CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
A motion detector is a kind of security system that uses sensing ability in the
form of sensors to detect movement and this usually triggers an alarm, or some times
activate another circuit. However, motion detectors are normally used to protect
indoor areas, in this, conditions can then be controlled more closely. Detectors for
use in homes for security purpose usually detect movement in a closed space area of
little feet-by-feet. Detectors for large range warehouses can protect areas with
dimensions as large as 24mx37m. The motion detector is normally useful in places
like museums where important assets are located. As such, motion detectors can
detect break-in at vulnerable points. Such points include walls, doors windows and
other openings. Special motion detectors can protect the inside of exhibit cases where
items such as diamonds arc placed. Others can be focused on a narrow area of
coverage, somewhat like a curtain, that projected in front of a painting to detect even
the slightest touch.
Motion detector systems use a variety of methods to detect movement. Each method
has advantages and disadvantages. Motion detectors can be categorized into two
major types these are namely:
(1) Passive detectors.
(2) Active detectors.
Passive detectors are detectors which do not send out signals but merely receive
signals, such as change in temperature, change in light intensity and so on. Most
infrared detectors are passive detectors .While Active detectors are detectors which
send out waves of energy and receive waves reflected back from objects.
Any disturbance in the reflected waves caused by example a moving object will
trigger an alarm. Microwave and ultrasonic detectors are examples of active
detectors.
Man and animal or moving object produces sound. The sound is created as a result
of their physical movement, which might be low or fast movement, and also depends
on the medium that create the sound. However, these movements can be detected by
using an ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are
above the range of human hearing and, thus, have a frequency above about
20khz.Any frequency of above 20kz is considered ultrasonic.
1

In general, an ultrasonic sensor typically comprises of one or more ultrasonic

transducer which transforms electrical energy into sound and vice-versa, a casing
which encloses the ultrasonic transducer, connectors, and if possible some electronic
circuit for signal processing.
Nowadays there are numerous of the commercial ultrasonic motion detectors,
basically the main aim of this work is to design and construct a simple and cheap
ultrasonic motion detector system which is aimed at detecting the physical movement
of human, animal, or anything that moves. The design is to improve the use of sensor
I detecting motion. In general, it is aimed at reduction of the cost to design, develop
or construct an ultrasonic motion detector.
Human, animal or anything can produce sound. This sound is creating by the
physical movement whether the movement is fast or slow depends on the medium
that create the sound. Eventually these movements can be detected by using an
ultrasound sensor. Ultrasonic sound waves are sound waves that are above the range
of human hearing and, thus, have a frequency above about 20,000 hertz. Any
frequency above 20,000 hertz may be considered ultrasonic.
An ultrasonic sensor typically comprises at least one ultrasonic transducer which
transforms electrical energy into sound and, in reverse, sound into electrical energy, a
housing enclosing the ultrasonic transducer or transducers, an electrical connection
and, optionally, an electronic circuit for signal processing also enclosed in the
housing. Ultrasonic sensors have typically been used in applications such as
detecting and identifying solid objects, measuring the shape and orientation of a
work piece, detecting possible collisions between objects to avoid the collisions,
room surveillance, flow measurement, and determining a type of material by
measuring the absorption of sound.
By combining parts of electronic to the ultrasonic sensor it become an ultrasonic
motion detector. A motion detector is an electronic device that detects the physical
movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electric signal. The motion
detector may be electrically connected to devices such as security, lighting, audio 2
alarms. Motion sensors are used in a wide variety of applications. Motion detectors
are mainly used in for security systems.
Now days in the market there are many kind of ultrasonic motion detector sell,
basically this project is to design an ultrasonic motion detector use to detect physical
movement of human, animal, or anything that move. The design is to improving the
2

use of sensor in detecting motion. Also to reduce the cost to built an ultrasonic
motion detector

CHAPTER-2
Project name:-ULTRA SONIC SENSER CIRCUIT
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves rather than light, making them ideal for stable
detection of uneven surfaces, liquids, clear objects, and objects in dirty
environments. These sensors work well for applications that require precise
measurements between stationary and moving objects.
Overview:-

Figure2.1:-Inexpensive motion detector used to control lighting

An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor,
and in many cases a transmitter for illumination. However, a passive sensor only
senses a signal emitted by the moving object itself. Changes in the optical,
microwave, or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the
electronics based on one of the technologies listed below. Most inexpensive motion
detectors can detect up to distances of at least 15 feet (5 meters). Specialized systems
are more expensive but have much longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection
systems can cover much larger areas because the radio waves are at frequencies
which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in multiple locations,
not just at the location of the transmitter.
Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications.
One common application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses and
public buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy
4

sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as lobbies and
staircases). In such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by only powering
the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the
area. A motion detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to
alert the home owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible
intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a security camera in order to record the
possible intrusion.
Working:Everybody knows the speed of the sound in the dry air is around 340 m/s. Send a
short ultrasonic pulse at 40 kHz in the air, and try to listen to the echo. Of course you
won't hear anything, but with an ultrasonic sensor the back pulse can be detected. If
you know the time of the forth & back travel of the ultrasonic wave, you know the
distance, divide the distance by two and you know the range from the ultrasonic
sensor to the first obstacle in front of it.
Laser Ultrasonic Camera:The INL Laser Ultrasonic Camera directly images (without the need for scanning)
the surface distribution of sub nanometer ultrasonic motion at frequencies from Hz to
GHz. Ultrasonic waves form a useful nondestructive evaluation (NDE) probe for
determining physical and mechanical properties of materials and parts. The reason
for this is that ultrasonic waves or "sound" can be generated in all forms of matter:
liquids, solids and gases and exhibit information about the material in which they
travel.
Measurement of the characteristics of ultrasonic wave motion, such as wave speed,
attenuation and the presence of scattered waves from micro structural features or
flaws are used to perform NDE for quality control. Laser ultra sonic refers to the
process whereby lasers are used for both generation and detection of ultrasonic
waves in materials, thereby providing a non contacting method for performing
ultrasonic NDE. The current state of the art utilizes a pulsed laser for ultrasonic
generation through the process of thermo elastic expansion or weak ablation. The
method of detection involves interferometry of the Michelson, Fabry-Perot, and
Photorefractive (adaptive) types. Commercially available systems utilize these
interferometric methods and provide a "point and shoot" single point measurement
capability. In order to perform measurements over a large surface, the laser
5

generation and detection spots must be scanned in a raster fashion over the area
recording ultrasonic signals at each location
Ultrasonic Flow meters in Waste Water Plants:Waste Water Treatment Plants require a large variety of instrumentation in order to
monitor and control the processes in the different stages. For the purpose of flow
metering; do electromagnetic flow meters and ultrasonic flow meters offer the
features and performance which is demanded in these applications.

Figure2.2:- Flow meters in Waste Water Plants:The constituent parts of an ultrasonic flow meter are a hydrostatic pressure sensor for
measuring depth, a temperature sensor, and an ultrasonic transmitter/receiver pair for
measuring water velocity. These are all controlled by a data logger, which records
data as specified from the scheme created by the user software. A single cable links
the submerged instrument to a weather-proof polycarbonate enclosure which
provides a data download point, and where the battery is stored. The enclosure has an
optional LCD display.
The flow meter is mounted on (or near) the bottom of the stream/pipe/culvert
and measures velocity and depth of the water flowing over it. Normally it is faced
upstream and reports positive flow but it is a bi-directional instrument capable of
measuring
Other:Ultrasonic soldering implements the principle of cavitations, producing
microscopic bubbles in molten solder, a process that removes metal oxides. Hence,
6

this is a case of both "binding" (soldering) and "loosening"removing impurities

from the area to be soldered. The dairy industry, too, uses ultrasonics for both
purposes: ultrasonic waves break up fat globules in milk, so that the fat can be mixed
together with the milk in the well-known process of homogenization. Similarly,
ultrasonic pasteurization facilitates the separation of the milk from harmful bacteria
and other microorganisms
Motion sensors
The term Motion sensors can be used to refer to any kind of sensing system which
is used to detect motion; motion of any object or motion of human beings.
Motion sensors also called as motion detector.
Motion sensors are commonly used in security systems as triggers for automatic
lights or remote alarms and similar applications.
Types of Motion sensors:The way in which a motion sensor works typically depends on the type of sensor
being used, which often depends on the device that uses the sensor.
There are two basic types of motion sensors:
1) Active Sensors
2) Passive Sensors
Active Sensors:Active sensors emit a signal, typically an burst of (light, microwaves or sound)
waves which is reflected by the surroundings.
The reflected signal is received by the sensor and takes necessary action.
When something moves within the area of an active motion sensor, the change in
signal that is reflected to the sensor activates the system.
Passive Sensors:Passive Sensors are a type of motion sensor that do not emit a signal, but instead
detect infrared radiation around the sensor.
As this sensor detects temperature differences, it is well suited to detecting the
motion of people by their body temperature.
When a person or animal moves through the area, heat from the movement is
detected by the sensor, which then activates the system to which it is connected.
Ultrasonic motion sensing:7

Ultrasonic motion detectors use sound waves to detect motion. If movement is

detected, the sound wave pattern is disrupted and alarm is signaled.
It senses motion by analyzing sound waves in its environment.
These frequencies are generally inaudible to humans and most animals and do not
pass through objects

Figure2.3:-Ultra Sonic motion detector

Active motion sensors generate sound waves in the ultrasonic frequency range,
typically around 30 to 50 kilohertz (kHz).
When no objects are moving in the area, the pattern of sound and the time it takes to
bounce back remain the same.
If something moves, the detector senses that the level or phase of the returning
sound waves has shifted slightly.
ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTORS;Generally, there exist numerous of motion detector, but of our interest is the
ultrasonic motion detectors due to its numerous advantage over other types of
detectors. For example, having fast response time and very sensitive, no physical
contact required by the object, being environmentally friendly and reliable, and
above all utilizing ultrasonic waves that are not visible and audible to human.
Ultrasonic motion detectors are electrical devices, which use ultra-sound (that is,
sound of very high frequency) to detect motion. In such a detector a transmitter emits
a sound of a frequency which is normally too high for the human ear to hear.
When a receiver picks up the sound waves that is reflected from the area under
protection, it sends it to an appropriate circuit for further action (normally an audio
circuit). In the case of motion of human or target in the space between the receiver
and transmitter, further change, or shift in the frequency of sound is a circuit in the
device detects any unusual shift in frequency, which is normally noted due to pre
8

defined frequency. A small shift in frequency, such as that produced by an insect or

rodent, is ignored. When a noticeable shift is observed, such as a large shift produced
by a moving person, the device triggers the alarm.

