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InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

"ISO"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeISO(disambiguation).
TheInternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization(ISO)isaninternationalstandard
settingbodycomposedofrepresentativesfrom
variousnationalstandardsorganizations.

InternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization[1]

Foundedon23February1947,theorganization
promotesworldwideproprietary,industrialand
commercialstandards.ItisheadquarteredinGeneva,
Switzerland,[4]andasof2013worksin164
countries.[5]
Itwasoneofthefirstorganizationsgrantedgeneral
consultativestatuswiththeUnitedNationsEconomic
andSocialCouncil.
ISOmembership (seebelow)

Contents
1Overview
2Nameandabbreviations
3History
4Structure
4.1IECjointcommittees
4.1.1ISO/IECJTC1
4.1.2ISO/IECJTC2
5Membership
6Financing
7InternationalStandardsandother
publications
7.1Documentcopyright
8Standardizationprocess
9ProductsnamedafterISO
10Criticism
11Seealso
12Notesandreferences
13Furtherreading
14Externallinks

Abbreviation

ISO

Formation

23February1947

Type

Nongovernmentalorganization

Purpose

Internationalstandardization

Headquarters

Geneva,Switzerland

Membership

163members[2]

Official
languages

EnglishFrenchRussian[3]

Website

iso.org(http://iso.org)

Overview
ISO,theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization,isanindependent,nongovernmental
organization,themembersofwhicharethestandardsorganizationofthe164membercountries.Itisthe
world'slargestdeveloperofvoluntaryinternationalstandardsandfacilitatesworldtradebyproviding

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commonstandardsbetweennations.Nearlytwentythousandstandardshavebeensetcovering
everythingfrommanufacturedproductsandtechnologytofoodsafety,agricultureandhealthcare.[4]
Useofthestandardsaidsinthecreationofproductsandservicesthataresafe,reliableandofgood
quality.Thestandardshelpbusinessesincreaseproductivitywhileminimizingerrorsandwaste.By
enablingproductsfromdifferentmarketstobedirectlycompared,theyfacilitatecompaniesinentering
newmarketsandassistinthedevelopmentofglobaltradeonafairbasis.Thestandardsalsoserveto
safeguardconsumersandtheendusersofproductsandservices,ensuringthatcertifiedproducts
conformtotheminimumstandardssetinternationally.[4]

Nameandabbreviations
ThethreeofficiallanguagesoftheISOareEnglish,French,andRussian.[3]Thenameofthe
organizationinFrenchisOrganisationinternationaledenormalisation,andinRussian,
.AccordingtotheISO,asitsnameindifferent
languageswouldhavedifferentabbreviations("IOS"inEnglish,"OIN"inFrench,etc.),theorganization
adopted"ISO"asitsabbreviatednameinreferencetotheGreekwordisos(,meaningequal).[6]
However,duringthefoundingmeetingsoftheneworganization,thisGreekwordwasnotevoked,so
thisexplanationmayhavebeenimaginedlater.[7]
Boththename"ISO"andthelogoareregisteredtrademarks,andtheiruseisrestricted.[8]

History
TheorganizationtodayknownasISObeganin1926asthe
InternationalFederationoftheNationalStandardizing
Associations(ISA).Itwassuspendedin1942[9]during
WorldWarII,butafterthewarISAwasapproachedbythe
recentlyformedUnitedNationsStandardsCoordinating
Committee(UNSCC)withaproposaltoformanewglobal
standardsbody.InOctober1946,ISAandUNSCC
delegatesfrom25countriesmetinLondonandagreedto
joinforcestocreatethenewInternationalOrganizationfor
Standardizationtheneworganizationofficiallybegan
operationsinFebruary1947.[10]

PlaquemarkingthebuildinginPrague
wheretheISO'spredecessor,theISA,was
founded.
(Clicktoenlarge/read.)

