Supporting System for

Homeostasis & Metabolism

Irfannuddin, Hardi D, Heri A
Department of Physiology & Biophysics
Block of Homeostasis & Metabolism

Learning objectives

Survival needs
Groups of the systems
Physiology of supporting systems

Digestive system
Respiratory system
Cardio-vascular system
Blood system

Trigger

What is the impact ?

Pain ?
Die ?

Why ? How ?

How come is human body live ?

The cell doing biological activity using

energy
Biological activity conducted by
metabolism
Human body maintain to secure
metabolism by homeostasis

What is homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a

relatively stable internal environment in
an ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is
in a dynamic state of equilibrium

Survival needs

Nutrients

Oxygen

Provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions

Maintaining normal body temperature

Needed for metabolic reactions

Water

Chemical substances used for energy and cell building

Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining

rates

Atmospheric pressure

Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Homeostasis is secure by mutualism/

harmonics interrelationships between
system

Big part of the systems

Controlling systems

Supporting systems

Urinary system
(Defecation & Exhalation)

Protection system

Respiration system  O2 supply

Digestive (GI-tract-hepatics) system Nutrients supply
Cardio-vascular & blood system  Distribution & Transportation

Waste product systems

Neuron system
Endocrine system

Integument system
Immune & lymphatic system

Other life functions system

Musculoskeletal system
Reproductive system

Your body is like Palembang

Protection

Controlling
User (cells & interstitial)

Suppliers

Waste products

Transportation

Interrelationships

Supporting system

Function:

To secure the most importance chemical

reaction in human body

Urinary & water balance

Digestive

Musculoskeletal

Respiration
External

Defecation

Cardio-vascular & Blood

Biological activity

CH2O + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy

Heat balance
All Human
Components
(Especially):
Brain

Internal

Digestive System

Function

Nutrients supplier

Process

Mechanical movement

Food: masticated, swallowed, mixed (with water, secret

& enzyme), digested

Secretion of digestion enzyme & special secret

(HCl, bilesalt)
Nutrients absorption (monosaccharide, aminoacid, FFA/cholesterol)
Defecation of useless & unasserted materials

Digestion process

Mouth mastication

Saliva secretion

Faring swallowing
Esophageal peristaltic
Stomach digestion
Liver secretion
Pancreas secretion
Small intestine
absorption (Duodenumjejunum-ileum)
Colon water absorption
Rectum & anus
defecation

Digestive disturbance that

effects homeostasis

Vomit & Diarrhea

Water & electrolytes loss (dehydration)

Nutrients deficiency

Peritonitis

Defans muscular  Diaphragms

Neural disturbance & blood hypo perfusion

Respiration (oxygenation) disturbance

Constipation

Toxin reinsertion  neural disturbance

Respiration System
Functions:


Oxygen intake


Expulsion of carbon dioxide


Sound/voice production


Regulation of plasma pH


Removal/destruction of airborne pathogens
and toxins.


Smell

Anatomy

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Conducting
Zone
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Respiratory Zone
Alveoli

Airways

Respiratory zone

Functional Anatomy
Conducting zone

Transport, cleanse, warm and humidify
incoming air

Not involved in gas exchange

Anatomical Dead Space
Respiratory zone

Function in gas exchange

Respiratory process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pulmonary Ventilation - movement of air into/out of

the lungs.
External Respiration - gas exchange between blood
and the air-filled chambers of the lungs.
Transport of gases between the lungs and the rest
of the body tissues.
Internal Respiration - gas exchange between
systemic blood and the tissue cells.
Cellular Respiration - the mitochondrial process in
which oxygen is utilized during ATP synthesis.
(Note that this type of cellular respiration is often
referred to as "aerobic respiration".)

Pulmonary Ventilation
Boyles law

Transport of Gasses,
External & Internal
Respiration

Respiratory control

Cardio-vascular System

System consists of pumps and pipes

Functions:

Transportation/circulation process

Pump the blood through vascular

Communication media between systems

The most importance process of homeostasis is

communication

Ex: Hormone transport

Pumps & Pipes

Heart
2 pumps become 1

Process in the heart

Systolic (contraction) period

The blood pumped out to aorta (vascular)

Diastolic (relaxation) period

The blood filled in to the ventricular

chamber

Function of the heart

Moving the blood

Measured by:
Cardiac output (C) = SV x HR

SV (Stroke Volume)

HR (Heart-rate)

Amount of blood pumped in 1 contraction

Number of heart contraction in 1 minute

Weight 70 kg

Rest : 5 L/minute  RBC cycle: 1x/minute

Hard exercise : C 20-30 L/minute, how ?

Vascular as pipes

Supply depend on Needs

Blood
Volume : 7% weight (70 kg  5 liter)
Function

Transportation

O2 dan CO2
Nutrients (CHO, Protein, Fat)
Wastes (NH3, ketone acid, drugs metabolites, etc)
Ions, vitamins, water, drug, etc

Regulation

Hormone transport

Body temperature

Protection

Blood clotting  prevent hypovolemia

Leukocyte  immune system

Blood components

Cells

Red Blood Cell (erythrocytes)

White Blood Cell (leukocyte)
Platelet (thrombosis)

Liquids (Plasma)

Water
Solute

Proteins
Inorganic
Nutrients
Waste Products
Liquid Gas (O2,CO2,HCO3)
Hormone

Blood cells

Hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Anoxic hypoxia: low PO2 in arterial blood

Anemic hypoxia: too little functioning hemoglobin

Hemorrhage, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning

Stagnant hypoxia: inability of blood to carry

oxygen to tissues fast enough

High altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs

Heart failure, circulatory shock

Histotoxic hypoxia blood delivers adequate oxygen

but tissues are unable to use it

Cyanide poisoning

Thanks