DESIGN ANALYSIS, TEST AND MEASUREMENTS:The ultrasonic motion system is built around the following subsystem.
1. A 40kHz ultrasonic frequency transmitters
2. A 40kHz ultrasonic frequency receiver
3. A modulated audible alert tone generator
4. Power supply unit
Sensor technology:-

Figure2.4:-Infrared detector mounted on circuit board, along with photo

resistive detector for visible light.

There are several motion detection technologies in wide use.

Passive infrared (PIR):Passive infrared sensors are sensitive to a person's skin temperature through
emitted black body radiation at mid-infrared wavelengths, in contrast to background
objects at room temperature. No energy is emitted from the sensor, thus the name
"passive infrared" (PIR). This distinguishes it from the electric eye for instance (not
usually considered a "motion detector"), in which the crossing of a person or vehicle
interrupts a visible or infrared beam.
Microwave:9

These detect motion through the principle of Doppler radar, and are similar to
a radar speed gun. A continuous wave of microwave radiation is emitted, and phase
shifts in the reflected microwaves due to motion of an object toward (or away from)
the receiver result in aheterodyne signal at low audio frequencies.
Ultrasonic:An ultrasonic wave (sound at a frequency higher than a human can hear) is
emitted and reflections from nearby objects are received. Exactly as in Doppler radar,
heterodyne detection of the received field indicates motion. The detected doppler
shift is also at low audio frequencies (for walking speeds) since the
ultrasonic wavelength of around a centimeter is similar to the wavelengths used in
microwave motion detectors. One potential drawback of ultrasonic sensors is that the
sensor can be sensitive to motion in areas where coverage isn't desired, for instance,
due to reflections of sound waves around corners.
Such extended coverage may be desirable for lighting control, where the point is
detection of any occupancy in an area. But for opening an automatic door, for
example, one would prefer a sensor selective to traffic in the path toward the door.
Tomographic motion detector:Tomographic motion detection systems sense disturbances to radio waves as they
pass from node to node of a mesh network. They have the ability to detect over
complete areas because they can sense through walls and obstructions.
Video camera software:With the proliferation of inexpensive digital cameras capable of shooting video, it is
possible to use the output of such a camera to detect motion in its field of view using
software. This solution is particularly attractive when the intention was to record video
triggered by motion detection, as no hardware beyond the camera and computer is required.
Since the observed field may be normally illuminated, this may be considered
another passive technology. However it can also be used in conjunction with nearinfrared illumination to detect motion in the "dark" (that is, with the illumination at a
wavelength not detected by the human eye)

10

CHAPTER-3
ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTORS:Generally, there exist numerous of motion detector, but of our interest is the
ultrasonic motion detectors due to its numerous advantage over other types of
detectors. For example, having fast response time and very sensitive, no physical
contact required by the object, being environmentally friendly and reliable, and
above all utilizing ultrasonic waves that are not visible and audible to human.
Ultrasonic motion detectors are electrical devices, which use ultra-sound (that is,
sound of very high frequency) to detect motion. In such a detector a transmitter emits
a sound of a frequency which is normally too high for the human ear to hear. When a
receiver picks up the sound waves that is reflected from the area under protection, it
sends it to an appropriate circuit for further action (normally an audio circuit).
In the case of motion of human or target in the space between the receiver and
transmitter, further change, or shift in the frequency of sound is experienced, a circuit
in the device detects any unusual shift in frequency, which is normally noted due to
predefined frequency. A small shift in frequency, such as that produced by an insect
or rodent, is ignored. When a noticeable shift is observed, such as a large shift
produced by a moving person, the device triggers the alarm.
HISTORY:observing Prior to World War II, sonar, the technique of sending sound waves
through water and the returning echoes to characterize submerged objects, inspired
early ultrasound investigators to explore ways to apply the concept to medical
diagnosis. In 1929 and 1935, Sokolov studied the use of ultrasonic waves in
detecting metal objects. Mulhauser, in 1931, obtained a patent for using ultrasonic
waves, using two transducers to detect flaws in solids. Firestone (1940) and Simons
(1945) developed pulsed ultrasonic testing using a pulse-echo technique.
Shortly after the close of World War II, researchers in Japan began to explore the
medical diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound. The first ultrasonic instruments used an A-