Structure
ISOisavoluntaryorganizationwhosemembersarerecognizedauthoritiesonstandards,eachone
representingonecountry.MembersmeetannuallyataGeneralAssemblytodiscussISO'sstrategic
objectives.TheorganizationiscoordinatedbyaCentralSecretariatbasedinGeneva.[11]
ACouncilwitharotatingmembershipof20memberbodiesprovidesguidanceandgovernance,
includingsettingtheCentralSecretariat'sannualbudget.[11][12]
TheTechnicalManagementBoardisresponsibleforover250technicalcommittees,whodevelopthe
ISOstandards.[11][13][14][15]
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IECjointcommittees
ISOhasformedjointcommitteeswiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)todevelop
standardsandterminologyintheareasofelectrical,electronicandrelatedtechnologies.
ISO/IECJTC1
Informationtechnology
Mainarticle:ISO/IECJTC1
ISO/IECJointTechnicalCommittee1(JTC1)wascreatedin1987to"[d]evelop,maintain,promoteand
facilitateITstandards".[16]
ISO/IECJTC2
JointProjectCommitteeEnergyefficiencyandrenewableenergysourcesCommon
terminology
ISO/IECJointTechnicalCommittee2(JTC2)wascreatedin2009forthepurposeof"[s]tandardization
inthefieldofenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergysources".[17]

Membership
ISOhas163nationalmembers,[2]
outofthe206totalcountriesin
theworld.
ISOhasthreemembership
categories:[2]
Memberbodiesarenational
bodiesconsideredthemost
representativestandards
bodyineachcountry.
ISOmembercountrieswithanationalstandardsbodyandISO
Thesearetheonlymembers
ofISOthathavevoting
votingrights.
rights.
Correspondentmembers(countrieswithoutanationalstandards
Correspondentmembers
body).
arecountriesthatdonot
Subscribermembers(countrieswithsmalleconomies).
havetheirownstandards
organization.These
NonmembercountrieswithISO31661codes.
membersareinformed
aboutISO'swork,butdo
notparticipateinstandardspromulgation.
Subscribermembersarecountrieswithsmalleconomies.Theypayreducedmembershipfees,but
canfollowthedevelopmentofstandards.
Participatingmembersarecalled"P"members,asopposedtoobservingmembers,whoarecalled"O"
members.
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Financing
ISOisfundedbyacombinationof:[18]
Organizationsthatmanagethespecificprojectsorloanexpertstoparticipateinthetechnical
work.
Subscriptionsfrommemberbodies.Thesesubscriptionsareinproportiontoeachcountry'sgross
nationalproductandtradefigures.
Saleofstandards.

InternationalStandardsandotherpublications
Seealso:ListofInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationstandards
ISO'smainproductsareinternationalstandards.ISOalsopublishestechnicalreports,technical
specifications,publiclyavailablespecifications,technicalcorrigenda,andguides.[19][20]
Internationalstandards
ThesearedesignatedusingtheformatISO[/IEC][/ASTM][IS]nnnnn[p]:[yyyy]Title,where
nnnnnisthenumberofthestandard,pisanoptionalpartnumber,yyyyistheyearpublished,and
Titledescribesthesubject.IECforInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionisincludedifthe
standardresultsfromtheworkofISO/IECJTC1(theISO/IECJointTechnicalCommittee).ASTM
(AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials)isusedforstandardsdevelopedincooperationwith
ASTMInternational.yyyyandISarenotusedforanincompleteorunpublishedstandardandmay
undersomecircumstancesbeleftoffthetitleofapublishedwork.
Technicalreports
Theseareissuedwhenatechnicalcommitteeorsubcommitteehascollecteddataofadifferent
kindfromthatnormallypublishedasanInternationalStandard,[19]suchasreferencesand
explanations.Thenamingconventionsforthesearethesameasforstandards,exceptTR
prependedinsteadofISinthereport'sname.
Forexample:
ISO/IECTR17799:2000CodeofPracticeforInformationSecurityManagement
ISO/TR19033:2000TechnicalproductdocumentationMetadataforconstruction
documentation
Technicalandpubliclyavailablespecifications
Technicalspecificationsmaybeproducedwhen"thesubjectinquestionisstillunderdevelopment
orwhereforanyotherreasonthereisthefuturebutnotimmediatepossibilityofanagreementto
publishanInternationalStandard".Apubliclyavailablespecificationisusually"anintermediate
specification,publishedpriortothedevelopmentofafullInternationalStandard,or,inIECmay
bea'duallogo'publicationpublishedincollaborationwithanexternalorganization".[19]By
convention,bothtypesofspecificationarenamedinamannersimilartotheorganization's
technicalreports.
Forexample:
ISO/TS169521:2006TechnicalproductdocumentationReferencedesignationsystemPart
1:Generalapplicationrules
ISO/PAS11154:2006RoadvehiclesRoofloadcarriers
Technicalcorrigenda
ISOalsosometimesissues"technicalcorrigenda"(where"corrigenda"isthepluralof
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corrigendum).Theseareamendmentsmadetoexistingstandardsduetominortechnicalflaws,
usabilityimprovements,orlimitedapplicabilityextensions.Theyaregenerallyissuedwiththe
expectationthattheaffectedstandardwillbeupdatedorwithdrawnatitsnextscheduled
review.[19]
ISOguides
Thesearemetastandardscovering"mattersrelatedtointernationalstandardization".[19]Theyarenamed
usingtheformat"ISO[/IEC]GuideN:yyyy:Title".
Forexample:
ISO/IECGuide2:2004StandardizationandrelatedactivitiesGeneralvocabulary
ISO/IECGuide65:1996Generalrequirementsforbodiesoperatingproductcertification

