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PROPERTIES:
The filament is composed of ductile tungsten and located in a gas filled bulb
just like a standard tungsten bulb, however the gas in a halogen bulb is at a
higher pressure (7-8 ATM). The glass bulb is made of fused quartz, high-silica glass or
aluminosilicate. This bulb is stronger than standard glass in order to contain the high pressure.
This lamp has been an industry standard for work lights and film/television lighting due to compact
size and high lumen output. The halogen lamp is being replaced slowly by the white LED array
lamp, miniature HID and fluorescent lamps. Increased efficiency halogens with 30+ lumens per
watt may change sale decline in the future.
INFRARED COATING
The most energy efficient halogen lamp is one with an infrared reflective (IR)
coating. The coating redirects the infrared energy back onto the filament, while
letting the visible energy pass through the coating. The redirected (or recycled)
infrared energy improves the output to approximately 82% infrared heat and 18%
visible light - instead of the 90-10 heat to light ratio of a standard lamp.
ADVANTAGES
a. Halogen Lamps are small, lightweight
DISADVANTAGES
1. Extremely hot (easily capable of causing
severe burns if the lamp is touched).
b.
c.
Does
not
use
mercury
like
CFLs(fluorescent) or mercury vapor lights
e.
Longer
life
than
a
conventional
incandescent
Instant on to full brightness, no warm up
time, and it is dimmable
f.
APPLICATIONS:
DRAMA
Low voltage halogen lighting can be used to create dramatic contrast - calling
attention to featured artwork in a space.
RETAIL
highlighting merchandise either from track or recessed luminaries
MUSEUMS
lighting artwork and sculpture
RESIDENTIAL
track lighting, recessed lighting
DECORATIVE
pendant lights over surfaces
TASK LIGHTING
reading and other tasks
B. FLUORESCENT LAMPS
PROPERTIES:
Fluorescent lamps produce light by passing an
electric arc through a mixture of an inert gas (argon
or argon / krypton) and mercury (a tiny amount).
The mercury radiates ultraviolet energy that is
transformed
to
visible
light
by
the
PHOSPHOR coating on the bulb.
Fluorescent lighting is a type of electrical lamp choice that works through the use of mercury
andneon gas, producing a chemical reaction; standard incandescent bulbs, on the other hand,
work by reacting to heat. This type of lighting used to be used only in offices, but is now becoming
more and more popular in homes because of their many advantages. If you are considering it for
your home, here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this type of lighting to help you
decide if it's right for you.
Fluorescent lamps are more efficient at producing light compared to standard incandescent or even
halogen. In fact, their efficacy is 4-8 times that of the filament sources. Fluorescent lamps have life
ratings from 7,500 hours to 24,000 hours, with a few even beyond that. Life is dependent on many
variables such as lamp type, ballast type, operating environment and how often they are switched on
and off.
There are two general categories of fluorescent lamp:
LINEAR FLUORESCENT
COMPACT FLUORESCENT
operate on the same principle as regular fluorescent, but are more
"compact." CFLs became popular in the mid-to-late 1980's. The
original concept was to provide an energy efficient replacement for
incandescent lamps.
An integrated type of CFL combines the lamp and ballast in one unit,
which can be screwed into a standard incandescent lamp socket.
Some of these are one-piece units while others, where the lamp
and ballast are separate , allow only the lamp to be replaced . They
are meant to be an energy-saving, longer-life alternative to
incandescent lamps. For example, a 60W incandescent with a life of
1000 hours could be replaced with a 15W screw-based CFL having
6-10 times the life. These lamps are available in a myriad of
sizesand shapes to fit many applications - table lamps, recessed
fixtures, wall sconces, pole lights, etc.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are available for both interior and exterior use.
Exterior CFLs are specially designed to operate properly in cold ambient
temperatures.
ADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fluorescent lighting is 66% cheaper than regular lighting while providing the same
brightness.
Fluorescent bulbs last longer.
They tend to burn less after continuous use, and can be turn on and off without being
afraid of burning it.
The lights do not give off heat, which makes them great for area lightning and for areas
where additional heat can cause equipment to malfunction or bother the users.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The initial cost of fluorescent lighting can be up to three times higher than other types of
bulbs.
Some lighting may require professional installation the first time around, as the electrical
connections are more complex.
Some fluorescent bulbs can flicker noticeably and produce an uneven light that may
bother some users. Once the flicking becomes obvious to the eye, there is no choice but
to replace the lamp.