11

mode presentation with blips on an oscilloscope screen. That was followed by a B-mode
presentation with a two dimensional, gray scale image.
Japan's work in ultrasound was relatively unknown in the United States and Europe
until the 1950s. Researchers then presented their findings on the use of ultrasound to detect
gallstones, breast masses, and tumors to the international medical community. Japan was also
the first country to apply Doppler ultrasound, an application of ultrasound that detects
internal moving objects such as blood coursing through the heart for cardiovascular
investigation.
Ultrasound pioneers working in the United States contributed many innovations and
important discoveries to the field during the following decades. Researchers learned to use
ultrasound to detect potential cancer and to visualize tumors in living subjects and in excised
tissue. Real-time imaging, another significant diagnostic tool for physicians, presented
ultrasound images directly on the system's CRT screen at the time of scanning.The
introduction of spectral Doppler and later color Doppler depicted blood flow in various
colors to indicate the speed and direction of the flow.
The United States also produced the earliest hand held "contact" scanner for clinical use,
the second generation of B-mode equipment, and the prototype for the first articulated-arm
hand held scanner, with 2-D images.

Figure3.1:-2D Image of Ultra Sound

12

Figure3.2:-Ultra Sonic Sensor Board

How the ultrasonic sensor works:The ultra sonic circuit is adjusted in such a way as to stay in balance as long the
same as the output frequency of the transmitter. If there is some movement in the area
covered by the ultrasonic emission.the signal that is reflected back to the receiver
becomes distorted and the circuit is thrown out of balance. The circuit works from 9-12
VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply.

ULTRASONIC MOTION DETECTOR:The ultrasonic motion detector is a project that uses an ultrasonic sensor as its base
to detect movement or moving object in small places. It is design to be a low cost
ultrasonic motion detector. The transmitter sensor use to generate signal in that area.
When the signal is block by moving or movement the receiver will gets the signal and
amplifies the signal using transistor. The transistor is use as an amplifier to the receiver
circuit.
The Led and buzzer in the circuit use to see if there is movement detect by the
sensor. The relay use to trigger another circuit when there is movement detects. The
signal generate by the sensor is about 40khz. This is a fully hardware design project
plus it is built to be a portable ultrasonic motion detector.
The circuit consists of the following major blocks.
13

1. Transmitter
2. Receiver
3. Transistor Amplifier Circuit
4. Op amp Amplifier
5. Op amp Comparator
6. Pi Filter
7. Schmitt Trigger
8. Darlington pair Amplifier
Block Diagram:Before starting with actual circuit design, we must first understand the basic principles
behind the technology that is used this project. The project methodology flow chart is
shown below.
The flow design of the circuit consist of
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Finding the right transmitter and receiver sensor for the circuit.
Designing the amplifier/receiver circuit
Design the transmitter circuit
Using simulation to verify the design.
Implementation on board.

Figure3.3:-Flow Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor

14

Figure3.4:-Block Diagram of ultrasonic Sensor Circuit

Block diagram description:Ultrasonic sensor consist the following circuit in block diagram.
1. Amplifier circuit.
2. Hex buffer circuit
3. Sensor circuit.

Amplifier circuit:For the amplifier in this project, the transistor is use to act as amplifier. The basic
transistor amplifier circuit is use act as an amplifier method to amplifying. H9013 series
of transistor is use because the transistor is the general transistor use in amplifying
concept. It is a BJT type of transistor. When the receiver sensor receive signal it will
send the signal to the transistor to be amplified. In this project five transistors is use to
amplified the signal send by the receiver sensor. The type of design for the transistor is a
common emitter amplifier. Base from the design the input signal that come from the
base of transistor will be amplified and produce at the collector transistor a larger output
signal and the output will be more on positive side signal. Mean that the transistor will
amplify current from a small input current to a high output current. It is use also to
trigger the relay connected to it. Variable resistor is use to control the level of signal or
the sensitivity signal send by the receiver sensor. Mean if no setting are made by the
variable resistor the sensor is highly sensitive, even the air counts as a motion parts thus
15

we will get false trigger by the circuit.

Figure3.4:-Basic design of amplifiers

Hex buffer circuit:This circuit consist a buffer, crystal and transmitter sensor in it. The crystal is use to drive
the transmitter sensor into a steady frequency stability. It will ring the transmitter to
continuous transmitting frequency. A voltage applied across the crystal will cause
mechanical movement within the crystal. If an AC voltage is applied across the crystal, the
crystal will begin to vibrate. Thus in this circuit it the buffer act as a driver to make sure that
the sensor transmit the frequency. The crystal or XTAL is a 40 kHz in frequency. The buffer
or hex inverter use in the circuit is single supplies IC mean single supply needed to make it
work. It is use to change from high to low level logic conversion.
The IC is HD4069UBP hex buffer converter. The supply can be 9Vdc or 12Vdc. It is 14
pin IC. In this project the pin 1 until pin 6 uses for the transmitter sensor to drive the
frequency, the other pin use to drive transistor to supply enough current for the relay to
energize.

16

Figure3.5:-Top view of HD4069UBP buffer IC.