Documentcopyright
ISOdocumentsarecopyrightedandISOchargesformostcopies.Itdoesnot,however,chargeformost
draftcopiesofdocumentsinelectronicformat.Althoughtheyareuseful,caremustbetakenusingthese
draftsasthereisthepossibilityofsubstantialchangebeforetheybecomefinalizedasstandards.Some
standardsbyISOanditsofficialU.S.representative(and,viatheU.S.NationalCommittee,the
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission)aremadefreelyavailable.[21][22]

Standardizationprocess
AstandardpublishedbyISO/IECisthelaststageofalongprocessthatcommonlystartswiththe
proposalofnewworkwithinacommittee.Herearesomeabbreviationsusedformarkingastandard
withitsstatus:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
PWIPreliminaryWorkItem
NPorNWIPNewProposal/NewWorkItemProposal(e.g.,ISO/IECNP23007)
AWIApprovednewWorkItem(e.g.,ISO/IECAWI1544414)
WDWorkingDraft(e.g.,ISO/IECWD27032)
CDCommitteeDraft(e.g.,ISO/IECCD230005)
FCDFinalCommitteeDraft(e.g.,ISO/IECFCD2300012)
DISDraftInternationalStandard(e.g.,ISO/IECDIS14297)
FDISFinalDraftInternationalStandard(e.g.,ISO/IECFDIS27003)
PRFProofofanewInternationalStandard(e.g.,ISO/IECPRF18018)
ISInternationalStandard(e.g.,ISO/IEC138181:2007)
Abbreviationsusedforamendments:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
NPAmdNewProposalAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC154442:2004/NPAmd3)
AWIAmdApprovednewWorkItemAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC14492:2001/AWIAmd4)
WDAmdWorkingDraftAmendment(e.g.,ISO11092:1993/WDAmd1)
CDAmd/PDAmdCommitteeDraftAmendment/ProposedDraftAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC
138181:2007/CDAmd6)
FPDAmd/DAM(DAmd)FinalProposedDraftAmendment/DraftAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC
1449614:2003/FPDAmd1)
FDAM(FDAmd)FinalDraftAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC138181:2007/FDAmd4)
PRFAmd(e.g.,ISO12639:2004/PRFAmd1)
AmdAmendment(e.g.,ISO/IEC138181:2007/Amd1:2007)
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Otherabbreviations:[27][28][30][31]
TRTechnicalReport(e.g.,ISO/IECTR19791:2006)
DTRDraftTechnicalReport(e.g.,ISO/IECDTR19791)
TSTechnicalSpecification(e.g.,ISO/TS16949:2009)
DTSDraftTechnicalSpecification(e.g.,ISO/DTS116021)
PASPubliclyAvailableSpecification
TTATechnologyTrendsAssessment(e.g.,ISO/TTA1:1994)
IWAInternationalWorkshopAgreement(e.g.,IWA1:2005)
CorTechnicalCorrigendum(e.g.,ISO/IEC138181:2007/Cor1:2008)
Guideaguidancetotechnicalcommitteesforthepreparationofstandards
InternationalStandardsaredevelopedbyISOtechnicalcommittees(TC)andsubcommittees(SC)bya
processwithsixsteps:[25][32]
Stage1:Proposalstage
Stage2:Preparatorystage
Stage3:Committeestage
Stage4:Enquirystage
Stage5:Approvalstage
Stage6:Publicationstage
TheTC/SCmaysetupworkinggroups(WG)ofexpertsforthepreparationofaworkingdrafts.
Subcommitteesmayhaveseveralworkinggroups,whichcanhaveseveralSubGroups(SG).[33]

