Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
18291894
LAW OF EVIDENCE
Index
Index........................................... i-iii
Short Notes Index...................... iv-v
List of Cases...............................vi-viii
Table of Sections........................ ix-xix
Essay Questions and Answers... 1-207
Short Notes Index...................... 208-209
Short Notes.................................210-220
Glossary...................................... 221-223
Important Questions.................. 224
Model Question Paper................225
Reference Books........................226
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3.1
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
LAW OF EVIDENCE
Confessions
Sections 24-30
LAW OF EVIDENCE
have to come to the conclusion that a) the confession was made voluntarily,
b) that it is consistent and true. Thus a confession which is inconsistent and
untrue will not be enough for conviction of a person making the confession.
A confession cannot be used against an accused person unless the Court is
satisfied that it was voluntary and true.
Evidentiary value of confession
Confessions may be divided into two classes i.e. judicial and extrajudicial. It is a general rule that a person may be convicted on the basis of
his confession made in a judicial proceeding. There is no doubt regarding
the fact that a conviction can safely be based on a confession made by the
accused but incidents say that people try to make false confessions to implicate themselves in the commission of crimes for various reasons. The
Courts also have to be very cautious regarding admitting such false or sometimes involuntary statements, else, an innocent person can be convicted
and the real culprit will still remain free in the society.
Confession to Police Officer
According to Section 25 no confession made to police officer shall be
proved as against a person accused of any offence. A confession to the
police cannot be used for corroborate also. The rationale behind this Section is that such a confession would not be voluntary. The police would
resort to means such as torture to make the accused confess. The basis of
their investigation would become the confession because of which many
other important evidences would be sidelined. If a confession before the
police was considered to be valid then the fundamental rights would also
be violated. The Constitution of India under Article 20(3) protects the
accused against self incrimination. Thus, the accused cannot be compelled
to accept his guilt.
Retracted Confession
Retraction means withdrawal of statement. Retracted confession means
taking back of a previous statement relating to the admission of guilt. In
retracted confession an accused person admits his guilt before the trial
begins, but he repudiates at the trial. Section 164 Criminal Procedure
Code lays down certain precautionary rules to be followed by the Magistrate recording a confession so as to ensure the voluntariness of the confession and the accused being placed in a situation free from threat or influence of the police.
Evaluation
1. Define Confession. What are its essentials? Give few examples of the state
ments which amount to confessions,which do not amount to confessions.
2. State briefly the rules regarding the admissibility of confessions?
3. Who can make confession? Explain the classification of confessions. Examine
the validity of the extra-Judicial confessions?
4. Confession must be voluntary and true-Explain
5. Examine the value of Judicial Confession and the extra-judicial Confession
Problem and Solution
A an accused wrote a letter containing My dear Darogaji, I have myself committed the murder of my wife. Nobody else perpetrated this crime. I would appear
myself after 20 or 25 days and then will state everything. One day the law will
extend its hand and will get me arrested. I would surrender myself. The letter
contained a confession and was addressed to the Sub-Inspector. A wrote the letter
with the intention that it should be received by the Sub-Inspector. A kept the
letter near the dead body and left the house after locking it. The lock was broken
open and the letter was recovered by the Sub-Inspector. Decide admissibility of the
statement.