Figure3.6:-Transmitter Circuit Design

Sensor circuit (Transmitter and Receiver):Use to transmit and receive signal and send to the circuit. The sensor in this
circuit is an ultrasonic sensor. The frequency generate by the sensor 40kHz. The
transmitter and receiver must be equal in frequency to make the circuit function.
When power supply is given to the circuit, the transmitter will transform the
electrical energy to sound wave and transmit it to the air. Thus when the sound wave
or signal is blocking by something or someone, the signal will be detected by the
receiver. Crucial thing is finding the right sensor for the right circuit. Moreover the
sensor cannot be place to far from each other.

17

Figure3.7:-Sensor (Transmitter and Receiver)

Ultra Sonic Detector Construction:The board is made of a thin insulating material clad with a thin layer of conductive
copper that is shaped in such a way as to form the necessary conductors between the
various components of the circuit. The use of a properly designed printed circuit
board is very desirable as it speeds construction up considerably and reduces the
possibility of making errors. In order to solder a component correctly you should do
the following.
Clean the component leads with a small piece of emery paper.
Bend them at the correct distance from the components body and insert the
component in its place on the board.
You may find sometimes a component with heavier gauge leads than usual, that are
too thick to enter in the holes of the p.c. board.
In this case use a mini drill to enlarge the holes slightly. Do not make the holes too
large as this is going to make soldering difficult afterwards.
Take the hot iron and place its tip on the component lead while holding the end of the
solder wire at the point where the lead emerges from the board. The iron tip must
touch the lead slightly above the p.c. board.
When the solder starts to melt and flow wait till it covers evenly the area around the
hole and the flux boils and gets out from underneath the solder.

18

 The whole operation should not take more than 5 seconds. Remove the iron and
allow the solder to cool naturally without blowing on it or moving the component. If
everything was done properly the surface of the joint must have a bright metallic
finish and its edges should be smoothly ended on the component lead and the board
track. If the solder looks dull, cracked, or has the shape of a blob then you have made
a dry joint and you should remove the solder (with a pump or a solder wick) and redo
it.
Take care not to overheat the tracks as it is very easy to lift them from the board and
break them.
When you are soldering a sensitive component it is good practice to hold the lead
from the component side of the board with a pair of long-nose pliers to divert any
heat that could possibly damage the component.
Make sure that you do not use more solder than it is necessary as you are running the
risk of short-circuiting adjacent tracks on the board, especially if they are very close
together.
When you finish your work cut off the excess of the component leads and clean the
board thoroughly with a suitable solvent to remove all flux residues that may still
remain on it.
There are quite a few components in the circuit and you should be careful to avoid
mistakes that will be difficult to trace and repair afterwards. Solder first the pins and
the IC sockets and then following if that is possible the parts list the resistors the
trimmers and the capacitors paying particular attention to the correct orientation of
the electrolytic.
Solder then the transistors and the diodes taking care not to overheat them during
soldering. The transducers should be positioned in such a way as they do not affect
each other directly because this will reduce the efficiency of the circuit. When you
finish soldering, check your work to make sure that you have done everything
properly, and then insert the ICs in their sockets paying attention to their correct
orientation and handling IC3 with great care as it is of the CMOS type and can be
damaged quite easily by static discharges. Do not take it out of its aluminium foil
wrapper till it is time to insert it in its socket, ground the board and your body to
discharge static electricity and then insert the IC carefully in its socket.

19

 In the kit you will find a LED and a resistor of 560 which will help you to make
the necessary adjustments to the circuit. Connect the resistor in series with the LED
and then connect them between point 9 of the circuit and the positive supply rail
(point1).

Connect the power supply across points:1 (+) and 2 (-) of the p.c. board and put P1 at roughly its middle position.Turn then
P2 slowly till the LED lights when you move your fingers slightly in front of the
transducers. If you have a frequency counter then you can make a much more
accurate adjustment of the circuit.
Connect the frequency counter across the transducer and adjust P2 till the frequency
of the oscillator is exactly the same as the resonant frequency of the transducer.
Adjust then P1 for maximum sensitivity. Connecting together pins 7 & 8 on the p.c.
board will make the circuit to stay triggered till it is manually reset after an alarm.
This can be very useful if you want to know that there was an attempt to enter in the
place which are protected by the radar.

Figure3.8:-Ultra Sonic Motion Detector Circuit

20

21

Figure3.9:-Circuit Diagram Of Ultra Sonic Motion Detector

CHAPTER-4
The circuit consists of the following component
1. Transmitter.
2. Receiver.
3. Transistor Amplifier Circuit.
4. Op amp Amplifier.
5. Op amp Comparator.
6. Pi Filter.
7. Schmitt Trigger.
8. Darlington pair Amplifier.
9. Resistor.
10. Capacitor.
11. IC circuit.
12. Transducer.
13. Diode.

14. Sensor (Transmitter and Receiver).

Figure4.1:-Component used in Ultrasonic sensor circuit.