Fluorescent lighting is often less attractive
APPLICATIONS:
Fluorescent sources can be used in a variety of
applications. These louvered systems provide shielding to
reduce glare for both task and general lighting.
HID lamps are the most powerful of all of the electric light sources. These intense POINT
SOURCES allow a high intensity of light to be projected over long distances. HID is often the
best choice for high ceiling applications and commercial accent lighting, as these lamps can
be focused for accurate placement of light from long distances.
HID also require ballasts, and they take a few seconds to produce light when first turned on
because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc.
There are three basic types of HID lamps, all operating on the same general principle but
producing dramatically different results:
MERCURY LAMPS
Mercury now has limited use due to its older technology. Most common
application is the familiar "barn light" one can see when traveling country
roads at night. One quirk of these lamps is their survivability - they just
keep going and going, continually losing light output and changing color
toward an unattractive greenish color. The Federal Government has
mandated the limited use of mercury fixtures to special applications only.
METAL HALIDE
Developed around 1960, this technology is a big improvement of the mercury lamp. The color
rendering is greatly improved, with CRI ratings from 65 - 95 and a choice of color temperatures is
available. Common applications include:
This variant was developed in the mid-Sixties and is quite different from the previous two. As the
name implies, it uses sodium (and mercury) to produce light with a characteristic golden yellow
color. If you have ever flown in an airplane over a large city at night, then you have seen HPS in
roadway, parking and other applications.
HPS has the highest EFFICACY of all popular light sources, but still is limited in use due to its poor
color (CRI in the low 20's). Finding your blue car in a parking lot could be a challenge. Not all
applications require good color rendering, so HPS is still quite popular, although as metal halide
continually improves, it is replacing HPS in many applications. Some lamp manufacturers offer
improved HPS lamps that are whiter (less yellow) in color appearance and have higher CRI. They
also, however, carry a higher installed cost than standard HPS.
ADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
3.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.
2.
HID lamps require time to warm up. It varies from lamp to lamp, but the average warm-up
time is two to six minutes.
HID lamps have a "restrike" time, meaning a momentary interruption of current or a voltage
drop too low to maintain the arc will extinguish the lamp.
APPLICATIONS:
Indoor Applications
Retail stores
Atriums
Airport terminals
Outdoor Applications
Street lighting
Area Lighting
Sports stadiums
Bridges, Tunnels
HID lamps are ideal for high ceiling applications, such as the metal halide used at the
Seattle US Bank Centre.
D. LED LIGHTS
PROPERTIES:
LEDs, or light-emitting diodes, are electronic light sources. An
LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light of a
certain color. LED lighting is fundamentally different from
conventional light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent,
and gas-discharge lamps. An LED uses no mercury, no lead,
no gas or filament, it has no fragile glass bulb, and it has no
failure-prone moving parts.
An LED is a type of solid-state diode that emits light when voltage is applied. LEDs become illuminated
by the movement of electrons through a semiconductor material.
LED lighting is more efficient, durable, versatile and longer lasting than incandescent lighting. Another
benefit is that LEDs emit light in a specific direction, whereas a fluorescent lamp is "diffuse" and emits
light and heat in all directions. LED lighting uses both light and energy more efficiently.
ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
DISADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an initial capital cost basis, than more
conventional lighting technologies.
LED performance largely depends on correctly engineering the fixture to manage the heat
generated by the LED, which causes deterioration of the LED chip itself. Over-driving the LED
or not engineering the product to manage heat in high ambient temperatures may result in
overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure.
LEDs must be supplied with the correct voltage and current at a constant flow. This requires
some electronics expertise to design the electronic drivers.
LEDs can shift color due to age and temperature. Also two different white LED will have two
different color characteristics, which affect how the light is perceived.
APPLICATIONS:
LED lighting is often used for to provide white lighting but can also add
color and interest to a space.
LUMINAIRES
A. INDOOR AND RESIDENTIAL
PROPERTIES:
A LUMINAIRE is defined as a device to produce, control, and distribute light.
A complete lighting unit consists of the following components: one or more lamps, optical
devices designed to distribute light, sockets to position and protect the lamps to a supply of
electric power, and the mechanical components required to support or attach the housing.
LUMINAIRES come in many shapes and sizes. They are usually classified according to source,
mounting, construction, application and/or by photometric characteristics.