Issue
Rule
LAW OF EVIDENCE
Shortnotes Index
Accessory after the fact.................... 169
Accessory before the fact.................169
Accomplice Evidence.........................169
Act or omission ..................................169
Admissibility of res gestate ................23
Admission ...........................................169
Adverse Witness................................169
Alibi......................................................169
Ancient Document .............................170
Approver..............................................170
Best Evidence Rule.............................170
Burden of proof...................................170
Certified copies of Public Docs...........170
Character as affecting damages........170
Character evidence.............................170
Child witness.......................................170
Circumstantial Evidence ....................171
Collateral Evidence.............................100
Communication during marriage.......131
Competency of Witnesses.................126
Competent witness.............................126
Conclusive evidence..........................171
Conclusive proof ................................171
Conduct................................................171
Confession ..........................................171
Confession to police ..........................171
Corroborative Evidence .....................172
Decoy witness ....................................139
Derivative evidence..............................12
Direct evidence .....................................73
Disproved............................................172
Doctrine of Estoppel..........................118
Documentary evidence......................172
Dumb witness .....................................172
Dying Declaration...............................172
Electronic evidence ............................172
Equitableestoppels............................124
Estoppel...............................................173
Estoppel by deed................................173
Estoppel by matter of pais................173
Estoppel by matter of record ............173
Evidence...............................................173
Evidentiary value of confession.......173
Examination of witnesses...................174
Exclusion of witnesses.......................141
Expectation of death...........................174
Expert Opinion ....................................174
Extra-Judicial confessions.................174
Fact.......................................................174
Facts in issue ......................................174
Factum probandum ...........................175
FIR as dying declaration....................175
Form of dying declaration ...................52
Grounds of opinion ..............................58
Hearsay evidence ...............................175
Hearsay Rule.........................................71
Hostile Witness...................................175
Identification Parade ..........................175
Impeaching..........................................175
Improper Admission...........................165
Incomplete dying declaration .............52
Indirect Evidence................................100
Inferior evidence.................................176
Informal admissions .............................39
Irrebuttable presumption of law .......176
Judgment on admissions ...................176
Judicial confessions...........................176
Latent ambiguity................................. 176
Leading Question............................... 176
Legitimacy ...........................................176
Lex Fori............................................... 177
Material evidence..................................177
May presume............................................14
Mixed presumption.............................177
10
Shortnotes
ccessory after the fact: A per
son who intentionally helps a
guilty party to avoid arrest, trial,
or conviction is called Accessory after
the fact. The accessory after the fact
provides aid after the crime is already
committed. For example A receiving after committing crime, assisting B in order to escape from punishment, rescuing B or opposing from arrest etc.,
Admission is a voluntary acknowledgment of a fact. It is a statement acknowledging the truth of something. According to Section 17 of Indian Evidence Act
an admission is a statement, oral or documentary, or contained in electronic form,
which suggests any inference as to any
fact in issue or relevant fact. Admission
can be made by any of person. It is a
substantive piece of evidence. The term
admission is usually applied to civil transactions and to those statements of fact in
criminal cases, which do not amount to
acknowledgments of guilt or which do not
suggest the inference of guilt. Sections
17-23 deal with admissions.
LAW OF EVIDENCE
11
Table of Cases
Abdul Shakur v. Kotwaleshwar Prasad AIR 1958 All 54 .................................... 61
Abrar v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 2011 SC 354 ............................................. 54