Transmitter:In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radiotransmitter is an electronic

device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself
generates a radio frequency alternating current which is applied to the antenna. When
excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their
use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic
devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks
bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and
spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The transmitter circuit consists of mainly
an astable multivibrator circuit using IC 4093.
The capacitor and resistor values are adjusted to obtain a frequency of 40 kHz which is fed

to the ultrasonic transmitter. The transmitter produces ultrasonic waves of 40 kHz

frequency which travel around the room, get reflected and fall on the receiver.
U2C forms a 40 KHz oscillator. This oscillator is connected to U2D and U2E while the
inverted oscillator signal (U2B) goes to U2A and U2F. These parallel gates provide more

current and drive the ultrasonic transmitter. Note that it may take a couple of seconds after
the power is applied for the oscillator to stabilize.

Figure4.2:-Ultrasonic Transmitter.
Receiver:- Ultrasonic Receiver which will detect the signal from the Ultrasonic
Transmitter once it bounces off from an object. The combination of these two sensors will
allow the aerial robot to detect objects in its path and maneuver around the objects. These
sensors will be attached in front of the plane.
OR
The receiver is an ultrasonic transducer. After transmission, the signal gets reflected from
the surroundings. This signal is received at the receiver transducer and is then sent to
process for the presence of motion.
Q1 and Q2 amplify the reflected 40 KHz signal picked up by the ultrasonic receiver by
2500. Q2 is capacitively coupled to the voltage doubler formed by D1 and D2. The
rectified signal is connected to the negative input of voltage comparator U1A. R12 (the
Sensitivity potentiometer) sets the threshold voltage for U1A. When the threshold voltage
is exceeded, the open collector output of U1A goes high-impedance. This enables the 70
Hz oscillator formed by U1B.
When this oscillator is on, the LED glows and the one-shot formed by U3 is repeatedly
triggered. The output duration of the one-shot is set by R16 and C11 and is equal to
1.1*R16*C11 seconds. U3's output turns on Q3. As a result, K1 closes its normally open

contacts. C13 dampens the inductive kickback when K1 is turned off, preventing the
circuit from triggering due to this noise source. The unit is powered by a 12 VDC 200mA
unregulated wall transformer. U4 provides a regulated 9VDC to power the circuit. Device
pin outs are shown in Figure 2. The 40 KHz transmitter and receiver are mounted 4" apart
on a piece of perf board.

Figure4.3:-Transmitter and Receiver

Figure4.4:-Ultrasonic Transmitter and Receiver.

Figure4.5:- Ultrasonic Receiver.

Resistor:A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time,
act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit
current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission
lines among other uses. In the ultrasonic sensor circuit many resistors are used. Name of
the resistor which are used in ultrasonic sensor circuit is below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

R1= 180kohm
R2=12kohm
R3,R8=47kohm
R4=9kohm
R5,R6,R16=10kohm
R7,R10,R12,R14,R17=100kohm
R9,R11=1mohm

8. R13,R15=3mohm
Figure4.6:-Circuit Layout of Sensor

These are those resistor which are mainly used in ultrasonic sensor circuit.
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electro statically in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates)
separated by adi electric insulation. The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered
beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non conducting dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity.

A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices. Name of the resistor which are used in ultrasonic sensor circuit is below.
1. C1=10uf/16v
2. C2=47uf/16v
3. C3=4,7pf
4. C4,C7=1nf
5. C5=10nf
6. C8,C11=4,7uf/16v
7. C9=22uf/16v
8. C10=100nf
9. C12=2,2uf/16v
10. C13=3,3nf
11. C14=47nf

These are the those capacitor which is used in ultrasonic sensor.

Figure4.7:-Capacitor
IC CIRCUIT:An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuit on one
small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much
smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be
made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic
components in an area the size of a fingernail.

Figure4.8:-Block diag. of Motion Sensor Circuit

Transistor Amplifier Circuit:The first part of the receiver circuit consists of an amplifier section using a BC547.
The ultrasonic waves from the transmitter get reflected and fall on the receiver. The
receiver is connected to an amplifier circuit having a gain of 20. The amplitude of waves
falling on the receiver is very small, the amplifier amplifies the noise.
Op-amp Amplifier:An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is
typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its
input terminals.
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to
do mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits.
The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility.
Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input
and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have
little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp
itself.

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved
performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in
replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications. The amplifiers
offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on
the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as
freedom from oscillations.
This is the second stage of the amplifier section. This part further amplifies the noise
received by the ultrasonic receiver. This also integrate the output of the amplifier.
The amplifier's differential inputs consist of a non-inverting input (+) with
voltage V+ and an inverting input () with voltage V; ideally the op-amp amplifies only
the difference in voltage between the two, which is called the differential input voltage.
The output voltage of the op-amp Vout is given by the equation:

Where A is the open-loop gain of the amplifier (the term "open-loop" refers to the absence
of a feedback loop from the output to the input.