StagesinthedevelopmentprocessofanISOstandard[24][25][26][29][32][30]
Stage
code

Stage

Associated
documentname

Abbreviations

00

Preliminary

Preliminarywork
PWI
item

10

Proposal

Newworkitem
proposal

NPorNWIPNPAmd/TR/TS/IWA

20

Preparatory

Workingdraftor
drafts

AWIAWIAmd/TR/TSWDWD
Amd/TR/TS

30

Committee

Committeedraft
ordrafts

CDCDAmd/Cor/TR/TSPDAmd
(PDAM)PDTRPDTS

40

Enquiry

Enquirydraft

DISFCDFPDAmdDAmd(DAM)
FPDISPDTRDTS

50

Approval

Finaldraft

FDISFDAmd(FDAM)PRFPRF
Amd/TTA/TR/TS/SupplFDTR

60

Publication

International
Standard

90

Review

95

Withdrawal

Description
Notes

(CDVinIEC)

ISOTRTSIWAAmdCor

Itispossibletoomitcertainstages,ifthereisadocumentwithacertaindegreeofmaturityatthestartof
astandardizationproject,forexampleastandarddevelopedbyanotherorganization.ISO/IECdirectives
allowalsothesocalled"Fasttrackprocedure".Inthisprocedureadocumentissubmitteddirectlyfor
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approvalasadraftInternationalStandard(DIS)totheISOmemberbodiesorasafinaldraft
InternationalStandard(FDIS)ifthedocumentwasdevelopedbyaninternationalstandardizingbody
recognizedbytheISOCouncil.[25]
Thefirststepaproposalofwork(NewProposal)isapprovedattherelevantsubcommitteeortechnical
committee(e.g.,SC29andJTC1respectivelyinthecaseofMovingPictureExpertsGroupISO/IEC
JTC1/SC29/WG11).Aworkinggroup(WG)ofexpertsissetupbytheTC/SCforthepreparationofa
workingdraft.Whenthescopeofanewworkissufficientlyclarified,someoftheworkinggroups
(e.g.,MPEG)usuallymakeopenrequestforproposalsknownasa"callforproposals".Thefirst
documentthatisproducedforexampleforaudioandvideocodingstandardsiscalledaverification
model(VM)(previouslyalsocalleda"simulationandtestmodel").Whenasufficientconfidenceinthe
stabilityofthestandardunderdevelopmentisreached,aworkingdraft(WD)isproduced.Thisisinthe
formofastandardbutiskeptinternaltoworkinggroupforrevision.Whenaworkingdraftis
sufficientlysolidandtheworkinggroupissatisfiedthatithasdevelopedthebesttechnicalsolutionto
theproblembeingaddressed,itbecomescommitteedraft(CD).Ifitisrequired,itisthensenttotheP
membersoftheTC/SC(nationalbodies)forballot.
TheCDbecomesfinalcommitteedraft(FCD)ifthenumberofpositivevotesisabovethequorum.
Successivecommitteedraftsmaybeconsidereduntilconsensusisreachedonthetechnicalcontent.
Whenitisreached,thetextisfinalizedforsubmissionasadraftInternationalStandard(DIS).Thetext
isthensubmittedtonationalbodiesforvotingandcommentwithinaperiodoffivemonths.Itis
approvedforsubmissionasafinaldraftInternationalStandard(FDIS)ifatwothirdsmajorityoftheP
membersoftheTC/SCareinfavourandnotmorethanonequarterofthetotalnumberofvotescastare
negative.ISOwillthenholdaballotwithNationalBodieswherenotechnicalchangesareallowed
(yes/noballot),withinaperiodoftwomonths.ItisapprovedasanInternationalStandard(IS)ifatwo
thirdsmajorityofthePmembersoftheTC/SCisinfavourandnotmorethanonequarterofthetotal
numberofvotescastarenegative.Afterapproval,onlyminoreditorialchangesareintroducedintothe
finaltext.ThefinaltextissenttotheISOCentralSecretariat,whichpublishesitastheInternational
Standard.[23][25]