Aftab Ahmad Anasari v. State of Uttaranchal, AIR 2010 SC 773 ....................... 48
Afzauddin Ansary v. State (1997) 2 Crimes 53 Cal ............................................. 75
Alagupandi @ Alagupandian v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 2012 SC 2405 ........... 28
Amit Singh Bhikamsingh Thakur v. State AIR 2007 SC 676 .............................. 33
Anil Sharma v. State of Jharkhand AIR 2004 SC 2294 ....................................... 69
Appu v. State AIR 1971 Mad 194 ..................................................................... 29
Ashabai and Another v. State of Maharastra, 2013 SCC 224 ............................ 54
Ashok Leyland Ltd. v. State AIR 2004 SC 2836 ................................................ 17
Atbir v. Govt of N.C.T of Delhi, AIR 2010 SC 3477 ........................................... 52
Bai Hira Devi v. Official Assignee of Bombay AIR 1958 SC 448 ..................... 75,93
Bhabani Prasad Jena v. Convener Secretary, OSCW AIR 2010 SC 2851 ............ 111
Bhagwan Singh v. State of M.P. 2003 Cri.L.J. 1262 .......................................... 154
Bhagwan S.L.B.Lal v. State AIR 1965 SC 682 .................................................... 62
Bhakshi v. State AIR 1979 SC 569 .................................................................... 148
Bharat v. State of U.P. 1972 SCC (Cri) 198 ......................................................... 45
Bipin Kumar Mondal v. State of West Bengal, AIR 2010 SC 3638 ..................... 28
Bishna v. State of West Bengal AIR 2006 SC 302 ......................................... 24
C.G. Lloyd v. Emperor AIR 1933 Cal 136 ........................................................... 165
C.M. Sharma v. State of A.P., AIR 2011 SC 608 ................................................ 138
Chairman & MD V.S.P. v. Goparaju S.P.H. Babu 2008 (5 )SCC 569 ..................... 66
Chamanlal v. State of Punjab AIR 1970 SC 7572 ............................................... 133
Chandulal Asharam Travadi v. Bai Kashi AIR 1939 Bom 59 ............................... 90
Chhotey Badri Prasad v. State of U.P 2006 CriLJ 711 ....................................... 164
Collector, District Gwalior v. Cine Exhibitors P. Ltd , AIR 2012 1239 ................. 124
Darshan Singh v. State of Punjab another, AIR 2010 SC 1212 .......................... 07
Dattu Ramrao Sakhare v. State of Maharashtra (1997 (5) SCC 341) ................... 127
Dayal Singh and Others v. State of Uttaranchal, AIR 2012 SC 3046 ................... 57
Dharma v. The State 1966 CriLJ 441 ................................................................. 158
Dudh Nath Pandey v. The State of U.P AIR 1981 SC 911 ................................... 36
Emperor v. Moti Ram AIR 1936 Bom. ................................................................ 30
Gagan Kanojia & Another v. State of Punjab (2006) 13 SCC 516) ..................... 127
Gentela Vijayavardhan Rao v. State of APAIR 1996 SC 2791 .............................. 24
George v. State of Kerala (2002) 4 SCC 475 ...................................................... 16
Girish Yadav & Others v. State of MP AIR 1996 SC 3098 ................................... 73
Gita Mishra v. Utkal University AIR 1971 Ori 276 ............................................. 122
Govindaraju @ Govinda v. State by Sriramapuram P.S AIR 2012 SC 1292 ......... 142
Govt. of AP v. Karsichinna Venkata Reddy AIR 1994 SC 591 ............................. 77
Grasim Industries Limited v. Agarwal Steel, (2010) 1 SCC 83 ............................ 78
Gurjinder Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2011 SC 972 ........................................ 48
Hormusji K. Bhabha v. Nana Appa AIR 1934 Bom. 299 ..................................... 134
12
Glossary
Abandoned: neglected
Abduction: kidnap by force
Abets: encourage, assist
Abridged: shorten, reduced
Absconder: avoider of a legal process
Absurd: meaningless
Abuse: neglect, misuse
Accomplice: partner in crime
Accusation: charge, blame
Accused: person charged
Acquainted: familiar
Acquittal: release, freeing
Adaptation: adjustment
Adduced: proof to support
Adjective Law: rules of practice
Adjourn: postpone
Adjudication: settlement
Admonition: scolding, warning
Adolescents: teenagers
Adulteration: ruining
Affray: fighting in public
Aggrieved: sufferer, wounded
Alimony: maintenance, grant
Alleging: claiming
Amendment: alteration, change
Annul: cancel
Anonymous: nameless, unknown
Antecedents: past history
Anticipatory bail: Pre-arrest Bail
Appeal: complaint to a superior Court
Apprehending arrest: expecting arrest
Apprehension: fear, worry
Arbitrary: illogical
Arrest: taking a person into custody
Assaulted: beaten
Attachment: seizing property
Autrefois acquit: previously acquitted
Autrefois convict: previously convicted
Bail: release from legal custody
Barred: banned, excluded
LAW OF EVIDENCE
13
Reference Books
Allen
Avtar Singh
Batuk Lal
Chaturvedi G.S
Krishnamachari.V
Monir M
Murphy P
Myneni S.R
Vepa P. Sarathi
Singh
Tandon M.P
Tapper
Vepa P. Saradhi
Wigmore J. H