TYPES:
SURFACE MOUNTED
RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS
TRACK
WALLWASHERS
INDIRECT
Common in office environments, indirect luminaires can use diffuse or point sources to provide virtually
shadow-free general or ambient lighting. Fluorescent is the most common light source for these types of
luminaires.
REFLECTORS are used to help them produce a wide distribution of light, typical in office environments.
Pendants or cables usually suspend them from the ceiling, but some types are post-mounted from the
floor. Direct-Indirect luminaires are similar to the suspended indirect but provide some downward
directed light.
COVE
STAGE
ADVANTAGES:
Good balance between ambient illumination of the room and accent lighting.
Relatively good energy efficiency even in large spaces.
The smaller direct component required makes it easier to control reflective glare in
computer screens.
Renders three dimensional objects well without harsh shadows.
Disadvantages:
APPLICATIONS:
PENDANT LIGHTS
Decorative pendants can provide
ambient and task lighting,
while also contributing to the color
and dcor in any room.
SCONCE LIGHT
MOUNTED LIGHTS
RECESSED LUMINAIRES
HIGH BAY
High bay luminaires (as seen above) typically use High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps to
provide general lighting for industrial areas. They can be pendant or surface-mounted and
use reflectors and refractors to produce a wide variety of lighting distribution options for high
ceilings and mounting heights.
L ow B a y
Low bay luminaires are similar, but usually have wider distributions for areas with lower ceiling
heights. Light sources are typically HID or high wattage compact fluorescents.
ADVANTAGES:
Good balance between ambient illumination of the room and accent lighting.
Relatively good energy efficiency even in large spaces.
The smaller direct component required makes it easier to control reflective glare in
computer screens.
Renders three dimensional objects well without harsh shadows.
Disadvantages:
APPLICATIONS:
STRIP OR INDUSTRIAL
These luminaires are often designed forHIGH-OUTPUT (HO)
FLUORESCENT LAMPSand are typically found in warehouses
or factories. "Industrials" are practical and economical
luminaires, which usually have a simple reflector attached to the
ballast housing.
FLOODLIGHTS
Floodlight luminaires are frequently used for building
faade lighting and general area lighting. Exterior building
lighting can require luminaires with either narrow or wide
distribution, depending on the mounting height and area to
be lighted.
Column lighting, accent lighting and distant mounting
locations require narrow distributions. Sports lighting
luminaires are notable for precise beam control and sharp
cut-off angles - necessary for controlling LIGHT TRESPASS, minimizing glare, and ensuring observer
and player comfort.
appearance to adjustable low voltage track lighting, but are made of tougher, waterproof construction.
Pathway lighting allows safe egress on the grounds of hotels and other commercial buildings during the evening
hours, and can also provide guests with a sense of safety and security.
STREETS AND ROADWAYS
These luminaires are usually mounted on arms on a pole or post-top mounted, and designed to produce
reasonably uniform lighting. These cobra-head-looking luminaires, for instance, provide wide
distributions to permit extended pole spacing.
Well-shielded luminaires are also available from most roadway lighting manufacturers for applications
where a more controlled distribution is needed to minimize glare and light trespass.
LIGHTING BALLAST
Ballasts are buried deep within a luminaire,
and insure the lamp receives the correct
amount of electricity for starting, and then
the correct amount once it is operating.
There are two basic categories of ballasts
- electronic andelectromagnetic (or simply
magnetic.)
The electromagnetic ballast was the
original type introduced along with the first
fluorescent lamp. Since then, electronic
versions were developed to replace and
improve upon the older technology.
The electromagnetic ballast was the original type introduced along with the first fluorescent
lamp. Since then, electronic versions were developed to replace and improve upon the older
technology.
Electromagnetic
ballasts
are
basically
transformers made with a steel core that is
wrapped with wire and placed in a metal can. The
core is made up of stacked steel laminations.
Insulated wire, made of copper or aluminum, is
coiled around the core (see above.) These
components act as a current-limiting choke. They
also produce heat.
The components are encased in a potting material,
which is normally asphalt, which conducts the heat away from the coils to prevent early failure and to
lessen noise.
ELECTRONIC BALLAST
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
Increased cost
Unproven reliability
Increased ballast case size and weight
Variations in ballast factor for different lamp types
Lower efficacy
APPLICATIONS
Ballasts can be installed and wired to control two or four lamps in a typical
fluorescent four-lamp troffer, allowing 50% of the light to be switched off for
energy savings. Dimming ballasts are also available which provide additional
control and efficiency.