ProductsnamedafterISO
ThefactthatmanyoftheISOcreatedstandardsareubiquitoushasled,onoccasion,tocommonuseof
"ISO"todescribetheactualproductthatconformstoastandard.Someexamplesofthisare:
ManyCDimagesendinthefileextension"ISO"tosignifythattheyareusingtheISO9660
standardfilesystemasopposedtoanotherfilesystemhenceCDimagesarecommonlyreferred
toas"ISOs".VirtuallyallcomputerswithCDROMdrivescanreadCDsthatusethisstandard.
SomeDVDROMsalsouseISO9660filesystems.
Photographicfilm'ssensitivitytolight(its"filmspeed")isdescribedbyISO6,ISO2240and
ISO5800.Hence,thefilm'sspeedisoftenreferredtoasbyitsISOnumber.
AsitwasoriginallydefinedinISO518,theflashhotshoefoundoncamerasisoftencalledthe
"ISOshoe".

Criticism
Withtheexceptionofasmallnumberofisolatedstandards,[21]ISOstandardsarenormallynotavailable
freeofcharge,butforapurchasefee,[34]whichhasbeenseenbysomeastooexpensiveforsmallopen
sourceprojects.[35]
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TheISO/IECJTC1fasttrackprocedures("Fasttrack"asusedbyOOXMLand"PAS"asusedby
OpenDocument)havegarneredcriticisminrelationtothestandardizationofOfficeOpenXML
(ISO/IEC29500).MartinBryan,outgoingConvenorofISO/IECJTC1/SC34WG1,isquotedassaying:
IwouldrecommendmysuccessorthatitisperhapstimetopassWG1soutstanding
standardsovertoOASIS,wheretheycangetapprovalinlessthanayearandthendoaPAS
submissiontoISO,whichwillgetalotmoreattentionandbeapprovedmuchfasterthan
standardscurrentlycanbewithinWG1.

ThedisparityofrulesforPAS,FastTrackandISOcommitteegeneratedstandardsisfast
makingISOalaughingstockinITcircles.Thedaysofopenstandardsdevelopmentarefast
disappearing.Insteadwearegetting'standardizationbycorporation'.[36]
ComputersecurityentrepreneurandUbuntuinvestor,MarkShuttleworth,commentedonthe
StandardizationofOfficeOpenXMLprocessbysaying"Ithinkitdevaluestheconfidencepeoplehave
inthestandardssettingprocess,"andShuttleworthallegedthatISOdidnotcarryoutitsresponsibility.
HealsonotedthatMicrosofthadintenselylobbiedmanycountriesthattraditionallyhadnotparticipated
inISOandstackedtechnicalcommitteeswithMicrosoftemployees,solutionprovidersandresellers
sympathetictoOfficeOpenXML.
Whenyouhaveaprocessbuiltontrustandwhenthattrustisabused,ISOshouldhaltthe
process...ISOisanengineeringoldboysclubandthesethingsareboringsoyouhaveto
havealotofpassionthensuddenlyyouhaveaninvestmentofalotofmoneyand
lobbyingandyougetartificialresults.Theprocessisnotsetuptodealwithintensive
corporatelobbyingandsoyouendupwithsomethingbeingastandardthatisnotclear.[37]

Seealso
AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
AP(AssociatedPress)Stylebook.
BrazilianNationalStandardsOrganization
DeutschesInstitutfrNormung,the
GermanInstituteforStandardization.
BSIGroup
BureauofIndianStandards
CanadianStandardsAssociation
CountriesintheInternationalOrganization
forStandardization
EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization
GOST,asetoftechnicalstandards
maintainedbytheEuroAsianCouncilfor
Standardization,Metrologyand
Certification.
InstituteofEnvironmentalSciencesand
Technology
Interface2010,theInterfaceMarketing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization

ISOdivisions
ISO/TC37"Terminologyandother
languageandcontentresources",a
fundamentalISOstandardization
committee.
ISO/TC68
TC46/SC9
ISO/TC211
ISO/TC215
ISO/TC223
Standardization
StandardsAustralia
Standardsorganization
Terminologyplanningpolicy
TheInternationalCustomerServiceInstitute
InternetEngineeringTaskForce

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SupplierIntegrationInstitute.
InternationalClassificationforStandards
InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
Internationalhealthcareaccreditation
IEEEStandardsAssociation
InternationalTelecommunicationUnion
ListofInternationalOrganizationfor
Standardizationstandards