Figure4.9:-Circuit diag. of Op amp

Figure4.10:-op-amp amplifier
Op amp Comparator:One input consists of the shifted, negative clipped amplified output of the Op amp
amplifier and the positive clipped amplified output. The output of the comparator is by
default high and when the positive clipped portions exceed the negative clipped part due to
noise, the Op amp inverts.
In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs
a digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals
one binary digital output

and

and

. The output is ideally

A comparator consists of a specialized high-gain differential amplifier. They are

commonly used in devices that measure and digitize analog signals, such as analog-todigital converters\ (ADCs), as well as relaxation oscillators. An operational amplifier (opamp) has a well balanced difference input and a very high gain. This parallels the
characteristics of comparators and can be substituted in applications with low-performance
requirements.

In theory, a standard op-amp operating in open-loop configuration (without negative

feedback) may be used as a low-performance comparator. When the non-inverting input
(V+) is at a higher voltage than the inverting input (V-), the high gain of the op-amp
causes the output to saturate at the highest positive voltage it can output. When the noninverting input (V+) drops below the inverting input (V-), the output saturates at the most
negative voltage it can output. The op-amp's output voltage is limited by the supply
voltage. An op-amp operating in a linear mode with negative feedback, using a balanced,
split-voltage power supply, (powered by VS) has its transfer function typically written
as:

. However, this equation may not be applicable to a

comparator circuit which is non-linear and operates open-loop (no negative feedback).

Figure4.11:-Comparator Circuit From Op amp

Pi-filter:The capacitor-input filter, also called pi filter due to its shape that looks like
the Greek letter pi, is a type of electronic filter. The pi-filter converts the fluctuating ac
noise into dc and feeds into the Op amp comparator.

The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek
letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or
undesired frequencies from a signal.

Figure4.12:-Pi Filter Circuit

A simple pi filter, containing a pair of capacitors, an inductor, and a load.
A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter or reservoir capacitor C1, connected
across the rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter or smoothing
capacitor, C2, connected across the load, RL. A filter of this sort is designed for use at a
particular frequency, generally fixed by the AC line frequency and rectifier configuration.
When used in this service, filter performance is often characterized by
its regulation and ripple.
The capacitor-input filter operates in three steps:1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier output
while it offers infinite resistance to the DC component. As a result the
capacitor shunts an appreciable amount of the AC component while the DC
component continues its journey to the inductor L.
2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost zero
resistance to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows through the
inductor while the AC component is blocked.

3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to block.
As a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.
The component value for the inductor can be estimated as an inductance that resonates the
smoothing capacitor(s) at or below one tenth of the minimum AC frequency in the power
supplied to the filter (100 Hz from a full-wave rectifier in a region where the power supply
is 50Hz). Thus if reservoir and smoothing capacitors of 2200 microfarads are used, a
suitable minimum value for the inductor would be that which resonates 2200 microfarads
(F) to 10 Hz, i.e. 115 mH. A larger value is preferable provided the inductor can carry the
required supply current.

Figure4.13:-Schmitt Trigger Circuit

Schmitt trigger:The next part of the receiver circuit is the Schmitt trigger. The Schmitt trigger is
a comparator application which switches the output negative when the input passes
upward through a positive reference voltage. It then uses negative feedback to prevent
switching back to the other state until the input passes through a lower threshold voltage,
thus stabilizing the switching against rapid triggering by noise as it passes the trigger
point. In this circuit the motion caused by the object causes distortion at the receiver
output. The comparator output is by default high. When the noise levels detected are
substantially high, the comparator inverts itself and the trigger is triggered. The output is
fed to a Darlington pair.

The Schmitt trigger is a comparator application which switches the output negative
when the input passes upward through a positive reference voltage. It then uses positive
feedback of a negative voltage to prevent switching back to the other state until the input
passes through a lower threshold voltage, thus stabilizing the switching against rapid
triggering by noise as it passes the trigger point. That is, it provides feedback which is not
reversed in phase, but in this case the signal that is being fed back is a negative signal and
keeps the output driven to the negative supply voltage until the input drops below the
lower design threshold. Schmitt trigger devices are typically used in signal
conditioning applications to remove noise from signals used in digital circuits, particularly
mechanical switch bounce. They are also used in closed loop negative
feedback configurations to implement relaxation oscillators, used in function
generators and switching power supplies.

Fiqure4.14:-Operational Amplifier

Fiqure4.15:-schmitt trigger

Figure4.15:-component Circuitry of ultrasonic sensor

Darlington pair:This is a very high current gain section which when turned on by the trigger from the
Schmitt trigger, starts conducting and the buzzer and led goes on.

