancellorsville
is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky
decision to divide his army in the presence of a much
larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate
victory. The victory, a product of Lee's audacity and
Hooker's timid decision making, was tempered by heavy
casualties and the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas
J. "Stonewall" Jackson to friendly fire, a loss that Lee
likened to "losing my right arm."

Gettysburg Grave Site.

On July 3, Confederate forces

led by Major General Pickett
crack division marched across
an open field toward Union
Forces. Most of Pickett's
soldiers never reached Union
lines. Only half returned. This
was Lees greatest blunder.
Lees army retreated to Virginia
never again to set foot on
northern soil again.
With 165,000 soldiers involved
Gettysburg remains the largest
battle ever fought on the North
American continent.

In May, 1864 the 115,000 man Army of the Potomac crossed the Ripan River to do
battle with Lees forces in Virginia, At the end of six weeks of fighting Grants casualties
stood at 60,000 almost the size of the entire Lees army Lee had lost 30,000 men. The
sustained fighting in Virginia was a turning point in modern warfare. With daily combat
and a fearsome casualty toll it had far more in common with the trench warfare of World
War I

July 4, 1863 Grant was able to take over Vicksburg, Mississippi. The North was able to gain momentum.
Britain and France did not recognized the south as a nation because of its victories of Gettysburg and
Vicksburg.

Grant and Sherman

Both Grant and Sherman aimed to inflict maximum damage on the land of
Southern people. Hoping that the South would choose to surrender rather than
face total destruction. This new military strategy effected civilians.

This is a picture of Atlanta after Shermans army destroyed the city. Overall Shermans
Army created over $100 million dollars of damage.

Map 14.6 The Civil War, Late 1864-1865

The Evacuation of Richmond

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvD0abNnomY 1:50-3:50

General William T. Sherman photographed in 1864.

The ruins of Richmond, in an 1865 photograph by

Alexander Gardner.

Ironclad Warships were used in the Civil War

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=exM2YuGoWIE

Confederate
Soldiers

Over 100,000 soldiers of the south went AWOL or

disserted. Cannot be expected to fight for the government
that permits their wives and children to starve

Blacks actually for the south. The planters gave confidence

In allowing the slaves to hold weapons, yet, the blacks
fought against the north.

Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant

1864 Election

The United States presidential election of 1864

was the 20th quadrennial presidential election,
held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Abraham
Lincoln ran as the Republican (National Union
Party) nominee against Democratic candidate
George B. McClellan, who ran as the "peace
candidate" without personally believing in his
party's platform.
Lincoln was re-elected president. Electoral
College votes were counted from 25 states.
Since the election of 1860, the Electoral College
had expanded with the admission of Kansas,
West Virginia, and Nevada as free-soil states. As
the American Civil War was still raging, no
electoral votes were counted from any of the
eleven Southern states.[1] Lincoln won by more
than 400,000 popular votes on the strength of
the soldier vote and military successes such as
the Battle of Atlanta.[2] Lincoln was the first
president to be re-elected since Andrew Jackson
in 1832.

Long Abraham Lincoln a Little Longer

Appomattox Court House Lee surrenders to Union and General Grant

From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee

Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865.
General: In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the army of
Northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit: Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to
an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give
their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged; and each
company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to
be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side-arms of the
officers nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be
disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.
U.S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. General R. E. Lee.
From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant
Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865.
General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by
you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to
designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect.
R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.

The Assassination of President Lincoln

A redesign of the American flag proposed in 1863