Notesandreferences
1. ThethreeofficialfullnamesoftheISOcanbefoundatthebeginningoftheforewordsectionsofthePDF
document:"ISO/IECGuide2:2004StandardizationandrelatedactivitiesGeneralvocabulary"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_iec_guide_2_2004.pdf)(PDF).Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20110721233751/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_iec_guide_2_2004.pdf)(PDF)from
theoriginalon21July2011.
2. "ISOmembers"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm).InternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20150209160543/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm)fromthe
originalon9February2015.
3. "HowtousetheISOCatalogue"(http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.htm).
ISO.org.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20071004225623/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/how_to_use_the_catalogue.
htm)fromtheoriginalon4October2007.
4. "AboutISO"(http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm).ISO.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20071004201243/http://www.iso.org/iso/about.htm)fromtheoriginalon4
October2007.
5. Thenumberofmembreworkingcountriesanbefoundonthefirstpageofthereport."AnnualReport2013"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/annual_report2013.pdf)(PDF).ISO.Retrieved18June2014.
6. "AboutISOOurname"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm#2012_aboutiso_iso_nametextAnchor).
ISO.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919212143/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm#2012_aboutiso_iso_nam
etextAnchor)fromtheoriginalon19September2012.
7. "Friendshipamongequals"(http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)(PDF).ISO.(page
20)
8. "ISOnameandlogo"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm).ISO.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222138/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/name_and_logo.htm)fromthe
originalon19September2012.
9. "ABriefHistoryofISO"(http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/standards/martincic/isohistr.htm).Universityof
Pittsburgh.
10. FriendshipamongequalsRecollectionsfromISO'sfirstfiftyyears
(http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)(PDF),InternationalOrganizationfor
Standardization,1997,pp.1518,ISBN9267102605,archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)
(PDF)fromtheoriginalon26October2012
11. "Structureandgovernance"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm).International
OrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222955/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/about_governance.htm)from
theoriginalon19September2012.
12. "Council"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committ
ee.htm?commid=55010).InternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20121103211437/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso
_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=55010)fromtheoriginalon3November2012.
13. "Technicalcommittees"

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13. "Technicalcommittees"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees.htm).International
OrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919220258/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso
_technical_committees.htm)fromtheoriginalon19September2012.
14. "WhodevelopsISOstandards?"(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/whodevelopsiso
standards.htm).InternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919212351/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/who
developsisostandards.htm)fromtheoriginalon19September2012.
15. "Governanceoftechnicalwork"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance_of_technical_work.htm).International
OrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120919222005/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/governance
_of_technical_work.htm)fromtheoriginalon19September2012.
16. "ISO/IECJTC1"(http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home).InternationalOrganizationforStandardization.
Archived(http://web.archive.org/web/20111215062549/http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home)fromtheoriginal
on15December2011.
17. "ISO/IECJPC2JointProjectCommitteeEnergyefficiencyandrenewableenergysourcesCommon
terminology"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committ
ee.htm?commid=585141).InternationalOrganizationforStandardization.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20121006120431/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/list_of_iso
_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=585141)fromtheoriginalon6October2012.
18. "GeneralinformationonISO"(http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_on_iso.htm).
ISO.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20071005105014/http://www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_general_information_o
n_iso.htm)fromtheoriginalon5October2007.
19. TheISOdirectivesarepublishedintwodistinctparts:
"ISO/IECDirectives,Part1:Proceduresforthetechnicalwork"
(http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf)(PDF).ISO/IEC.
2012.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20120613062832/http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir
1%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf)(PDF)fromtheoriginalon13June2012.
"ISO/IECDirectives,Part2:RulesforthestructureanddraftingofInternationalStandards"
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Furtherreading
JoAnneYatesandCraigN.Murphy,"CoordinatingInternationalStandards:TheFormationoftheISO"
(http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf)(PDF).Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20100922210249/http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Yates.pdf)
(PDF)fromtheoriginalon22September2010.MITInnovationsandEntrepreneurshipSeminarSeries,Fall
2006(http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/index2006.html).
Kuert,Willy(1997)."FriendshipAmongEqualsRecollectionsfromISO'sfirstfiftyyears"
(http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)(PDF).ISO.Archived
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization

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(http://web.archive.org/web/20121026060448/http://www.iso.org/iso/2012_friendship_among_equals.pdf)
(PDF)fromtheoriginalon26October2012.

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.iso.org)
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