Transistors are an essential component in a sensor circuit. Usually transistors are

arranged as a pair, known as a darlington pair. It is very important that you can
identify this arrangement of transistors and state clearly why they are used.
A darlington pair is used to amplify weak signals so that they can be clearly
detected by another circuit or a computer/microprocessor.
The circuit below is a temperature sensor. When the temperature drops below zero
the LED lights. This type of system is often seen in a car and warns the driver of the
possibility of icy conditions. The two transistors are known as a darlington pair. Without
a darlington pair the circuit would probably fail.
The circuit opposite is a Darlington Pair driver. The first transistors emitter feeds
into the second transistors base and as a result the input signal is amplified by the time
it reaches the output. The important point to remember is that the Darlington Pair is
made up of two transistors and when they are arranged as shown in the circuit they are
used to amplify weak signals

Figure4.16:-Darlington pair

CHAPTER-5
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:As it has already been stated the circuit consists of an ultrasonic transmitter and a
receiver both of which work at the same frequency.
They use ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers as output and input devices respectively
and their frequency of operation is determined by the particular devices in use.
The transmitter is built around two NAND gates of the four found in IC3 which are used
here wired as inverters and in the particular circuit they form a multi vibrator the output of
which drives the transducer. The trimmer P2 adjusts the output frequency of the
transmitter and for greater efficiency it should be made the same as the frequency of
resonance of the transducers in use. The receiver similarly uses a transducer to receive the
signals that are reflected back to it the output of which is amplified by the transistor TR3,
and IC1 which is a 741 op-amp. The output of IC1 is taken to the non inverting input of
IC2 the amplification factor of which is adjusted by means of P1. The circuit is adjusted in
such a way as to stay in balance as long the same as the output frequency of the
transmitter.

If there is some movement in the area covered by the ultrasonic emission the signal
that is reflected back to the receiver becomes distorted and the circuit is thrown out of
balance. The output of IC2 changes abruptly and the Schmitt trigger circuit which is built
around the remaining two gates in IC3 is triggered. This drives the output transistors TR1,
2 which in turn give a signal to the alarm system or if there is a relay connected to the
circuit, in series with the collector of TR1, it becomes activated. The circuit works from 912 VDC and can be used with batteries or a power supply.
IC CIRCUIT:An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on
one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from
independent electronic components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several
billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a fingernail. The
width of each conducting line in a circuit can be made smaller and smaller as the
technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometer and now is tens of
nanometers.

Figure5.1:-Ic Circuit
PCB DESIGN:-

Figure5.2:-pcb design of ultrasonic circuit

Soldering:Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting
and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting
point than the adjoining metal. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not
involve melting the work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts at a higher temperature,
but the work piece metal does not melt. In the past, nearly all solders contained lead, but
environmental concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics
and plumbing purposes. Soldering filler materials are available in many different alloys for
differing applications. In electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead
(or 60/40, which is almost identical in melting point) has been the alloy of choice. Other
alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. Some
examples of soft-solder are tin-lead for general purposes, tin-zinc for joining aluminium,
lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength at
high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver
and tin-bismuth for electronics. The purpose of flux is to facilitate the soldering process.
One of the obstacles to a successful solder joint is an impurity at the site of the joint, for
example, dirt, oil or oxidation. The impurities can be removed by mechanical cleaning or
by chemical means, but the elevated temperatures required to melt the filler metal (the
solder) encourages the work piece (and the solder) to re-oxidize. This effect is accelerated
as the soldering temperatures increase and can completely prevent the solder from joining
to the workpiece. One of the earliest forms of flux was charcoal, which acts as a reducing
agent and helps prevent oxidation during the soldering process. Some fluxes go beyond

the simple prevention of oxidation and also provide some form of chemical cleaning
(corrosion).

CHAPTER-6
APPLICATIONS :The motion detector circuit has a number of uses.

As burglar alarm: The circuit can be used as an alarm system in homes, shops and
even automobiles. The device is small, sensitive and has a low cost. This can be used

in homes and shops to guard safes and other valuables\

As a people counter device: A people counter is a device used to measure the number
and direction of people traversing a certain passage or entrance per unit time. The
resolution of the measurement is entirely dependent on the sophistication of the

technology employed. The

device is often used at the entrance of a building so that the total number of visitors
can be recorded. The motion detector can be used in daytime to count the number of

people entering a shop by attaching a counter circuit and can be converted into a

burglar alarm at night by minimum modifications.

As High Security Safe Alarm: When integrated with a high security safe it can trigger
an alarm even in the event of a minute movement. Hence it can serve the purpose of

handling attempted robberies on high security vaults.

Motion Sensing Camera Trigger: As the name suggests the device can be used to
trigger cameras to automatically operate the presence of motion in surroundings. This

can be used in wildlife photography and security cameras

It is used to detect flaws or cracked in metals.
It is used to detect ships, submarines, iceberg etc, in ocean.
It is used for soldering aluminium coil capacitors, aluminium wires and plates without

using any fluxes.

It is used to weld some metals which cant be welded by electric or gas welding
It is used to cutting and drilling holes in metals.
It is used to form stable emulsion of even immiscible liquids like water and oil or
water and mercury which finds application in the preparation of photographic films,

face creams etc.

It act Like a catalytic agent and accelerate chemical reactions.
It is used to remove kidney stones and brain tumours without shedding any blood.
It is used to remove broken teeth.
It is used for sterilising milk and to kill bacteria.
It is used to study the blood flow velocities in blood vessels of our body.
It is used as a diagnostic tool to detect tumours, breast cancer and also the growth of
foetus can be studied.